1970

1970

1972

12 141-1902006 12
2005 10 18 2006 9 4

142

Reexploring the Regime Transition in Taiwan: A

Reinterpretation of the KMT's Legitimation in the Early 1970s
Chih-Chieh Tang

This article challenges the popular opinion that the KMT regime
solved its legitimacy crisis in the early 1970s by strengthening its coalition
with local factions. Reconstructing this history from the perspective of
symbolic struggle, this article points out that the crisis of external
legitimacy was only a catalyst to this political transformation. It was the
internal context that determined the direction of this transformation. And
the fact that this transformation occurred without a mass mobilization had
much to do with the historical conjunction of the power succession inside
the KMT regime. But this also must be attributed to the KMT's ongoing
predicament, which was grounded in its lack of sufficient power, its
previous discourse of legitimation, people's definition of reality and the
crisis in the moment, and dissenting voices in the public sphere. The
discourse "defending Taiwan through reform" came out as guideline und
solved the crisis successfully only because it could temporarily unite the
different positions. Although this political transformation was by definition
neither liberalization nor democratization, it did lead to an opening of
participation in the level of central government that further engendered a
nation-wide opposition. In this sense, the transformation was doubtless the
starting point of Taiwan's postwar regime transformation. Based on these
findings, this article highlights the advantages of an approach that grasps
legitimacy/power from a symbolic dimension in comparison to one that
considers legitimacy as a "mutual recognition between power-holders."
Meanwhile, it emphasizes that future research needs to consider Taiwan's
particular context seriously, to reflect upon the application of the
transitological model, and to develop theory.

Number 12 (December 2006): 141-190

143

1989
1
1986 1972

(legitimacy)
1972

2
1986

1970

1
2

(1989)
O'Donnell and Schmitter (1986)
1970

144

1979
1986 (1989: 98)

(1995: 19)

1970
1972

1977

145

1972

1972 1978

1980
1989100
3
1979

1972
1979

146

1970

1970

1968
1970

1977
1995: 179ff.

1970

(1996: 139-140) 1970

1989: 94

147

1979
4

1970

1970

(1998: 240) 1960

1977
(1999:
104)

148

Wu 1987
19966

1950

149

(Wu 1987)

1960 1970

1970

150

1960

7
8

(1998)

151

10

1970

1971

1979

11

2000: 125ff. 1996: 236ff., 1999b: 34ff.

1996: 332ff. Congressional Quarterly Service 1967: 86, 201-202

Meyer et
al. 1997Thomas et al. 1987 2001
10

11

(1995: 28ff.)

152

(statehood)

1972

1950

1996: 236ff.1999a

12

13
12

13

(1995)
(1993:
9-10)

1970

153

1972

14

15

16

17

18

14

15
16

17
18

1969
28 1987: 122-123
1972
1972 119

1990

(Bunce 1995a, 1995b; Karl and Schmitter 1995)

2004a: 131-132

154

2006
19 20 1975
1970

21

(O'Donnell and
Schmitter 1986: 7) 1986 1987

(contingency)22

(O'Donnell and Schmitter 1986: Chap. 1)

(opening)(breakthrough)
23
19

20

21
22

23

1990 1994
[1979]

1975 (1999)
1977
Cheng (1989: 484) 1970

2004b

(Carothers 2002)

155

1970

24

1970
(1993: 131ff.) Goran
Therborn (1977)
1970

25

26

24
25

26

Cheng (1989)

(Linz 1975)

Habermas

2004a
(1994[1979])(Huang 1976)

(smooth)
(opening)

156

1999: 91ff.

1950

27
1960

1998: 103ff. 1988: 117ff.

27

(1989)
(Cheng 1989: 485)

(O'Donnell and Schmitter 1986: 19)

(Chu 1992: 25, 34)(Tien 1989: 74, 119)
1980
1970 1950
(1994: 176ff.)

1947

1947
1996: 300ff.

157

1965

Elisabeth NoelleNeumann(1979, 1994)28

(Luhmann 1996)

29

1968 1

1970 8 12
1971 4

28

29

1950
1980
(Meyer 1996)(2004b: 103)

158

7
10

12
Huang 1976
1994[1979]

30
(intention)31
1947

1947

(performative)(constative)

30

31

1960
1996:
337-338

Austin (1997)(performative/constative)
Luhmann
(1995: 105ff.)

159

32

33
1947

1992: 405-406
1950 12 25
1954

34
32

33

34

1972
49:
99
51, 52: 11

1971 11 22

160

1951 5

1987: 116-117

35

35

1993: 1681972 3 6

1993: 208ff.

46: 13-14

49: 83-84

161

36

Berman 1992: 181 2001: 296

1972

37

(chiefdom) (Wimmer 1996: 207ff.,

222)

36

37

50: 16

37: 6-7

162

1972
1969
6

1994:
176ff.

1971 1973

1971 1

1994[1979] 1989: 76-77 38: Chap. 3

39

38
39

163

40

1971 7

1971

1972

1972 5

40

164

41

42

41
42

1972

1972 4

: 94-951973 2

165

1979
43
1972

43

1973
1978

1977:
125-126 2001: 73-74, 84, 95-96, 157ff., 192: Chap. 17,
339(2003) 1970

(1996:
155ff.)

: 311-312

166

2006

(1989)

(1989: 75ff.)

Arthur
L. Stinchcombe (1968) Charles Tilly (1985)

167

(powerholders)

44
45

(coercion)
46
Stinchcombe (1968: 162)

A power is legitimate to the degree that, by virtue of the doctrines

44
45
46

1999: 175-176

168

and norms by which it is justified, the power-holder can call upon

sufficient other centers of power, as reserves in case of need, to
make his power effective.

Tilly (1985: 171) Stinchcombe

authority
Stinchcombe Tilly

Tilly

(sovereignty)
47

(Luhmann 2000: 224-25; Barkun 1968; Niemeyer 200148 Tilly (1985:

171-172)
47

48

Arendt (1972: 107)

(Strang 1996)

169

49
50

Stinchcombe (1968: Chap. 4)

Stinchcombe (1968: 150, 159

49

50

Foucault (2000b: 42-43)

(Foucault 2003: 48-49)

(Mann 1989: 11; Tilly

1990: 19ff.)
Collins (1986: Chap. 6)
Collins

170

Stinchcombe

51

Stinchcombe
52
Tilly (1985)

Stinchcombe (1968: 159)

51

52

Stinchcombe

Stinchcombe
(1968: 199)

171

53

(Herrschaftsgewalt)
(Weber 1980: 16ff., 122ff.)

Stinchcombe
(1968: 162)

53

(1989: 79)

172

54

55

Luhmann (1976, 1988, 1991b, 1991c)

(Gewalt, violence)
(Macht, power)56 57

54
55

56

(1998) Michael Mann

Gramsci
Laclau and Mouffe
(1985)

(Stheli 1998)
Gramsci Michael BurawoyJames ScottBob
Jessop
Foucault (2003: 24, 26)(economy)

173

Stinchcombe (1968: 161)

Stinchcombe

58
Pierre Bourdieu (1991: 127f)

59

57

58
59

right
[Foucault 2000b: 25]

(Luhmann 1994: 128)

Stinchcombe

(McAdam 1999, 2003(1996)

1979 1989
(2000)

174

60
Luhmann (1989: 28, 34)

61

Luhmann (2000: 122-123)

(Kontingenzformel)

(1989)

60

61

Gramsci
(Lears 1985)

Bereitschaft
bereit

175

(negative sanction)62

(Luhmann 1976: 523, 1991b: 181, 1991c)

63 (selectivity)

(Luhmann 1969,

62

63

Weber (1980: 28)

(influence)
Hamilton 1989 1999
Knoke (1990: 3ff.)Mann (1989: 22ff.)

(Luhmann 1997: 202ff.)

176

1976, 1988, 1991b, 1997: 203-204, 316ff.)

64

64

Foucault (2000)
Foucault (2000a: 340-341, 346; 2003: 13ff., 29, 35-36)

(repression)
(effect)

177

65

(Luhmann 1997: 83-84; Gould 1987: 44-45,

54ff., 103ff.)

65

Stinchcombe (1968: 162-163, 165, 168)(cybernetics)

178

(Luhmann 1995:
104)

(legality)(Luhmann 1991a: 159, 169)66

67

1970

66
67

Habermas
(1973: Part 3)

(Adamson 1980: 170)

179

1972

(1989)

Foucault (2003: 28-29)

180

(O'Donnell and Schmitter 1986: 19)

1970

1970

181

1970

1970

68
69
68
69

O'Donnell and Schmitter1986: 74 1

182

1989
(Bunce 1995a; Carothers 2002;
Gazibo 2005; Mahoney and Snyder 1999)
Ruth Berins Collier
and David Collier (1991) James Mahoney (2001)

1972 1986
1972

1986
1986

183

184

(1971.01-1972.04) 374649505152
(1996)
1: 129-209
(1989) 2(1): 71-116
(1993) 14: 123-163
(1996)
(1999)
153-188
(1995)
20: 17-55
(1999)(1977-1986)

(1996)
331-351

(2001)
(Arrigo, Linda Gail) (1998)
(2001)national question
1: 183-239
(1989)
2(1): 145-161
(1996)
351-385
(2000)
1970-86 38: 133-206
(1998)
(1946-94) 169-259

(1999)
87-152
(1990)

185

45-70
(1993)
(1994)
(1994[1979])
115-176
(1995)
(2000) 150: 126-133,
151: 108-133
(1995)
(1988)1945-88

(1977)

(1993) 1-40

(2000)
(1992)
(2004a)
10: 121-184
(2004b) 36: 63-112
(2006)

(1989)(1950-1986)
(1999a)

(1999b)

(1999) 1-28

(1987)
(2001) 1970

(1996)1950

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