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WiMAX Key Technologies

Petal Young 2010-May-13

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Advance Antenna Technologies


n

AAS Adaptive Antenna System


Beamforming (Smart Antenna)

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output


Space Time Coding (STC), Spati al Multiplexing (SM)

Advantages:
Increased range/coverage Increased capacity Improved link quality/reliability Increase spectrum efficiency Lower power requi rements

Beamforming
n

Beamforming is a technique to control the directionality/sensitivity of an array antenna s radiation pattern based on the interference. Each users signal is multiplied with complex weights that adjust the magnitude and phase of the signal to and from each antenna. It causes the output from the array of antennas to form a transmit/receive beam in the desired direction and minimizes the output in other directions.

Space Time Coding (STC)


n

Space Time Coding transmit multiple, redundant copies of a data stream to the receiver in the hope that at least some of them may survive the physical path between transmission and reception in a good enough state to allow reliable decoding.

Spatial Multiple xing (SM)


n

In SM-MIMO, multiple streams are transmitted over multiple antennas.

If the receiver also has multiple antennas, it can separate the different streams to achieve higher throughput.

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

HARQ
n

HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) is a combination of ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) and FEC (Forward Error Correcti on) coding.

An HARQ scheme uses an error control code in conjunction with the retransmission scheme to ensure reli able transmission of data packets.

Every sent packet includes parity bits for error correction and detection.
Within the FEC capability, the errors will be corrected. Beyond the FEC capability, ARQ is used.

HARQ types :
Chase Combining Incremental Redundancy
Base Station

Forward Error Co rrection


n

The transmit end sends correctable codes and the receiver uses a code correction decoder to automatically detect errors and perform error correction. Coding schemes:

Convolutional Coding (CC) Block Turbo Coding (BTC) Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) Low Parity Density Check (LDPC)

CC is a mandatory scheme, while the others are optional schemes. However, most manufacturers implement CTC

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

AMC
n

AMC stands for Adaptive Modulation and Coding


Dynamically varies the size of

the raw channel.


Channel capacity can vary

depending on link conditions


n

Key Features :
Increases the effective

coverage range.
Allows the system to adapt to

the actual fading conditions, and use higher modulation schemes when possible.

AMC
n

Mobile WiMAX supports AMC in both downlink and uplink with variable packet size.
DL Modulation
64QAM

Technolog y

DL Code Rate
CC, CTC:
1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6

UL Modulation
16QAM QPSK 64QAM
(optional)

UL Code Rate
CC, CTC:
1/2, 2/3, 5/6

Mobile WiMAX

16QAM QPSK

Repetition:
x2, x4, x6

Repetition:
x2, x4, x6

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Resource allocation
n

Resource allocation uses scheduling algorithms to determine which users to schedule, how to allocate sub-carriers to them, and which power level is appropriate.

Aim of resource allocation:


Take advantage of multiuser

diversity and adaptive modulation to provide high throughput while considering fairness among users in the system.
CSI Channel State Information

Multiuser diversit y describes the gains available by selecting a user or sub-set of users having good conditions

Algorithm Comp arison

Algorithm Maximum Sum Rate (MSR) Maximum Fairness (MF) Proportional Rate Constraint (PRC) Proportional Fairness (PF)

Sum Capacity Best Poor Good Good

Fairness Poor and Inflexible Best but Inflexible Most Flexible Flexible

Complexity Low Medium High Low

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Handoff
n

Mobility management, enables the MS to retain its connectivity to the network while moving from the coverage area of one BS to the next thru the handoff process.

Handover Schemes
Optimized Hard Handover (OHHO) Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO)

Handover Control
Mobile initiated BS initiated Network initiated

Cell Selection
Neighbor advertisements from Serving BS Periodic intervals for scanning Neighbor BS

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Power Control
n

Purpose of power c ontrol


Remove the influence of slow fading in the wireless channel Prevent power increase to decrease the overall interference level of the

system
Reduce the Tx power to the minimum level that meets the communication

quality requirement.
n

Principles of power control


Power balance Ensure approximately equal power of the wanted signals at the receive end

SNR balance Ensure approximately equal C/I at the receive end

BER/FER balance Ensure approximately equal BER/FER at the receive end

Power Control
n

Power Control Methods:


Open loop MS vary their own transmit power according to

received signal quality.

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

Closed loop - power is varied according to the bas e station

decision from comparison of the recei ved signal quality to a set point.
Mobile
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS

or

Signal Strength Measurement Setpoint

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Power Saving Modes


n

Power management allows an MS to conserve battery resources, a critical feature for handheld devices.

Power saving modes:


Sleep Mode Idle Mode (optional)

Sleep Mode
n

In sleep mode, an MS wi th active connections negotiates with the BS to temporari ly disrupt its connection over the air interface for a predetermined amount of time, c alled the sleep window.

Each sleep window is followed by a listen window, during which the MS restores its connection.

Idle Mode
n

In Idle mode, MS can receive broadcast/multicast service without registering to the network.

Cell selection may occur but no handoff happens thus saving power on the MS and saving resources on the BS.

n n

Paging is used to alert MS of incoming message. MS associates to a broadcast region formed by a paging group.

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Qos Service Types

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