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Enthalpy of Formation of MgO

Revised 5/4/12

ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF MgO


REPORT INSTRUCTIONS Your duplicate lab notebook is not needed for this experiment. Simply fill in the pages at the end of this document. Ink must be used for all laboratory writing - work will not be accepted if written in pencil. If a mistake is made, draw a single line through all unwanted writing so that the information can still be read. White-out is strictly forbidden. You must obtain your TAs initials on all pages created during the lab section each week. Pages 5-10 are an example of is needed in your notebook for future experiments. (These pages are, however, not complete, more sections will be introduced with future experiments.) 1) Flow Chart. The flow chart should, within a single page, show the major procedural steps with sketches, arrows, and a few written captions and labels. Include a basic idea of the data to be collected and the main formulas needed for calculations. Turn in the flow chart as you enter lab, starting with the second lab meeting. This weeks flow chart is done for you on page 5. 2) Objectives. On the next blank page in your lab notebook, start with the objectives section. The objectives clearly state the main chemical event, the central theory or theories used, and the technique to be employed in the experiment. 3) Equipment and chemical tables. Typical equipment and instrumentation should be listed and any special reaction set-ups should be sketched. (If you dont know whether something is typical or special, then its special.) Chemicals and any constants needed in the experiment should be listed. Therefore, in order to have a complete table, you need to look ahead at the calculations and figure out which constants will be needed. The NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 704 Diamond must also be present for each chemical. 4) Procedures and Observations. Procedural steps are written on the left and the observations on the right. Look at the content of the observation prompts - you will not receive these prompts in future labs. All quantitative data should be recorded with the correct number of significant figures and units. All qualitative observations should indicate the color, depth or color, and either the crystallinity of a solid or the clarity of a liquid. Any cues that indicate a

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO

Revised 5/4/12

reaction has occurred (such as heat evolution, color change, gas evolution, et cetera) should also be noted. 5) Error Analysis. In every lab you will be asked about sources of error. These will not be graded, but you should discuss the error with your TA it will be part of the practical.

INTRODUCTION Enthalpy (H) is the heat change in a reaction carried out at constant pressure. According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, the enthalpy of a reaction is the difference between the enthalpy of the products and the enthalpy of the reactants. Since enthalpy is a state function, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps. Therefore, "enthalpies of reaction are additive in the same way that the reactions to which they pertain are additive" (Hess' Law). The enthalpy of formation (Hf) is defined as the heat change associated with the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements in their standard states. Many enthalpies of formation are often difficult to measure directly in the laboratory because the reactions may evolve too much heat or form toxic substances. However, they can be calculated indirectly by measuring the enthalpy changes in a series of related reactions and applying Hess' Law. For the formation reaction for MgO(s) written below (1), the heat of the reaction is equal to the enthalpy of formation. (1) Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) Hrxn = Hf

Determining Hf for MgO(s) is difficult because the combustion of Mg metal results in a large evolution of heat and toxic fumes. However, Hess Law states that Hf can be calculated by the summation of the enthalpy changes for the reactions of Mg and MgO with dilute acid solutions and the enthalpy of formation of liquid water. (2) (3) MgO(s) + 2 H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l) Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) H2 = ? H3 = ?

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO (4) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)

Revised 5/4/12 H4 = 286 kJ/mol

The release or absorption of heat by aqueous reactions can be measured in constant-pressure (coffee-cup) calorimeters. The heat absorbed or released by the system (reaction) is determined by measuring the temperature change (T) of the surroundings (solution and calorimeter): (5) (6) qrxn = (qsoln + qcalorimeter) qrxn = ([m Cp T]soln + [m Cp T]calorimeter) where m = mass (in grams) Cp = heat capacity (in J / gC) at constant pressure T = Tfinal Tinitial (C) In this experiment the heat gained by the calorimeter (qcalorimeter) is assumed to be negligible. Therefore, the heat evolved by the reaction can be calculated from the temperature change, mass, and heat capacity of the solution alone: (7) qrxn = (mCpT)soln

The relationship between enthalpy and q is given below: (8) Hrxn = qrxn = (mCpT)soln

In an exothermic reaction heat is released to the surroundings and Tfinal > Tinitial, Hrxn will be negative. In an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed from the surroundings and Tfinal < Tinitial, Hrxn will be positive. If the limiting reactant is entirely consumed in the reaction, the heat change will be dependent on the amount of limiting reactant initially present. Therefore, qrxn can be converted to the standard molar enthalpy, Hrxn (kJ/mol), using moles of limiting reactant: (9) Hrxn = qrxn / moles of limiting reactant

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO

Revised 5/4/12

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Safety goggles and aprons must be worn at all times. Wear gloves when handling the HCl stock solution - acids are corrosive and can cause burns; wash all contaminated areas thoroughly. Hydrogen gas (H2) is released when Mg powder reacts with water; make sure no open flames or spark sources are present in the lab.

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO

Revised 5/4/12

Exp. Number: 1 Name:

Experiment: Enthalpy of Formation of MgO Lab Partner:

Date: Course & Section No.:

Flow Chart

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO

Revised 5/4/12

Exp. Number: 1 Name:

Experiment: Enthalpy of Formation of MgO Lab Partner:

Date: Course & Section No.:

Objectives: The goal of this experiment is to find the enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide: Mg + O2 MgO Hf = ? Because this value is too energetic to be measured directly, Hess Law will be employed to sum up 3 individual reactions to provide the overall reaction above. Constant pressure calorimetry (qrxn = - (mCpT)surroundings) will be used to find the enthalpies of reaction for two of the individual reactions. Equipment and Chemical Table: EQUIPMENT CHEMICALS Logger Pro interface & FW(g/mol) computer Temperature probe HCl 36.46

Other ~2.5M, ~1M

Other
0 3
COR

250 mL volumetric flask

MgO

40.304
1

0 0

25 mL volumetric pipet

Mg

24.305
0

1 2 W

1L beaker

NaHCO3

84.01
1

0 0

Graduated cylinder

H2O

18.015

0.99821 g/mL at 20C 4.184 J/gC

0 0 0

pH paper 6

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO Calorimeter: stirrer/hotplate, ring stand, Styrofoam cup, 1L beaker, & stir bar

Revised 5/4/12

PROCEDURE (1) Work in pairs. Wear safety goggles and an apron. Connect the temperature probe to Channel 1 of the Logger Pro interface on your bench. The vertical axis has temperature scaled from 0 to 50C. Set the horizontal axis (time) to 0 to 1000 seconds. (2) Make sure the temperature is displayed to two decimal places: from the Data menu select Column Options and Temperature. Under Displayed Precision, select Decimal Places and enter 2 next to Insert number between 0 and 5. Part A: Solution Preparation (3) Wear gloves for this step only, 2.5 M acid can cause burns. When diluting concentrated acid, pour acid into water, slowly with stirring; never the reverse. HAVE A DILUTION PLAN BEFORE COMING TO LAB. (Use the concentration values and volume below in the dilution equation to find the volume of stock solution needed to create the dilute solution.) Using only volumetric glassware, prepare 250.00 mL of approximately 1.0 M HCl solution from the stock HCl solution in the hood (approximately 2.5 M). The

OBSERVATIONS Lab Partner:

Dilution Plan (w/ calculation):

Appearance & exact concentration of stock HCl(aq):

Describe in detail how you used the volumetric glassware in this step:

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO exact concentration for the stock solution must be recorded from the bottles label and the exact concentration for the diluted HCl solution must be calculated.

Revised 5/4/12

Appearance & exact concentration of dilute HCl(aq):

Part B: Heat of Reaction for MgO(s) + 2 H+(aq) (4) Place a Styrofoam cup into a 250-mL beaker as shown in the figure below. Place the beaker on a stirrer/hotplate. Using a graduated cylinder, measure out 100.00-mL of the HCl solution created in the step above into the Styrofoam cup. Suspend a temperature probe from the bars at the back of the lab bench with a clamp. Place the temperature probe and stir bar in the acid solution in the Styrofoam cup.

Pictures of experimental set-ups should always be sketched in the observations.

Appearance & Mass of MgO: Scale #:

(5) Weigh out ~1.0 g MgO. Record the mass to the nearest milligram. Caution: Avoid inhaling MgO dust. (6) Begin stirring. Click to begin data collection

Initial solution appearance: Any indication of reaction? Final solution appearance:

Collect

and obtain the initial temperature, T1. After 3-4 readings at the same temperature have been obtained, add MgO to the solution. Continue to stir the cup

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO contents until a maximum temperature is reached and the temperature starts to drop. Click data collection. (7) Examine the initial readings in the Table window to determine the initial temperature, T1. To determine the T1: final temperature, T2, click the Statistics button . T2: The maximum temperature is listed in the statistics box on the graph. Save this file to your memory stick and print a copy to turn in. ALWAYS do this for any computer generated data. (8) Pour the solution in a 1 L beaker to be neutralized later. Part C: Heat of Reaction of Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) (9) Caution: Do not breathe the vapors produced in the reaction. Repeat Steps 4-8 using approximately 0.5 g of Mg metal instead of MgO. Record its mass to the nearest milligram. Use the same digital scale as in Part B to limit calibration errors.
Stop

Revised 5/4/12

to end

Appearance & mass of Mg: Initial solution appearance: Any indication of reaction? Final solution appearance: T1: T2:

(10) Add the Mg-acid solution to the 1 L beaker used in

Enthalpy of Formation of MgO step 8. Part D: Neutralizing the Acidic Solutions (11) Place about in. of NaHCO3(s) in the bottom of a clean 1 L beaker, add water until it barely covers the NaHCO3, stir to make a slurry. Now slowly pour in the diluted acidic solution from steps 8 & 10 and stir. (Quick pouring will result in uncontrollable foaming and a mess.) When foaming stops, check the solution with a small piece (< 1 inch) of pH paper. If pH = 7, the solution is neutral (pH = 7) it is OK to pour the neutralized solution down the sink. Na+, Cl and Mg2+ ions are normally present in tap water and are not harmful to the environment in small amounts. If the pH of the solution is less than 7, prepare a new slurry and neutralize the solution again in the same manner. Clean workspace and glassware thoroughly before beginning calculations. Dont forget to have you TA initial every page before leaving lab. No post lab work will be graded unless in lab work is checked and initialed by the TA.

Revised 5/4/12

Appearance of slurry before, during, and after acid solution addition:

Equation for the reaction between NaHCO3 and HCl:

Calculations: (1) Calculate the change in temperature, T, for the reactions in Part B & C.

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Enthalpy of Formation of MgO

Revised 5/4/12

(2) Calculate the heat change (q) in kJ for each reaction. (Assume the density of the acid solutions is 1.00 g/mL and the heat capacity is 4.184 J/g-C).

(3) Determine the moles of limiting reactant for each reaction.

(4) Calculate molar enthalpy, Hrxn (in kJ/mol), for each reaction.

(5) Determine the heat of formation, Hf , for MgO.

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Enthalpy of Formation of MgO Error Analysis:

Revised 5/4/12

1. Compare your experimentally obtained value for Hf (MgO) to the true value in your textbook by calculating the percent error: % error = (|true value expt value| / true value) x 100

2. What modifications could be made to the procedure to better account for random (indeterminate) errors?

3. List three potential systematic (instrumental, methodological, or personal) errors that could be made in this experiment. (Note: Be specific, systematic errors are in the details. For example, losing your solution because you knocked over the cuvette is not a systematic error its a gross one.)

4. Did any gross errors occur? Did you mess up? Did the equipment or instrumentation fail?

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