Adaptive Filtering for Medical Image Based on 3-order Tensor Field

Ping Zhang 1,2 , liqun gao1 , Bin Fu 1, Zhaohua Cui1, Xiaoyou Shan 2
1. College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819,China E-mail:dongdazp@163.com 2. Physics Department, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114005, China E-mail: Xiaoyoushan@126.com Abstract: Structure tensors are a common tool for orientation estimation in image processing and computer vision. But the problem is that there is more than one significant orientation in corners, junctions, and multichannel images in second order model , In this paper, We provide a theoretical analysis for high order structure tensor which contains more configuration information in corners, junctions, and multichannel images better than second-order model. This paper deals with the problem of de-noising using 3D statistics. We present a novel non-iterative filter algorithm based on 3D tensor field . The algorithm consist of the following steps .Firstly,we sample every simple neighbourhood of the 3D data set and prod- uced 3D tensor field according to a certain mapping relation. Secondly, According the characteristic of tensor filed , we can externalize the local orientation information which can control the size, shape and orientation of the filter. The high- pass filter along with the main orientation of tensor to protect structure information from damage and low-pass filter alo- ng with the weak orientation denoising . we have tested this algorithm by medical image. The PSNR increased 32% ave- ragely and the structure information was reserved well. Nevertheless, Better results the three order tensor got at the cost of low operating speed. Further work is to develop the operating speed in three order tensor. Key Words: 3D tensor, orientation, image de-noising, filter

INTRODUCTION

TENSOR FIELD

In recent years, three order image processing algorithm based on tensor has become a popular in vivo diagnostic imaging technique in radiological medicine. In order for this imaging technique to be more effective, proper image analysis techniques suited for analyzing these high dimensional data need to be developed. Tensor contains more configuration information in corners, junctions, and multichannel images than vector. Human visual system is very sensitive to image structure features, such as edges, texture and lines. And the structure information of an image is very important to human visual system. 2D order tensor filter technique has studied in detail[1] and applied in medical images [2]. They aim to 2th-order medical image de-noising. Each pixel mapped as a 2 2 matrix. The local orientation information which can control the size, shape and orientation of the filter . There are four filters in 2th-ordr tensor . For 3D tensor each pixel mapped as a 3 3 matrix. The local orientation information which can control the size, shape and orientation of the filter . There are six filters in 3D tensor. In this paper, we put our attention in 3D tensor de-noising technique in medical image. There are five parts in this paper. It is mainly to introduce the tensor field in second part. The third part aim to filter design. The forth part display the results of the deniosing medical image. The last part is about the future work.

2.1 Background on Tensor Fields A local orientation tensor, built based on information gathered from an image, is a special case of non-negative symmetric 3D tensor. As shown by Knutsson et al [3,4], orientation tensor indicate local attribute of the image. And the tensor has special properties and contains valuable edge information about the image. It contains the smallest unit of information used towards local neighborhood, as

f ( ) = g ( , x ) = g ( x)
Where

(1 )

is local space coordinate vector , g is a single variable function, x is a constant vector. f() is a constant for any vector that verticality vector x . So f() has the biggest change in the direction of vector x .We can make three dimensional structure tensor in the
local neighborhood and orientation tensor in conjunction[2], then find a mapping between the direction of vector and orientation. This need to meet three necessary conditions, they are uniqueness, consistency and polar separability [3]. A tensor T is symmetric tensor fields that appears in many graphics applications, such as the metric tensor for surface parameterization, the curvature tensor in remeshing, and is the diffusion tensor in medical imaging. Where x eigenvector and A is eigenvalue.

T = Axx
This work is supported by National Nature Science Foundation under Grant 60674021

(2)

Tensors are mathematical objects with special geometrical property. We first review some relevant facts about tensor

978-1-4577-2074-1/12/$26.00 c 2012 IEEE

3695

fields on surfaces. A tensor field T for a manifold surface M is a smooth tensor con that associates to every point

x = [ x1 , x2 , x3 ] , x M . A three order tensor denoted

as

B = 2 . In fig2 radial function vary with different width when = 3

i = 3 i = 4

T11 T12 T13 x T T = x x T ( x) = T23 21 22 2 1 T31 T32 T33 x3 x1

) We can describe a symmetric tensor

2 1

x1 x2 x x3 x2
2 2

x1 x3 x2 x3 (3 2 x3

Fig1. The variation of radial function with different frequency

B=3

T ( x) by three orthogonal vector fields. T ( x ) has at every points x three real ei- genvalues i , i = 1, 2, or 3 ,as well as three real and i , i = 1, 2, or 3 . Because of ortho- gonal unit eigenvectors e

B=2

the or- dering of the eigenvalues, we refer to major eig- envector,

1 as the e

Fig2 The variations of radial function with different width

1 0.5 0 -

2 as the medium eigenvector, and e

3 as the mi- nor eigenvector. e

1e 1 T = 1e 1 0; 2 = 3 = 0 3e 3 ) 1 = 2 > 0; 3 = 0 T = 1 ( I e = = >0 T = 1 I 2 3 1

- /2

/2

(4)

Fig 3 Directional function variation curve

The directional part in fig3.is defined by

For three situation, the orientation of the normal vector is 1 (a planar tensor), e 3 (an isotropic tensor), and no majoe rity orientation respectively.

)2 Tn (u D(u) = 0
Where

>0 uT n otherwise

(7)

k is the direction of the filter, defined by the six n is directions of the vertices of an icosahedrod. D(u)

filter based on tensor

directional component ,by standard convention, when u is the frequency six filters are

It is very complicated that filer an image in frequency domain which is translated from spacial domain. After that, the image has to be translated into spacial domain. To deal with this we design filters in frequency domain and then translate it into spacial domain. We convolue image with filter in spacial domain. It can develope the operation speed. Radial function As a filter f in polar coordinates in the Fourier domain, Its Fourier transform is defined by ) F (u) = R( ) D(u (5)

= u and u = u u . The directions of

1 =c(a,0,b)T ,n 2 =c(-a,0,b)T n 3 =c(b,a,0)T ,n 4 =c(b,-a,0)T n 5 6 =c(0,b,-a) n 3 =c(0,b,a) ,n 4
1

( 8)

) is directional Where R ( ) is radial function, and D (u function Radial function is band-pass function typically. It has two parameters central frequency and bandwidth which highlight the direction and scale relative to traditional one-dimensional filter. And it can find proper radial filter [12]. It is expressed as

Where a=2 , b=1+ 5 , c=(10+2 5) 2 . These six filters, when combined, are enough to create a filter with any direction, being more computationally efficient compared to creating a new filter for every voxel. This is explained by Knutsson et al.[3,4] along with the parameter choices for a ,b and c. Filter Local structure in image with gentle change and no clear texture features usually belongs to low frequency region, on the contrary, edge with greater change are lie in high frequency region nearby. Thereby we balance the high-pass filter and low-pass filter by

4 (6) ln 2 R( ) = exp 2 ln 2 B i Where is central frequency, B is bandwidth. In fig1.

Radial function vary with different central frequency when

F ( x) = FLP ( x) + ( x) FHP ( x)
Where

(9)

FLP (x) is low-pass filter. FHP (x) is high-pass

filter. The low-pass filter is isotropic. Where a is filtering

3696

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

radius adjusted by user. The high-pass filter is connected with orientation, as

Filter weight To enable control tensor C play a role in space domain, each control tensor we have got should have a weight coefficient M k . Then we can got w k which is filter weight coefficient

k) n FHPk (u) = FHP (u) D(u) = FHP (u)(u

Where

(10)

FHP (u) is high pass filter defined by

sin 2 u 2 1 FHP ( u ) = - u sin 2 2 0

0<u<1

w k =C M k
(11)

(16)

1<u< -1 -1<u< <u

Where coefficients C are computed for each point and M k are the filter associated dual tensors .The final output in space domain is
6

s(x)=s lp (x)+ w k s hp (x)

k=1

(17)

Optimizing filter optimise filter denote

Where
2

s lp (x) is low-pass filter response and s hp (x) is the

min

u[ -, ]

w(u) Fideal (u)-DFT f spatial (x) (u)

(12)

filter response the high-pass filter in the same space domain [9,10].

fspatial is inversing Fourier transform of ideal filter function and w() is weighting function. as frequency
Where domain corresponding

RESULTS

fspatial must be cyclical, [ -, ] is

Quality of the images measured by the peak signal to noise ratio PSNR. For the gray image

chosen. the weighting function adapted by Knutsson[5,6] is

PSNR=10log10

A2
2 1 M N f(i,j)-f(i,j) MN i=1 j=1

(18)

u w()= -1 cos 2 i 2 i
Where

+ n

(13 ) Where

u
i

2 i

(14)

f(i,j) is the pixel value of the original image, f(i,j) is the pixel value of the reconstruction image. The size of image is M N and A is the biggest amplitude value of f(i,j) . The de-noising results for different

n is minimum. When 0 , then w() , DC

component can get more weight.[1] Control tensor The control tensor mainly targeted towards the high-pass filters with different orientation. The control tensor is accordance with orientation of high-pass filter at the regional with structural information and output of other high-pass filters in different orientation should be restrained. And the low-pass filters are implemented. So we can keep structural information and remove noise[7,8]. In addition, eigenvalues of tensor matrix connect with orientation of local structure, the greater the eigenvalues of tensor matrix, the clearer the orientation of local structure. So we can enhance high frequent information by expanding the greater eigenvalues and reducing the smaller eigenvalues [1]. control tensor C and orientation tensor T have the same eigenvector system.,
1e 1 + 2 e 2 e 2 3e 3 + 3e C=1e

frequency noising image have tested by our algorithm listed in table1. PSNR have improved 32% average.
Table1.The PSNR of the input image and out image PSNR of input image PSNR of output image 34.84 dB 28.61 dB 25.52 dB 21.16 dB 16.87 dB

dB

22.96 dB 19.66 dB 15.63 dB 12.15 dB

(15)

Fig4 is 3D frontal bone noising teeth image is 512 512 87. Metal artifacts is caused by metal teeth. Testing this picture by our filter method ,we got the results is metal artifacts reduction . Fig5,fig6 and fig7 the left side are sagittal, coronal and transverse image of frontal bone noising teeth image. The right side are sagittal, coronal and transverse image of frontal bone de-noising teeth image. We can see the metal artifacts have been reduced and the structure information was reserved well. 3D adaptive filter can deal with colorful image and get better results. Nevertheless, better results the three order tensor got at the cost of low operating speed.

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

3697

applied in image segmentation. Our research experience shows that it will be a very difficult problem. But the outcome is also very rewarding, since it automatically combines the flow features scientists and engineers are interested in from a general tensor field.

REFERENCES
[1] Andreas SigfridssonTino EbbersEinar Heiberg Lars Wigstrm .Tensor Field Visualization using Adaptive Filtering of Noise Fields combined with Glyph Rendering [J] IEEE Visualization 2002 Session P13: 371-378 [2] Ping zhang. Adaptive Filtering for Medical Image Based on Tensor Field. ICCDA 2010;V1:577-580 [3] Hans Knutsson, Leif Haglund, Hkan Brman, and Gsta H. Granlund. A Framework for Anisotropic Adaptive Filtering and Analysis of Image Sequences andVolumes. In Proceedings of ICASSP-92, San Francisco, CA, 1992. IEEE, volume 3, pages 469472, 1992 [4] Hans KnutssonMats AnderssonJohan Wiklund Advanced Filter Design [J]Proceedings of the 11th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis1999 pages 185-193 [5] Leif HaglundAdaptive Multidimensional Filtering [D]Linkping University Sweden,1992 [6] H. KnutssonRepresenting Local Structure Using Tensors[M]FinlandThe 6th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis1989244-251 [7] Ping zhang.A Novel Eye Detecting Technology Based on Adaboost and Gray-scale Information. ICCDA 2010;V1:563-566. [8] C.-F. WestinJ. RicholtV. MoharirR. Kikinis Affine adaptive filtering of CT data [J] Medical Image Analysis20004(2000)161-177 [9] Gsta H. Granlund and Hans Knutsson. Signal Processing for Computer Vision. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,the Netherlands, 1995. [10] T. Brox et al. Adaptive Structure Tensors and their Applications [11] X. Zheng and A. Pang, 2D Asymmetric Tensor Fields, Proc. 16th IEEE Conf. Visualization (Vis 05), pp. 3-10, 2005. [12] E. Zhang, Harry Yeh, Zhongzang Lin and Robert S. Laramee, Asymmetric Tensor Analysis for Flow Visualization IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2009

Fig4. 3D noising teeth image

Fig5. Sagittal display before and after processing

Fig6. Coronal display before and after processing

Fig7. Transverse display before and after processing

FUTURE WORK
In summary, Better results the three order tensor got at the cost of low operating speed. Further work is to develop the operating speed in three order tensor. Some optimizing methods have concerned. The research of tensor field has extended in high order tensor and asymmetric tensor field domains. It has been investigate by Xiaoqiang Zheng and Alex Pang [11]. They define the dual-eigenvectors in 2-order asymmetric tensor field. E zhang[12] has develop the asymmetric tensor field in 3-order. In order to apply the asymmetric tensor theory in image processing, ultimately, we plan to extend this way

3698

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)