1

B gio dc v o to

B quc phng

Hc vin k thut qun s

Nguyn th tho

M hnh lu lng ca cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo CDMA

Lun vn thc s k thut

H ni 2006

B gio dc v o to

B quc phng

Hc vin k thut qun s

Nguyn th tho

M hnh lu lng ca cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo CDMA

Chuyn ngnh: K thut in t M s: 60 52 70

Lun vn thc s k thut

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS. TS. v kim

H ni 2006

B gio dc v o to

B quc phng

Hc vin k thut qun s

Lun vn thc s k thut

Tn ti: M hnh lu lng ca cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo CDMA Chuyn ngnh: M s: 60 52 70 Ngy giao lun vn: 01/03/2006 Ngy np lun vn: 15/05/2006 Ngi thc hin : Nguyn Th Tho Lp: K thut in t H o to tp trung Kho 16 K thut in t

Cn b hng dn H v tn: V Kim Hc hm, hc v: PGS - TS Cp bc: i t n v: Hc vin KTQS

H ni - 2006

Danh mc cc ch vit tt Ch vit tt BER BS CDMA D-AMPS DCA DRA DS-SS FCA FDMA GoS GSM LMGF MS PLE QoS SIR TDMA Ting Anh Bit Error Rate Base Station Code devision multiple access Digital - American Mobile Phone System Dynamic channel assignment Dynamic Resource Allocation Direct Sequence spread spectrum Fixed channel assignment Frequency devision multiple access Grade of Service Global System For Mobile Telecommunication Log monment generating function Mobile Station Path loss exponent Quality of Service Signal to Interference Ratio Time devision multiple access Trm di ng S m tn hao ng truyn Cht lng dch v T s tn hiu trn tp m a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian Phn knh c nh a truy cp phn chia theo tn s Phn cp dch v H thng thng tin di ng ton cu Hm to mmen log Ting Vit T l bt li Trm gc a truy cp phn chia theo m H thng thng tin di ng s ca M Phn knh ng Phn phi ti nguyn ng Tri ph chui trc tip

Mc lc

M u Chng 1. C s chung v di ng t bo ... 1.1. S pht trin ca cc h thng di ng t bo . 1.2. M hnh lu lng ca h thng di ng t bo .. 1.2.1. Cc php o hiu nng 1.2.2. Cc chin lc phn phi knh ... 1.2.3. Phn tch lu lng ca cc chin lc phn knh . 1.3. H thng di ng t bo CDMA .. 1.3.1. Thng tin tri ph 1.3.2. a truy nhp tri ph ...

1 3 3 5 6 6 7 8 8 9

1.3.3. CDMA t bo .. 10 1.3.4. Tnh ton dung lng .. 14 1.3.5. M hnh lu lng CDMA t bo ... 16

Chng 2: Can nhiu t bo khc 19 2.1. Vn truyn sng v m hnh h thng.. 19 2.1.1. Vn truyn sng.. 19

2.2.2. M hnh h thng 21

2.2. Tnh ton nhiu . 22 2.2.1. Tn tht ng truyn: Mng 1 chiu . 22 2.2.2. Tn tht ng truyn: Mng 2 chiu . 24 2.2.3. S kt hp che khut chun log ... 27 2.3. Cc m hnh M/G/ . 31 2.3.1. Gii thiu . 32 2.3.2. Xp x M/G/ . 39 2.3.3. Xc xut chn ci bin 41 2.3.4. Xp x xc sut chn ... 44

2.3.5. Kt qu 48 Chng 3: Nhiu hiu dng . 55 3.1. M u .. 55 3.2. iu khin gi tr da trn di thng hiu dng ... 58 3.2.1. Cc cuc gi vi yu cu ti nguyn khng i .. 59 3.2.2. Cc cuc gi vi yu cu ti nguyn thay i . 59 3.3. iu khin gi tr da trn nhiu hiu dng . 66 3.3.1. Cc kiu t bo n . 67 3.3.2. Cc kiu a t bo: s kh thi ca trng thi h thng 72

3.3.3. Cc m hnh a t bo: s qun tr trng thi mng 78 3.4. M hnh lu lng v cc vn iu khin 89 Kt lun ... 92

Danh mc hnh v 1.1. Mt mng t bo vi 7 cell tn s 1.2. B thu pht DS SS c bn ... 1.3 . Tnh phn tp trong CDMA . 2.1. S 1 chiu t bo chun ... 2.2. S 2 chiu t bo chun ... 2.3. Nhiu trong mng 1 chiu 2.4. Nhiu trong mng 2 chiu 2.5. Nhiu trong mng 2 chiu php xp x .. 2.6. S xc nhn kt qu phn tch .. 2.7. Php xp x cell lc gic .. 2.8. S so snh cc php xp x ... 2.9. S xp x v php m phng 2.10. Xc sut chn v lu lng trong t bo 2.11. Xc sut chn v lu lng trong t bo 2.12. Xc sut chn thay i vi PLE . 2.13. Xc sut chn thay i vi G . 2.14. Xc sut chn thay i vi PLE . 2.15. Xc sut chn thay i vi G . 3.1. Cc loi nhiu ... 3.2. V d mng 7 t bo . 3 10 12 20 21 22 23 24 28 28 29 29 51 51 52 52 53 53 82 88

M u CDMa l mt k thut a truy cp khc vi cc k thut FDMA v TDMA. CDMA l mt k thut rt hp dn vi thng tin khng dy nu nh khc phc c vn iu khin cng sut v ng b. u im ca n vt qua cc k thut a truy cp khc bao gm c: hiu qu s dng li ph tn cao hn, trnh suy gim ng truyn tt, gim s qu ti v dung lng, th tc chuyn giao mnh hn u nm 1978, h thng CDMA c xut cho cho thng tin di ng. Tuy nhin, n khng c quan tm nhiu lm. n nm 1980, Qualcomm chng minh c s kh thi cu h thng. Sau , vic nghin cu CDMA pht trin nhanh chng, tp trung chnh vo vic thit k v thc hin phn tch k thut thu, m ho, iu ch v thut ton iu khin cng sut. Lu lng h thng di ng t bo s dng k thut CDMA c kim tra chnh xc. Nhng vn quan trng ca dung lng lu lng, iu khin cuc gi, phn tch chuyn giao mm, hiu qu gim qu ti v ch iu khin cng sut vn cha c hiu r. Hot ng thnh cng ca h thng c nghin cu trong mt s khu vc l kh ngc nhin v c ngha to ln. M hnh lu lng ca h thng t bo s dng li tn s v c trc giao ho ang c pht trin; chng s dng a truy cp theo tn s hoc theo thi gian. Mng thc hin phn chia knh ng v tnh ang c nghin cu, mt vi hng gii quyt phn tch chuyn giao c t ra. a s thnh cng trong lnh vc ny xut pht t vic nghin cu phn chia lu lng v kt qu vic truyn dn. Mc tiu ca lun vn ny l gp phn hiu su hn v m hnh lu lng h thng CDMA. Thng qua a ra quyt nh thc hin phn tch v thit k h thng. Lun vn ny tp trung vo tnh ton dung lng cho h thng thc hin k hoch iu khin nhn cuc gi linh hot.

Vi mc ch trn, lun vn tp trung thc hin ti: "M hnh lu lng ca cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo CDMA" Lun vn bao gm cc ni dung sau: Chng 1: C s chung v di ng t bo Gii thiu mng t bo di ng v h thng tri ph. im ni bt ca bn tm tt l nhng phng thc gii quyt hin c trong m hnh lu lng ca mng t bo. Chng 2: Can nhiu t bo khc Chng ta s tm hiu v vn can nhiu bi t bo khc v cc m hnh M/G/ . Cc m hnh M/G/ c chng minh l ng da trn phn mm. Ti thi im ny khi m mng c lu lng ln, m hnh c th nhy cm vi vic t chi nhng cuc gi mi duy tr cht lng kt ni hin c. Chng 3: Nhiu hiu dng Da trn nhiu hiu dng v di thng hiu dng, chng ta i tm hiu m hnh lu lng v vn iu khin mng. y l phn quan trng ca lun vn ny.

Chng 1. C s chung v di ng t bo Chng ny cung cp nhng gii thiu c bn v h thng thng tin di ng t bo. Nhng ch c tho lun bao gm: pht trin ca dch v thng tin c nhn t bo, cng ngh a truy cp v m hnh lu lng ca h thng thng tin di ng t bo. Sau phn tm tt v thng tin tri ph l nhng nt c bit quan trng ca mng hot ng vi a truy cp theo m. Ch chnh ca lun vn ny l m hnh lu lng ca h thng s dng CDMA. 1.1. S pht trin ca cc h thng di ng t bo Dch v in thoi di ng nguyn thy thng c iu khin bi 1 trung tm thu pht, phc v mt khu vc thnh th rng ln. Mt vi knh radio ang hot ng v mt vi ngi ng k thu bao c th c h tr trong qu trnh duy tr cht lng dch v hp l. u nm 1980, nhng h thng t bo thng mi u tin c gii thiu. Bng vic s dng li ph tn c gi tr mt cch u n, h thng t bo cung cp mt s pht trin n tng v kh nng v cht lng dch v. Th h u tin ca mng t bo s dng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) vi vic iu ch tng t di bng tn hp. Vng dch v c phn chia thnh cc t bo v mi t bo c cung cp bi mt my thu pht cc b gi l cc trm gc (BS). Mi mt t bo c ch nh bi mt mng nh ca knh radio ang hot ng, c th c s dng li trong cc t bo khc ca mng. Khong cch gia hai t bo ny xa m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m SIR. Mt mng vi 7 t bo ph bin s dng li c minh ha trong hnh 1.1. Nhng tn s c th c s dng li trong cc t bo vi s lng nh nhau.

Hnh 1.1. Mt mng t bo vi mu 7 cell tn s H qu ca khi nim vng phc v cc b l phi h tr chuyn giao. Chuyn giao xy ra khi mt trm di ng MS ang hot ng di chuyn t mt t bo n nhng knh hin ti khc c gii phng v mt knh mi mt t bo ch c ch nh. Mi trng truyn v tuyn trong mt khong cch xa l khng chc chn dn n yu cu tip tc gim kch thc t bo. iu ny ng ngha vi vic hn ch h s tng ch. H thng t bo th h 1 b hn ch bi dung lng. Th h th 2 s dng k thut truyn thng k thut s ang c pht trin. Sc mnh ca m s cho php hot ng mnh m hn vi cc kch thc t bo nh hn v s dng li ph tn nhiu hn. Dung lng h thng tng khong t 3 n 20 ln so vi h thng tng t hin c. Cc h thng k thut s chnh ang tn ti l GSM, D-AMPS v Qualcomm CDMA. Hai h thng u tin da theo s lai ghp a truy cp phn chia theo tn s FDMA v a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA trong khi h thng Qualcomm hot ng theo s kt hp FDMA v CDMA. H thng GSM chu u dng nh thch hp tr thnh mt chun ton cu cho dch v truyn thng c nhn trong tng lai tr khi dung lng c d on v cht lng pht trin ca CDMA c chng minh mt cch ng k.

Lun vn ny lin quan n m hnh lu lng ca h thng t bo hot ng vi CDMA v hiu c cch x l ca h thng di mt ti thay i ngu nhin. Trong phn tip theo, s phn tch lu lng ca mng t bo s dng FDMA/TDMA c xem xt da trn vic kim tra cc tnh nng quan trng ca h thng t bo CDMA. 1.2. M hnh lu lng ca h thng di ng t bo Trong phn ny nhng vng mc lin quan n dung lng ca h thng t bo di ti ngu nhin s c tho lun mt cch tm tt. Lu lng ca mng l s o s lng cc ln khi xng cuc gi v di cc cuc gi. N c nh ngha nh tch ca tc trung bnh (s cuc gi trn 1 giy) v thi gian gi cuc gi trung bnh (giy). n v lu lng l Erlang. Mc tiu ca nh cung cp mng di ng t bo l tng lu lng mng (Erlang cho mi n v vng) vi ti nguyn c nh v theo mt vi mc yu cu dch v. Trong mt mng t bo FDMA/TDMA c mt s cc knh radio phi s dng li tn s dn n hn ch cht lng dch v. Trong phn cn li chng ta xem xt n vic o lu lng ca h thng di ng t bo, cc phng php phn chia knh radio v cng ngh nhm phn tch nhng phng php ny. 1.2.1. Cc php o hiu nng Mt php o hiu nng quan trng l xc sut mt yu cu truy cp di ng n lin kt radio b t chi. Chng ta s lin kt xc sut chn cuc gi cng vi s phn cp dch v (Grade of Service - GoS). Trong mng t bo cng c hin tng chn chuyn giao. iu ny xy ra khi my di ng ang chuyn ng ra khi mt t bo nhng khng c ch nh ti mt knh trong t bo ch khc. N dn n vic cng bc cuc

gi kt thc. Vic chn cuc gi dn n vic kt thc khng bnh thng v t s SIR gim xung. Cui cng, l vn cht lng ting ni. Cht lng ting ni lin quan nhiu n SIR trn lin kt radio. y l mt yu cu SIR chi phi s ti s dng kch c nhm trong cc h thng da trn ti s dng. Ch rng s o c ny lin quan n xc sut rt khi mt SIR khng cho mt khong thi gian no thng dn vic cuc gi b ngt. Sau y cht lng dch v (QoS) s cp ti s tho mn ca yu cu SIR. 1.2.2. Cc chin lc phn phi knh Cc chin lc phn phi knh lin quan n cc phng php phn phi cc knh v tuyn cho cc di ng trong h thng t bo s dng knh trc giao (FDMA/TDMA). Phng php phn chia knh d nht l phng php phn knh c nh FCA. Mt nhm c nh cc knh c to ra cho mi t bo theo mt cch, vic ti s dng s lun c tho mn. Nu mt di ng to mt yu cu cuc gi n 1 t bo c ch nh tt c cc knh ca n, cuc gi s b ngn chn. FCA c th gi khng gian bin i bng cch thit lp thm nhiu knh n cc t bo bn hn tuy nhin n khng c kh nng iu chnh n vic khi ng ngn hn. Mt phng php tip cn hay hn na l s phn knh ng (DCA). DCA khng to ra bt k s gii hn no trn cc knh c th c s dng bi bt c mt t bo no. Mt di ng c th c phn chia mt knh cung cp bi s ti s dng m khng b vi phm ti thi im phn knh. Thut ton thc hin DCA yu cu s lng ln d liu v trng thi ca mng, c tnh ton v iu khin mt cch tp trung. So vi FCA lng d liu ca DCA tng hn t 10%-20% ti im tnh ton GoS xc nh.

Kh nng pht trin ca DCA c th c tng cng hn na bng cch s dng php o thi gian thc ca cc mc nhiu quyt nh mt knh c th c cp pht hay khng. iu ny ph bin hn vic ti s dng cc quy tc m thng c tnh ton di dng gi nh trng hp xu nht. M hnh ny s c gi l phn phi ti nguyn ng DRA phn bit n vi DCA. Gia FCA v DCA c mt s cc phng n n gin hn DCA, nhng li phc tp hn FCA. Chng bao gm cc lc lai trc tip x l li v trc tip ngt kt ni. 1.2.3. Phn tch lu lng ca cc chin lc phn knh. Chng ta xem xt cc m hnh phn tch ca mng t bo. Mng ny cho php x l lu lng ca mng v cch thc n nh knh khc nhau. Trng hp n gin nht phn tch l FCA khi khng c m hnh chuyn giao. Trong m hnh ny h thng gm mt mng ca cc hng i c lp. Cng vi mt s gi nh chun, mt t bo vi N knh c m hnh l mt hng i M/G/N/N v xc sut cuc gi mi b chn c tnh t cng thc Erlang B. Khi DCA c gii thiu, s c lp ca cc hng i s b trit tiu v vn tr nn v cng th v. Bng cch s dng m hnh DCA tng qut, c lp vi chi tit thc hin. iu ny ch ra rng vic phn b kt ni cho s lng nhng cuc gi c hiu lc trong mi t bo chim mt hnh thi ca mt khng gian trng thi. Mc d cng thc phn tch ny cho php mt din gii ca xc sut cuc gi b chn s c vit ra ngay lp tc, vic nh gi s biu din ny l ng k. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, vic s dng xp x t nguyn l mng chuyn mch knh hoc s m phng nh phng php Monte-Carlo phi c yu cu.

Cch tip cn trn c th c m rng phn tch mt vi thay i ca DCA bao gm cc lc lai, chuyn giao c iu khin, gii hn trang thit b, nhm cc knh v a lp. Mc d mng di ng t bo CMDA c cc tnh nng hot ng rt khc so vi cc mng s dng knh trc giao, iu ny c ch ra trong [8] rng hiu nng truyn nhn ca h thng CDMA c th c phn tch trong mt khun kh n gin ca DCA. Tip theo chng ta xem xt n nhng nguyn tc c bn ca h thng CDMA trc khi xem xt li cng vic tn ti ca m hnh lu lng cho nhng mng ny. 1.3. H thng di ng t bo CDMA Qui tc phn chia a truy nhp theo m hay cn gi l CDMA l mt ng dng ca khi nim thng tin tri ph. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt mt cch ngn gn khi nim tri ph, bn lun v cch s dng n nh mt phng thc a truy nhp v xem xt cc tnh cht quan trng ca mng di ng s dng CDMA. 1.3.1. Thng tin tri ph nh ngha v tri ph: Tri ph l mt phng tin ca vic thng tin trong tn hiu chim mt bng thng vt qu s cn thit ti thiu gi c thng tin; m rng di thng c thc hin thng qua mt m khng ph thuc vo d liu v mt s thu nhn ng b vi m ti ni nhn c dng cho vic tp hp v khi phc d liu ngay sau . Khi nim tri ph c dng t nht l t nhng nm 1920 v cc h thng pht trin t nhng nm 1950. Phn ln cc ng dng l thng tin thuc qun i v khai thc mt hoc nhiu cc thuc tnh sau ca tri ph : - Xc sut ng thp - Chng nhiu - Trit hin tng a tia

- Bo mt - Kh nng a truy nhp Hai phng thc thng dng nht ca vic thc hin tri ph l s iu ch chui trc tip (DS) v nhy tn (FH). Trong iu ch DS, sng mang iu ch d liu c iu ch bng cch trn vi mt chui m ha gi ngu nhin bt k, nhanh (bng thng ln hn bng thng d liu). Trong FH tn s sng mang c phn on s dng ngu nhin. 1.3.2. a truy nhp tri ph T nhng nm 1980 tri ph c cc ng dng ngoi qun i tng ln. Phn ln trong s , ng k c cc h thng v tinh v cc mng di ng, u da trn kh nng a truy nhp. Cc thuc tnh khc ca tri ph to cho k thut ny cc li ch ring bit trn cc phng thc a truy nhp khc nhau, c bit l trong mi trng t bo di ng khng thn thin. Mt cp thu pht tri ph chui trc tip (DS-SS) n gin ti bng gc c m t trong hnh 1.2. Tn hiu truyn gm mt chui d liu s iu bin bi mt chui m ha gi ngu nhin nhanh hn. Tn hiu ngun c tri mt cch hiu qu trn mt bng thng vt qu mc ca bng thng d liu. Cc thuc tnh gi ngu nhin ca chui di rng bao hm d liu tri c ph phng nhng khng ging vi nhiu trng. Ti ni nhn tn hiu c ly tng quan vi mt phin bn cc b ng b ca m ha gi ngu nhin s dng trong bn truyn. Thao tc ny gii tri d liu trong khi li nhiu v tp m lm bng thng rng hn. Ting n v nhiu ny c th c b mt cch trit bng b lc thng thp.

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Hnh 1.2. B thu pht DS-SS c bn Trong a truy cp, mi ngi dng c cung cp mt m gi ngu nhin bt k duy nht hoc mt thi gian dch duy nht ca m . Thuc tnh tng quan cho thp v t tng quan ngha l mi my thu tng quan ngi dng li nhiu ngi dng khc vn tri ph. B lc di hn ch khi s lc ra hu ht nng lng nhiu. Nhng m gi ngu nhin thng khng trc giao nn khng ging nh FDMA v TDMA, a truy cp tri ph hoc CDMA c thuc tnh m tt c ngi dng s gy nhiu n nhng ngi khc. Thuc tnh ny khng c mong mun trong truyn thng a ngi dng gia mt cp thu php n ti lc trc giao s cho ra dung lng ln nht. Tuy nhin tnh hung ny kh khc vi mi trng di ng t bo. 1.3.3. Di ng t bo CDMA S xut s dng CDMA cho thng tin di ng bt u xut hin trn sch bo trong nhng nm cui ca thp k 70. H thng ny bao gm FHCDMA v s ci thin kh nng d bo trn nhng h thng sn c c 5 ln. Gn y s pht trin v kim chng ca h thng di ng DS-CDMA bi cng ty Qualcomn Inc s ci thin kh nng d bo gia 10 v 20 ln h thng tng t (analog) c v t 3 n 7 ln h thng s (digital) c chng minh. Trong mt lnh vc m di thng l ti nguyn ch yu, s tng hiu qu ph to cho cng ngh CDMA tr thnh mt ng c vin ch yu cho th trng di ng v khng dy trong tng lai.

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By gi chng ta s tho lun mt s tnh nng hot ng ca h di ng t bo CDMA. Chng ta gi s rng ng ln v ng xung thc hin trc giao tn s v v vy khng gy nhiu ln nhau. iu khin cng sut Dung lng ca h thng CDMA b gii hn bi xuyn nhiu gia tt c ngi s dng. Trong mt t bo di ng n t bo, tt c ngi dng pht vi cng mt cng sut, mt di ng gn trung tm t bo s c tn hiu thu ti BS ln hn nhiu so vi t bo gn bin. iu ny to ra s khng cng bng v gim i dung lng ca h thng. Vn ny c bit n nh l hiu ng gn - xa, khc phc bng cch s dng iu khin cng sut. i vi ng ln, mc ch ca iu khin cng sut l gi cng sut tn hiu nhn c hoc SIR l hng s cho mi ngi s dng. C hai phng php l tng ng cho n t bo, nhng vi trng hp a t bo, yu t SIR s l ng k hn. Trn ng xung, iu khin cng sut l khng cn thit trong mi trng n t bo. Bng cch cho mi ngi dng mt gi tr nh nhau ca cng sut pht v nhn tn hiu v nhiu cng sai lch, nhng SIR nhn c t ngi dng s bng nhau v khng thay i. Tuy nhin, i vi mi trng a t bo, nhng di ng gn bin t bo s bt li bi nhiu t pha cc t bo khc. Thut ton iu khin cng sut chng s bt cn bng ny cho php nhng mobile xa hn nhn c cng sut ln hn. Phn tp Mt nguyn nhn chnh ca s suy gim tn hiu trong mi trng di ng l faing a ng do cc bn sao ca tn hiu n ti thit b thu cng vi tr bin thin. B cn bng mnh trong nhng h thng FDMA hay TDMA l cn gii quyt c vn ny. Tuy nhin trong h thng CDMA, cc thuc tnh tng quan t ng ca cc chui m cho php nhng

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ng i vi tr ln hn thi gian chip c gii quyt v s dng. iu ny c hiu qu cung cp mt dng ca phn tp ni b v s gim fading ln. Mt dng khc ca phn tp trong h CDMA l phn tp macro ti mt mobile c th kt ni n 2 hay nhiu t bo (hnh 1.3). Trn cc ng ln cc tn hiu nhn c ti cc trm gc khc nhau v c th c kt hp s dng k thut phn tp tiu chun. Trn cc ng xung t cc v tr t bo khc nhau c th ch c coi nh m hnh a ng, trc tin gii quyt v kt hp.

Hnh 1.3: Tnh phn tp trong CDMA Chuyn giao mm Lin quan n tnh phn tp v m l vn chuyn giao mm. Khi mt di ng di chuyn t 1 t bo n mt t bo khc, thay v ngt b kt ni ang c trc khi bt u giao tip vi t bo ch, n c th kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu hn cc trm c s trong sut th tc chuyn giao. Ch khi di ng c thit lp hon ton trn t bo mi, chuyn giao cn li s b ngt b. Quy tc ny s mm do hn chuyn giao cng ca mng FDMA/TDMA. Tch cc thoi

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Trong m thoi hai chiu, mi ngi ni s hot ng khong 40% thi gian. S pht hin ca chu trnh khng hot ng v s chn ca vic truyn s lm gim nhiu n mi ngi dng. iu ny dn ti tng dung lng t l nghch vi h s tch cc ting ni. Chia sect Nu cc anten nh hng c s dng ti cc trm c s, cc t bo c th c chia thnh cc sect. Trn ng lin kt ngc, ch c nhiu t nhng di ng (mobile) nm trong di thng ca anten. V vy, khi nim sect thc to ra dung lng tng cn bng vi s lng sect. Thng thng 3 sect s c s dng cho mt t bo to ra s tng dung lng c 2,5 ln. Qu ti dn dn Cc h thng s dng FDMA v TDMA, hoc thc t bt c mt cng ngh a truy cp trc giao khc, c mt gii hn cng i vi s lng knh sn sng cho ph v di thng d liu. CDMA s dng cc m trc giao gi v cung cp tc m nhiu hn tc d liu, s lng nhng m ny l rt ln. iu ny c ngha l mt ngi dng mi c th gn nh lun c chp nhn vo h thng vi chi ph tng khng ng k trong vic can thip n tt c nhng ngi dng khc. iu ny to ra s cn bng gia kh nng v cht lng dch v. Khng cn qun l tn s. Trong mng di ng CDMA ton b ph c s dng trong mi t bo. V th khng cn a ra k hoch ti nguyn thng xuyn nh nhng h thng c s ti s dng. Hn na DCA vn c trong CDMA m khng cn qun l tp trung ca s phn knh v ti phn knh.

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1.3.4. Tnh ton dung lng Trc khi gii thiu vi phng php tnh ton dung lng c bn, nn ch rng dung lng ca mng CDMA phi c tnh ton mt cch ring r. Truyn thng ng b vi tn hiu trc giao thc hin c trn ng xung l nh cch s dng ca tn hiu dn ng cng sut cao. iu ny c lp nhiu t cc my khc trong cng khu vc v thng thng lm cho ng xung c hiu sut cao hn. V l do ny chng ta tp trung vo gii hn ca hiu sut ng ln. Trong phn ny dung lng s c xem nh s ngi dng tnh c th c h tr trn lin kt v trong khi duy tr mt cht lng dch v chp nhn c (BER) vi mt xc sut cho trc. n t bo Xem xt mt t bo n vi N mobile hot ng v s iu khin cng sut hon ho ca cng tn hiu nhn c. T s tn hiu trn nhiu ca mi mobile, b qua nhiu nn, c tnh theo: SIR=
1 N -1

iu ny c th lin quan ti mt t l nng lng bit trn mt nhiu (Eb/I0) thng qua tng ch:
Eb W = SIR = R I0 W R N-1

Trong W l bng thng ca ph di rng, R l t l d liu v W/R l tng ch, s o lng chnh ca kch thc h thng. Gi s rng mt BER chp nhn c dn n mt t l chc chn Eb/I0 l t c. S ngi s dng c h tr s l:

15

N=1 +

W Eb

R I0

Dung lng tnh ton ny c th tng ln khi s dng sect ha v gim t l pht trong thi k lng nh tho lun trn. Nu a l s tng thm do qun l hot ng ting ni v b l s tng thm sect, th dung lng h thng gn ng l:
N a b
W Eb R I0

Vi s thay th cc gi tr thng thng, cng sut l N W/R, iu ny lm cho CDMA c tnh cnh tranh vi FDMA/TDMA trn t bo n c bn. Tuy nhin trong mi trng a t bo, CDMA chng t c u th vt tri. a t bo Xem xt mt mng hai chiu cc t bo vi N ngi dng cho mi t bo. Cch n gin nht tnh nhiu t cc t bo khc l tnh thm tha s nhiu t cc t bo khc k . Dung lng a t bo s thnh:
N a b
W Eb R

1+ k ) I0 (

Vi k nm t 0.5 - 0.6. Trong mt mi trng a t bo, dung lng cho mi t bo xp x 60% dung lng ca t bo n cch ly. Trong mt h thng c bn s dng li c, dung lng ca mi t bo b gim bi h s s dng li v vi mt h thng s dng li 1/7, s knh cho mi t bo ch cn 14% tng s.

16

Ti sao CDMA ng u s ci thin dung lng trong cc h thng t bo? Cu tr li n gin l vi CDMA tng nhiu gm c cc s ng gp nh t mt s lng ln ngi s dng trong khi vi FDMA hoc TDMA nhiu c to thnh t mt s nh ngi s dng ci m to ra nhiu ng k tr phi s c lp ng k gia nhng ngi s dng cng knh c duy tr. Nhng khuyt im ca cc phn tch dung lng hin c Trc tin l kh nng ca CDMA a t bo vi vic nhn mnh thc t trn s phn tch nhiu t bo khc. Gi s rng c mt s ngi dng bng nhau trn mi t bo v v th chng bng phng v lin tc tri ra qua mi t bo. S iu khin hon ho cng sut ti tn hiu c nh c gi thit v m hnh truyn c tnh ton cho hiu qu che khut c lp thng thng. Mt Gausian xp x theo nhng ranh gii vo hai nhiu hin ti u tin dn ti mi quan h gia s ngi dng trn t bo v xc sut BER c th chp nhn c. Nhng phn tch m rng ca cng vic ny cho php tp trung bao gm nhng hiu ng faing a tia, m iu khin cng sut khng hon ho, thu phn tp v thu chia tc bng hp vi nhng mng anten. Nn tng mc tiu lun vn ny s m rng s phn tch a t bo n gin trong phng hng khc ni m hai ngun chnh s bin i tc thi gi l ngu nhin ca nhng cuc gi v v tr ngu nhin ca thit b di ng c a vo xem xt. Chng ta quan tm n vic xc nh s lng kh nng v thc hin ca mng CDMA. Mt phn ngc nhin l rt t cng trnh xut hin trong ti liu v cc m hnh lu lng hay iu hnh mng ca h thng CDMA. Trong chng tip theo chng ta s xem xt phn tch cch tip cn cho vn . 1.3.5. M hnh lu lng mng CDMA Nh c cp trong mc trc a s cc kh nng phn tch hin hu cho mng CDMA a t bo gi thit rng tt c cc t bo cha ng s lng

17

my di ng bng nhau. Dung lng c nh ngha nh s lng ti a thit b di ng trn t bo m c th h tr trong khi bo tr mt SIR c th chp nhn vi mt xc sut cho. Mt s o c hu ch v quan trng hn l dung lng lu lng ca h thng o trong Erlang trn t bo. Dung lng lu lng l mt s tnh ton ng hn m hp nht lm sao mng iu khin tnh bin thin vo nhng thi gian m cc cuc gi t nhiu ni, nhiu thi gian. Th tc hin nhin nht n m hnh ho lu lng mng CDMA nh sau. 1. Ch r s rng buc QoS di dng SIR vt ngng vi mt xc sut cao nht nh. 2. S dng kh nng phn tch xc nh s ngi dng ln nht trn mi t bo, N, c th c cho php trong khi tho mn s rng buc QoS. 3. Gi thit khng th hn N cuc gi c chp nhn trong bt k t bo no. Mt cuc gi n ti mt vng vi N cuc gi th b nghn mng vi mi t bo c m hnh nh mt hng c lp M/G/N/N v xc sut chn tnh ton t cng thc Erlang B. 4. Vi s rng buc GoS ch r rng mt cuc gi mong mun cho xc sut kho ng truyn th n gin l cc i ng truyn trn t bo m kt qu trong s cho php ca rng buc GoS. Phng php thao tc v phn tch ny th tng t nh FCA trong cc knh h thng. Nh s FCA th kh n gin d hiu. N khng khai thc s phc tp c hu trong mng CDMA nh m mt t bo cng loi c th d dng chp nhn hn N cuc gi v nh vy dn ti vic gim xc sut chn cuc gi. Hin thi, c hai cch tip cn trn sch bo tp trung vo vic cung cp s phn tch lu lng dung lng linh hot hn. Nhng trung tm u

18

tin xung quanh vic m hnh mi nh mt hng M/G/ c lp. Vi vic khng c cuc gi mi b chn trong s nhng ngi dng c th c iu khin mt cch n gin v lu lng mng c xc nh da vo nhng o c QoS. Mt ng gp ca lun vn ny da vo cch tip cn ny da trn chi tit trong chng 2 cng vic xem xt tng quan cc cng vic lin quan. Cch tip cn th hai tp trung vo mt trong nhiu th tc iu khin thu np gi linh hot hn tng t nh DCA trong mng FDMA/TDMA. Mt cuc gi c chp nhn khng ch da trn s lng ngi dng trong vng ch, m cn da trn s ngi dng trong mi vng ca mng c tc ng n nhiu t bo. Nh vy i khi mt t bo tm thy nhng ngi dng t hn l bnh thng trong nhng t bo k bn c th chp nhn nhiu cuc gi hn bn trong m t khi ch n trng thi nhng t bo cn bn.

19

Chng 2: Can nhiu t bo khc Trong chng ny chng ta tho lun cc phng php biu din nhiu t nhng ngi s dng mng di ng CDMA cng vi s truyn sng v nhng vn v h thng khc. Cc phng php ny l cc k quan trng i vi s pht trin ca cc m hnh lu lng trong nhng phn tip theo. Chng ta bt u t vic xem xt li mt s hng tip cn c vi vn trnh by nhiu t bo khc. Mi trng truyn sng di ng chun s c tho lun cng vi cc x l faing a tia, s che khut v tn hao ng truyn theo khong cch. Cui cng mt thuc tnh mi ca nhiu trong CDMA c pht trin dng hm phn b nhiu trong mi trng truyn sng nht nh. 2.1. Vn truyn sng v m hnh h thng 2.1.1. Vn truyn sng M hnh n gin nht cho knh radio di ng l mt s mt mt truyn lan t l ngc li ti khong cch gia my pht v my thu. Nu my pht v my thu c phn cch bi d n v th cng sut thu c cho bi cng thc: (2.1) Trong PT l cng sut pht v P0 v g khng ph thuc vo khong cch. P0 l mt hm ca tn s sng mang, chng ta gi nh rng n khng thay i cho tt c cc ng dn ca mt trm c s. g s m tn hao ng truyn (PLE) thay i vi chiu cao anten trong khong 3 n 4. M hnh n gin ca (2.1) th chnh xc trong khong t 1 n 20 kilomet m chiu cao ca anten trm c s ln hn 30 mt v vng ph sng

20

nh hn s thay i ca a th. Nh vy, m hnh hp l cho nhng h thng thng thng nhng khu vc xung quanh i pht khng phi l trung tm microcells. Theo nhng kt qu thc nghim m t rng lch t (2.1) thng c phn b trn mt biu log - log. Cc li xy ra ch yu do s bin i trong gii hn a hnh v t che khut t cc to nh. S hp nht ca s lch pha ny thng thng gi l che khut chun log, dn ti phng trnh:
(2.2)

Trong P0 v g l nh trc v V l mt bin ngu nhin Gaussian vi s lch chun tiu biu trong khong 6 n 12. PR(d) by gi tr thnh bin ngu nhin vi chun log.

Trong :

Thng qua khng gian gia cc bin ngu nhin che khut c th c ngha trong khong cch vi mt. Hiu ng truyn lan th 3 l faing nhanh trong ngha hp ny. Faing nhanh tu thuc vo nhiu bn sao ca tn hiu trong khong thi gian tr khng n nh v c m t c im phn tch Raleigh cho bin nhn v. Faing nhanh c lp vi khong cch ln hn mt na bc sng. Hnh 2.2 minh ho 3 nhn t chnh m t c im knh radio di ng. Trm c s

Hnh 2.1. S 1 chiu t bo chun.

21

Hnh 2.2. S 2 chiu t bo chun. 2.1.2. M hnh h thng Xuyn sut qu trnh ny chng ta nghin cu c s 1 chiu v 2 chiu ca mng. H thng 1 gm c mt ng cch u ca trm c s nh hnh 2.1. H thng 2 l n gin, ng nht, c hnh lc gic nh hnh 2.2 vi trm c s nm trung tm mi t bo. ng ln v ng xung s dng nhng bng tn tch ri v do vy c th phn tch mt cch c lp. Chng ta ch nghin cu ng ln v xung khi n c chp nhn rng ri l nhn t gii hn kh nng tnh ton. Tip theo y, tt c s cp ti mt mt ung truyn, SIR, c tham chiu ti lin kt ng ln. Tr khi mt trng thi khc, mt mi lin kt di ng ti trm c s a ra t nht s mt mt ng dn bt c thi im no. Trm c s c chn chim quyn iu khin cng sut duy tr tn hiu nhn v trn mt n v.

22

Hnh 2.3. Nhiu trong mng 1 chiu. Cui cng, ta gi thit rng tt c cc h thng u c gii hn nhiu v tp m l khng ng k. Trong h thng thc, tp m cung cp tham chiu t cng sut tn hiu tuyt i c thit lp. 2.2. Tnh ton nhiu Trong phn ny, cc m hnh v gi thuyt 2 phn cui c dng m t nhiu gy ra bi 1 thu bao t bo khc trong mng i vi BS. Trc tin, chng ta xt trng hp 1 chiu v 2 chiu, bao gm che khut chun log. 2.2.1. Tn tht ng truyn: Mng 1 chiu Xt hnh 2.3, trm di dng MS v tr x kt ni vi Trm gc BS v tr a. nhn c 1 n v cng sut MS phi pht tn hiu vi cng sut:

Gi thuyt tiu hao ng truyn ti trng hp n gin nht (2.1), gy ra nhiu i vi BS ti v tr 0 l:

(2.3)

Da vo hnh 2.1, gi thit cc t bo c cng mt n v chiu di v cch nhau mt s nguyn. Chng ta quan tm n s phn b ca nhiu khi khng bit v tr ca MS trong t bo vi bin s ngu nhin rv. t X l mt

23

bin ngu nhin c c tnh bi (a 0.5, a + 0.5] vi hm phn b FX. Chng ta cn phi c hm phn b cho bin ngu nhin I(X). Trc tin, nu a=0 th nhiu bng 1 n v v hm phn b s c pht li bc 1. Nu a # 0 v ghi nh l I n iu tng on.

Hnh 2.4. Nhiu trong mng 2 chiu. K thut bin i chun s cho:

(2.4)

vi:

trng hp c bit, nu X l hm phn b bi: (a 0.5, a + 0.5] th:

24

2.2.2. Tn tht ng truyn: Mng 2 chiu Xt hnh 2.4, thu bao di dng MS v tr (x,y) trong mng t bo hexagon (hnh 2.2). MS kt ni vi BS c ta (0,0) v gy ra nhiu vi BS ta (-a,0). Tng t nh trng hp mng 1 chiu, nhiu c tnh bi:

(3.5)

chng ta c th tnh gi tr o hm ca bin ngu nhin I(X,Y) to bi hm Fx,y kt hp vi bin ngu nhin ca X v Y

Hnh 2.5. Nhiu trong mng 2 chiu-php xp x y l trng hp phc tp, n gin ho, ta gi thit X, Y c tnh theo h to hexagon. Do c cc cell c cc phng khc nhau v X,Y c lp vi nhau, vic phn tch tnh ton tr nn rt kh khn. Ta c th xp x hexagon bng cc ng trn nh hnh 2.5. Vic xc nh phng hng tr nn rt n gin vi cc tham s a, b. Trc khi tnh ton cn nh rng i xng ch cn thit khi xt na trn ng trn. Ta c th dung h to cc vi cc bin ngu nhin R v tnh bi R = X 2 + Y 2 v F = arctan(Y X ) c lp vi: c

25

(2.6) (2.7)

Gi tr hm phn b nm trong min 0 < r b v 0 f p . Nu MS l xc nh v MS c to (r, f ) trong h to cc v kt ni vi BS gc, gy ra nhiu ti BS c v tr (a, p ) l:

Vn t ra l tnh gi tr hm phn b ca bin I(R, F )vi R v F c lp v c cho bi hm (2.6) v (2.7). Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. I(R, F ) l n iu vi r khi c F c nh 2. Tnh F1 ( z f ) = P ( I ( R, f ) z ) , hm phn b ca I vi F = f . Php tnh ny bao gm k thut bin i vi hm n iu ca bin ngu nhin. 3. Hm FI( z f ) c mi tng quan:

B qua cc bc k trn, hm phn b ca nhiu ti BS c ta (a, p ) gy ra bi MS trong ng trn gc c bn knh b l

26

(3.8)

vi

chc chn (2.8) ng, ta so snh n vi cc gi tr a, b khc nhau trn hnh 2.6. Ta thy rng m hnh t bo trn hot ng theo nh gi thit. Vi chiu di mi cnh ca hexagon l 1/ 3 , ta tnh gi tr ca b. Hnh 2.7 minh ho 1 s kh nng: b=1/ 3 0.58 cho ng trn bao hexagon, b = 0.5 cho ng trn nm trong hexagon v b= 4 3 / 2p 0.53 cho din tch ca hexagon v ng trn c din tch tng ng. chnh xc ca cc php xp x ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.8 vi a=1 v PLE = 4, 3 Cell c tnh bi phng php trn: gi tr b=0.53 phn nh chnh xc do c s dng trong thc t.

27

Khi gi tr a v PLE thay i th cc php xp x trn l ng v c minh ho qua hnh 2.9. 2.2.3. S kt hp che khut chun log Di y chng ta s xem xt cc trng hp mt chiu v hai chiu xy ra ng thi, s dng k hiu: x l vect v tr 1 chiu hoc 2 chiu.
. l chun - clit 1 chiu hoc 2 chiu.

(2.3) v (2.5) c khi qut bng biu thc sau:

N miu t nhiu trong mi trng khng che khut n BS ti xj(BSj) t MS ti x kt ni ti BS ti xi(BSi). Chng ta quan tm n vic m rng cc kt qu nhiu ca nhng phn cui, da trn m hnh truyn sng theo (2.1), nhm bao gm hiu ng nh x nh a ra trong cng thc (2.2). Cng vi s tham kho cc phng trnh mi, chng ta gi thit P0, g v s l nhng hng s v che khut cc bin ngu nhin c lp vi cc ng i khc. u tin gi thit rng MS ti x kt ni n BS, BSi gn nht v gi s chng ta xem xt n nhiu k tip sn sinh ra ti ch BS, BSj. Nu xi = xj th nhiu l mt i lng r rng s kt ni ti ch BS v c kh nng kim sot ti cng sut tn hiu bng 1. Nu xi xj th:

(2.9)

28

Trong l s khc nhau ca 2 thnh phn c lp. Khi i lng cc bin ngu nhin Gaussian bng khng ngha l bin ngu nhin Gaussian vi bin s 2 s 2. Tuy nhin gi thit rng thay v kt ni ti BS gn nht, mt MS c lin kt ti BS c tn hao ng truyn t nht. iu khng th thc hin c trn c l thuyt v thc hnh cho php kt ni ti bt k BS no trong mt mng ln v iu c th on c xem xt gia vic la chn duy nht gia M gn nht.

Hnh 2.6. S xc nhn kt qu phn tch

Hnh 2.7. Php xp x cell lc gic

29

Hnh 2.8. S so snh cc php xp x

Hnh 2.9. S xp x v php m phng

30

Mt ln na chng ta gi thit rng nu BS, BSj ch, l BS gn nht, th MS s kt ni ti n v gy ra mt n v ca nhiu. B qua iu v vi BSi gn BS nht, nhiu c to ra bi MS ti x nh phng trnh di: (2.10) y l cng thc c n gin t (2.9). Mt li th quan trng ca (2.10), l mt m hnh chnh xc hn ca hot ng h thng. (3.10) cho php vect v tr x l mt bin ngu nhin ly nhng gi tr trong t bo tng ng vi BS ti xi. Biu th vect x ngu nhin v gi thit n c hm phn b FX c nh ngha trn t bo i. Vn ca chng ta l tm hm phn b ca Ji, j(X), tc l tnh hm phn b ca Ii,j(X)10 V 10 , Cho v tr ca vect x, hm phn b ca bin ngu nhin Ii,j(X)10 V 10 , ci m chng ta cn xem xt l hm phn b vi iu kin trn X, l:

(2.11) trong :

Nh mt s la chn chng ta c th xem cng thc (2.11) nh l mt hm phn b iu kin ca Ii, j(X):

(2.12) Theo trn, b = ln10/10 v

2s l lch chun ca V trong (2.10).

(2.11) c th khng l iu kin ca X cho trong FX:

31

(2.13) trong khi (2.12) c th khng l iu kin ca Ii, j(X) c xc nh bi hm phn b FI i , j ca n.

(2.14) Theo nh trn FI i , j suy ra t phng trnh (2.3) vi mt chiu v t (2.5) vi hai chiu c thay th bi x i - x j . Cng thc cui cng cho hm phn b ca Ji,j(X) c a ra nh sau:

(2.15) v kt qu suy ra t ton t min ca phng trnh 2.10. Tm li, phng trnh (2.15) a ra o hm ca nhiu to ra ti BSj t mt MS vi v tr ca t bo c phn b nh l FX. N tng ng (2.3) v (2.5) khi che khut c m hnh ha v khi cc cng thc (2.13) v (2.14) dng mt chiu, tuy nhin khi dng 2 chiu s yu cu mt mc tch hp nh hn. 2.3. Cc m hnh M/G/ Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt vic m rng vic phn tch dung lng vi gi s rng s ngi dng c nh, bng nhau trong mi t bo x l bn cht ngu nhin ca cc cuc gi n v i. Cch n gin nht

32

thc hin iu ny l m hnh ho mi t bo ca mng l mt hng i queue M/G/ c lp. iu ny cho php chng ta thay th s lng ngi dng xc nh trong mi t bo bng mt bin ngu nhin Poatxng c lp i vi mi t bo. Tng ca cc bin Poatxng c mt vi thuc tnh rt tt cho php chng ta tnh ton xc sut chn bng cch phn tch mt tng ngu nhin. iu ny dn ti mt k thut rt hiu qu cho truy cp dung lng lu lng ca ng ngc ca cc mng di ng t bo CDMA. 2.3.1. Gii thiu Mc d ti liu v CDMA cho di ng t bo rt phong ph song c rt t ng gp tp trung vo hot ng x l truyn lu lng vin thng (teletraffic) v cc vn kt ni mng gn vi vic cho chy cc h thng nh vy. Cc vn ch yu c tp trung l cc vn c mc thp hn bao gm thit k m, cu trc my thu, tnh ton t l li bit, pht hin a ngi dng, c lng, cc thut ton iu khin cng sut. Hu ht khng mt phn tch dung lng no tp trung vo s ngi dng tnh v bng nhau trong mi t bo, tuy nhin cc phn tch nh vy a ra s hiu bit khng y trong cc hot ng thi gian thc di mt ti ngu nhin. Cc vn cn c lm r bao gm tnh ton dung lng teletraffic ca cc mng t bo CDMA, cc s iu khin cho php cuc gi, hot ng ca cc mng ny trong mi trng lu lng hn hp. Trong mc ny, chng ta trnh by mt k thut cho php c lng dung lng teletraffic ca cc mng t bo CDMA. S n gin ca k thut bt ngun t m hnh ho mi t bo ca mng l mt hng i M/G/ c lp. Mt m hnh mng tin tin hn thc hin tc ng ln s iu khin cho php cuc gi s c trnh by trong chng tip theo. Chng ta bt u vi s xem xt mt vi bi bo s dng mt s xp x M/G/ v so snh chng vi m hnh c trnh by trong mc ny. Nh l

33

trong nhng bi bo ny, thi gian nm gi phn b theo hm m m cho cc hng i M/G/ . Tuy nhin tt c cc kt qu ca h p dng trong trng hp tng qut do n ch l phn b tnh (dng) ca mt s trong h thng c s dng. Bi bo u tin ca nhng bi bo trn l [17]. N l s tip tc cng vic ca Qualcom. [12] nhm thuyt phc ngi c li ch to ln ca h thng CDMA ca h so vi cc cng ngh di ng ang tn ti. Trong bi bo trn, c tiu v li gii thiu nhn mnh tm quan trng ca dung lng Erlang nh mt bc tranh c ngha to ln v li ch kinh t so vi dung lng tnh. Sau mt bn lun th v v mt t bo n, cc tc gi a ra mt vi gi thit khng bn ci trong n lc m rng phn tch ca h cho a t bo. iu ny gii hn mt cch rt mnh s ng gp ca bi bo cho vic phn tch teletraffic trong cc h thng CDMA. Bi bo ch nhn nhn ng ln gii hn, v c mc ch pht trin m hnh lin quan n: 1. S bin i s ngi dng trn mt t bo 2. Tnh tch cc ca ting ni 3. Yu cu Eb/Io c th bin i Vic tp trung vo mt t bo n (hay sect) tc gi gi s rng khng c cuc gi mi no i hi b t chi v m hnh t bo nh vy ging nh hng i M/M/ . S ngi dng trong t bo v vy c m t nh mt bin ngu nhin vi phn b Poatxng c trung bnh bng lu lng c a ra ca t bo. Tnh tch cc ca ting ni n gin bao gm vic gi s mi mobile c pht vi xc sut r v b tt vi xc sut 1- r . Tnh tch cc ca ting ni v vy c m t bi bin ngu nhin Bernoulli.

34

Da trn s iu chnh v d liu theo kinh nghim trn cc gi tr Eb/I0 nhn c nhm m bo t l li khung di 1%, tc gi m t Eb/I0 i hi cho mi di ng l mt bin ngu nhin c phn b theo hm log. Do d liu bao gm cc gi tr thu thc t c yu cu vi cht lng c th chp nhn c, ngi ta phi tnh n cc nh hng ca vic iu khin cng sut khng hon ho v s bin thin ca cc iu kin truyn dn. Tip cn ny cung cp mt phng php n gin nht cho vic gii quyt iu khin cng sut khng hon ho nhng da trn cc quan st theo kinh nghim. Vi cc mc ch trn t c, cc tc gi ch yu xc nh vic b chn xy ra khi cc yu cu v Eb/I0 tc thi v bit ca tt c ngi dng khng c tho mn. iu ny dn n mi lin h:

(2.16) y k l bin ngu nhin Poatxng v vi l bin ngu nhin Bernoulli, cn Eb/I0 l bin ngu nhin loga v tt c cc bin ngu nhin c gi s l c lp nhau. Xc sut ny c gii hn cho mt phm vi t bo a ra cc lu lng s dng gii hn Chernoff iu chnh v c so snh vi cc kt qu t xp x Gaussian v m phng. Da trn so snh ny v s d dng trong vic tnh ton xp x Gaussian c s dng trong m rng nhiu t bo. Gi thit u tin ca s m rng ny l mi t bo vn c ti nh nhau. y l mt gi thuyt rt ti lm cho n gin ho cc kt qu. Gi thit th hai l k ngi dng trong mi t bo xa gy xuyn nhiu kt hp tng ng vi k ngi dng trong bn thn t bo. f l phn xuyn nhiu ca t bo xa. M hnh mng dng tnh f tuy nhin li gi s vic iu khin cng sut ca mobile l hon ho. Cc mobile nhn cng tn

35

hiu vi cng sut c nh v bao gm trong m hnh l cho php gi tr ca bin Eb/I0 l khng chc chn. Vic tha nhn cc gi thit cho trng hp nhiu t bo s lm gim cc vn ca n t bo vi s mobile tch cc tng ng (1 + f)k y nh trc kia, k l mt bin Poatxng. p dng c xp x Gaussian, trung bnh v phng sai ca tng trong (2.16) cn t l vi (1 + f). Tm li, vic x l v iu khin cng sut khng hon ho (hay cc i hi Eb/I0 bin i) trong mng a t bo t bn thn n l mt vn rt kh khn. Trong [17] mt s tip cn khng chc chn c dn xp trong n lc tnh n bn cht ngu nhin ca cc cuc gi n. Trong [10], mt th tc i hi nhiu tnh ton c trnh by nh gi dung lng truyn teletraffic ca c ng ln v ng xung trong h thng di ng t bo CDMA. Mi t bo c xem l mt hng i M/M/ c lp v tiu ch QoS c nh gi l xc sut gin on cuc gi hay xc sut m SIR ca mt lin kt l thp hn mt ngng nht nh. Cch b tr 6 cnh u nhau, mt i vi v tr mobile u nhau trong mi t bo v m hnh lan truyn bao gm vic che khut chun log l mt c trng khc ca m hnh c trnh by. Cc bc tnh ton xc sut gin on vi a ra mt vi lu lng yu cu trn t bo l nh sau: 1. Gi s chng ta ang xem mt vi t bo trung tm v mun nh gi xc sut m SIR i vi mt di ng c kt ni n trm gc trung tm l di ngng. Gi s tip theo l ch mt t bo trung tm v hai lp u tin bao quanh cc t bo l c th ng gp ng k n xuyn nhiu ton b vo trm gc trung tm.

36

2. Gi s chng ta bit s di ng xuyn nhiu v v tr ca n cng nh v tr ca mobile mong mun, tnh SIR trung bnh ca min (iu ny l c lp vi s che khut). iu ny c th thc hin c m khng iu khin cng sut v i vi iu khin cng sut trung bnh theo phm vi. 3. Thay th kt qu vo biu thc hin thi m xp x xc sut gin on, khi xuyn nhiu l tng ca cc bin ngu nhin log. 4. giai on ny chng ta c xc sut gin on vi vic bit s di ng xuyn nhiu, v tr v v tr ca di ng mong mun, bng cch s dng tch phn Monte Carlo (chiu tch phn l 2 ln s di ng). 5. Cui cng chng ta c th khng quy nh v s lng mobile bng cch lp li iu trn cho tt c cc s nguyn v gn trng s vi xc sut thch hp t c l xp x M/M/ Nhc im chnh ca tip cn trn l i hi n lc tnh ton rt cao v khng th tranh lun rng tip cn ny c gi tr hn t no so vi m phng trc tip hay khng. m t vn chng ta cn phi thy rng c kt qu nh vy cc tc gi gi s rng s cc mobile/t bo l bng nhau. Tip theo khng kt qu no v dung lng lu lng c trnh by vi tt c xc sut gin on da trn s cc mobile trn mt t bo. tc bt k cc kt qu l bi quan do ch c s iu khin cng sut trung bnh trong phm vi c kho st cn s phn tp nh l khng c xt. Trong [15] m hnh truyn teletraffic ca ng ngc c quan tm. Cc gi thit bao gm m hnh t bo 6 cnh u nhau, lu lng cho mi t bo l nh nhau, mt v tr ca mobile l u trong t bo, hai lp t bo xuyn nhiu, mt mt lan truyn l xc nh, iu khin cng sut hon ho cho cng tn hiu thu.

37

Mc d bn lun ban u ca m hnh bao gm mt s lng hu hn cc modem, song do chuyn giao b hn ch bi ng di v vic phn tch di ng khng cho php thay i v gi s cc mc lu lng gim kh nng chn cuc gi mi. V vy, h thng thc t c m t nh mt mng cc hng i M/M/ c lp. Tng cng xuyn nhiu c tnh l tng ca xuyn nhiu bn trong t bo v xuyn nhiu bn ngoi t bo. Cng vi gi thuyt M/M/ , s ng gp t trong t bo mong mun c xem l mt bin ngu nhin Poatxng vi trung bnh bng lu lng c a ra ca t bo. Xuyn nhiu ca t bo xa c xp x l bin ngu nhin Gaussian vi trung bnh v phng sai t c qua m phng. Tch chp s ca cc hm mt Gaussian v Poatxng khi s dn ti hm mt cho xuyn nhiu tng cng. Dung lng lu lng ng vi hai gi tr QoS c trnh by l mt hm ca hm m tn hao theo ng truyn ca m hnh lan truyn. Nhiu gi thuyt ca bi bo ny l nh trong [15]. Ch ng ngc l c quan tm, QoS l da trn yu cu SIR cc tiu, iu khin cng sut hon ho ca cng tn hiu thu v mi t bo c xem l mt hng i M/M/ c lp. Xuyn nhiu bn trong v bn ngoi li c i x mt cch c lp, bn trong l bin ngu nhin Poatxng cn bn ngoi l mt bin ngu nhin Gaussian. K vng v phng sai ca xuyn nhiu bn ngoi tnh theo gii php gii tch v phng php s da trn cc gii php trong [12] trong c m hnh lan truyn. Xc sut hot ho hay xc sut gin on khi c cho dng ca mt tch chp nh trong [15]. Cc kt qu c trnh by khng gip cho cch x l lu lng ca h thng di ng CDMA vi cc hn ch ca phng php a truy cp khc. Vic phn tch dung lng lu lng ng ln i vi cc mng di ng t bo CDMA c pht trin trong mc ny v trong [6] chia s

38

nhiu cc c trng ca cc bi bo trn. C th ta thc hin m hnh hng i M/M/ i vi mi t bo v yu cu cc s hng SIR v mi mobile c cng sut c iu khin n mt cng sut c nh v bng nhau, Trong pht trin tng qut nht, m hnh mng l tu , v phn b ngi dng, lng lu lng tu l c php v s dng che ph loga c trong m hnh lan truyn. Tuy nhin, nu mt cu trc i xng b bt buc th tnh ton o lng dch v lm gim c lng xc sut ca tng Poatxng phc hp vt qu mt ngng nht nh. Nu m hnh lan truyn khng c vic che khut th biu thc gii tch l c sn cho phn b ca cc tng ngu nhin. S o dch v c tnh xp x bng cch s dng xp x Gaussian chun v c gii hn vi gii hn Chernoff v cc kt qu c trnh by cho cc mng mt v hai chiu i vi cc mi trng lan truyn v bng thng ca h thng khc nhau. Tip cn trong [11] l gn nht i vi vic lm ny nhng khc trn mt vi kha cnh. u tin [11] i s xuyn nhiu bn trong v bn ngoi mt cch ring r do vy i hi tch chp ln bc cui cng. iu ny, c trnh trong phng php y khng c s phn bit no c to ra. Th hai, h khng phn tch v xp x Gaussian trong khi chng tachng minh kt qu gii hn trung tm cho tng Poatxng phc hp, th ba phn tch ca chng tac nhn mnh vi vic s dng gii hn Chernoff v m t v chnh xc gi thuyt ca n. Cui cng, ta trnh by mt vi kt qu m kho st cht lng dch v bin i th no vi lu lng a ra trn t bo, rng bng ca h thng, v tn tht trn ng truyn. Cc kt qu nh vy khng c trong bt c bi bo no trn.

39

2.3.2. Xp x M/G/ Trong phn ny, ta bn lun cc gi thit dn n m hnh mng t bo CDMA nh mt tp hp cc hng i M/M/ c lp. Ngi ta cng ch ra li ch t vic tn dng s gim st kch hot ting ni a vo s phn tch theo mt cch thc th nghim . M hnh c s Ta s dng mt vi gi thuyt v m hnh lu lng nh sau: - Qu trnh khi to cuc gi trong mi t bo c m hnh ho l cc lung Poatxng c lp. - Tt c cc cuc gi n c chp nhn vo mng v vn cn trong mng trong sut thi gian cuc gi (khng b chn hay b rt). - Thi hn cuc gi ni chung c phn b v c lp vi qu trnh n v cc thi gian chim gi khc. - S c ng khng c m hnh ho v vy my di ng c kt hp vi t bo trong vic khi to cuc gi ca n i vi thi hn cuc gi. im th nht v th ba l mt gi thit chun xut pht t thit k truyn lu lng xa sao cho c th m hnh ho bn cht ngu nhin ca vi chc cuc gi n tng i in thoi v cc ln chim gi mch ca chng. Gi thit th 2 l hp l cho h thng dng CDMA do khng c gii hn cht ch v l thuyt v s lng cc m ta trc giao sn sng gn cho ngi dng. T quan im thc t s hp l hn nu gi s rng c m sn sng sao cho xc sut chn cuc gi mi l khng ng k lm gim i lu lng a ra. Gi thit cui cng l mt xp x tt khi kch thc ca t bo l ln l c so snh vi khong cch mt mobile in hnh s hot ng trong sut thi gian

40

cuc gi. Trong thc t cc my di ng cm tay c xu hng gim mnh yu cu thay i m hnh lu lng. Cc gi thit cho rng mi t bo trong mng c coi nh mt hng i M/G/ c lp [14]. y l mt trong cc m hnh hng i c bn nht v c dng n gin cho phn b trng thi tnh ca s lng cc cuc gi tch cc. Nu thi gian trung bnh gia cc cuc gi n l 1/ l s v thi gian chim trung bnh ca cuc gi l 1/ m s th lu lng n h thng l A= l / m Erlangs. Cho N l mt bin ngu nhin th hin s cuc gi tch cc trong h thng trng thi sn sng th N c phn b Poatxng:

S c lp ca mi cuc gi trong mng ng rng phn b trng thi sn sng gia nhp ca s lng cc cuc gi tch cc trong mi t bo n gin l tch ca cc phn b Poatxng. Kt lun v nh hng ca s kch hot ting ni By gi chng ta gi s rng mt khi mt mobile c ni ti mng, ngi dng mobile l ON vi xc sut y v OFF vi xc sut 1- y . M hnh ny xy ra khi c s gim st s tch cc ca ting ni v vic nn tun t ca truyn dn bi mobile sau khi pht hin s khng tch cc ca ting ni. By gi chng ta khng quan tm n s lng mobile ni ti trm gc m ti s lng mobile trong mt t bo m ON. Cho s ny l M, chng ta c

41

N li l phn b Poatxng nhng vi ti lu lng gim y A. V vy tng ch t pht hin tch cc ca m thanh cho ra cng thc dng n gin hn nhiu. Trc khi ti phn k tip chng ta to ra mt im cui cng. Trong chng ny ta gi s rng lu lng a ra cho mi t bo ca mng l nh nhau. Chng ta nhn mnh rng s ngang bng ny p dng cho cc thng s ca mt m hnh ngu nhin v khc vi gi s ti tnh bng nhau trong mt t bo. iu ny cng vi tnh hu hn, i xng, hnh dng t bo v phn b ngi dng u m chng ta d gi thit cho php tt c cc tnh ton c thc hin trong mt t bo trong mt mng. S m rng n hnh dng khng i xng, lu lng a ra v phn b ngi dng l trc tip t quan im l thuyt [6] v khng c bao hm y. 2.3.3. Xc sut chn ci bin Trong phn ny ta pht trin mt biu din n gin cho b ch th QoS chng ta gi l xc sut chn dch v. Vic tnh ton xc sut chn lm gim c lng xc sut bin ngu nhin Poatxng phc hp vt qu mt ngng cho. Vic phn tch mt biu din nh vy c trnh by trong phn sau y. nh ngha Trong khi khng c vic chn cuc gi mi, chng ta thc hin o xc sut di ng bt u nhn cuc gi vi mt SIR trong kt ni. Mc d o ny l gn hn vi xc sut b chn song ch ng ta phi chn mt tn mi phn nh m hnh lu lng. tnh ton xc sut chn B, chng ta phi xc nh xc sut mt cuc gi bt k ti bt k ni no trong mng t bo v nhn c kt ni vi SIR v QoS chp nhn c. Nu chc chn l tng xng th B s l tng t nh

42

l khi cc di ng n bt k im no trong mng v chng ta s xem xt cc cuc gi kt ni n trm gc BS c bit. Do iu khin cng sut chun nn mt cuc gi n s c nhn ti BS1 vi cng sut tn hiu l 1 n v. V vy, chng ta d dng chuyn yu cu SIR sang s rng buc tng nhiu ca BS1 cuc gi n. Bi v qu trnh n l Poatxng, iu ny tng ng vi xc sut trung bnh tng cng sut nhn c ti 1 BS vt qu G . Tm li biu thc xc sut chn tr thnh: (2.17) trong I l bin ngu nhin c trng cho tng xc sut nhn ti BS bt k trong mng ti mt khong thi gian, G l o kch c h thng CDMA v lin quan n bng thng h thng (WHz), tc d liu (Rbps) v yu cu t s nng lng bit / mt nhiu (Eb/I0) bi [12]:

Nhiu Gi thit l c M 1 t bo t t bo 1 c nhiu chung ti BS ch c nhn 2, , M. Gi s rng cc bin nhiu ngu nhin cho cc di ng trong t bo i c phn b ng nht vi hm phn b Fi v cc bin ngu nhin t cc t bo khc l c lp cho Ni cuc gi trong t bo i. Tng cng sut nhn c BS1 cho bi:

trong Iij l nhiu t di ng th j trong t bo i v cc cuc gi Ni l cc bin ngu nhin Poatxng c lp vi trung bnh A.

43

N c ch ra trong hm c tnh:

(2.18) trong N l bin Poatxng vi o MA v Ij l mt bin ngu nhin vi o hm M-1 i =1 F i l gii hn ca o hm gc. K hiu
M

ch s phn b

bng nhau. Trong 2.3.3 tng nhiu ca cc t bo v tng lu lng c cn nhc. Kt hp cng thc (2.17) v (2.18) chng ta c hm n gin cho xc sut chn trong mng:

(2.19) By gi chng ta s ly v d minh ho v lm r tng trong cc phn sau y. V d Xc nh hai hng chun trong hnh 2.2 vi lu lng nhn c ca mi t bo l A Erlang. Gi s rng v tr ca di ng trong mi t bo l cc bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht trong mi trng truyn cho bi (2.1). Kt qu nhiu t v tr ngu nhin ca di ng trong mt t bo ca mng ti mt vi BS ch l c cho bi hm xp x (2.8). Nu ch c t bo ch v nhng t bo lp 1, 2 xung quanh t bo l phn b nhiu chnh ti nhiu tng BS ch th ta c:

trong N l bin ngu nhin Poatxng vi nng lng trung bnh 19A v Ij ln lt l cc bin phn b ng nht vi hm mt :

44

(2.20) trong U(z) l hm nhy bc n v v FIa,b ( z ) c cho bi (2.8). tnh ton xc sut b chn nh l mt hm ca lu lng trn t bo chng ta xem c lng (2.19). Hai phng thc xp x xc sut c m t trong phn ti. 2.3.4. Xp x xc sut chn Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt k thut xp x:

trong X1, X2, , l cc bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht v NA l bin ngu nhin Poatxng vi trung bnh A, Xj l c lp. t:

v ch rng trung bnh v phng sai ca SNA l E[SNA] = m S v tng ng (SNA) =

2 X

, v nu E [X1] = m X v bin (X1) = s X :

2

Xp x chun Xp x chun l:

45

trong N(0, 1) l mt bin ngu nhin phn b chun, khc nhau n v, c trung bnh zero.

trong

Cch x l tim cn: S nguyn A kim tra cch x l tim cn ca mt xp x khi A -> , u tin chng ta gi s A l gi tr nguyn khng m. Khi tng cc bin ngu nhin Poatxng, ta c:

trong Y1, Y2, , YA l bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht v:

Tng cc s ngu nhin c chuyn i sang tng quyt nh chun ca cc bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht. Trong chng ta c th p dng nh l gii hn trung tm trong dng n gin nht. nh l Gaussian [5] vi
m Y xc nh v

2 Y

l gi tr dng v c xc nh:

46

khi A-> . iu ny dn n hi t trong phn b. Cch x l tim cn : S thc A By gi, chng ta xc nh trng hp khi A l s thc dng. Chng ta chng minh nh l gii hn trung tm y s dng cc hm s c tnh. thun tin chng ta s dng cc k hiu sau y:

v vy m S= Am1 v s S = A m 22 .
2

nh l 2.1: Nu m1 l xc nh, m2 l dng v xc nh th A -> :

Chng minh: t

vi:

trong :

Tip theo l iu kin v s dng nhng c tnh c bn ca hm s. Bi v: m 22 < :

47

trong e 2 ( s ) 0 khi s -> . V vy ta c:

c nh t (- ; + ), ta c:

Cui cng l cc nh l tip theo cho Z A N (0,1) nh mt yu cu. Gii hn lch ln By gi chng ta cho gii hn trn ca xc sut chn s dng cn Chernoff. Cch x l tim cn ca cn ny c tho lun trong phn nh l lch ln c bn. Xt trng hp u tin khi A l mt gi tr nguyn, dng v tng Poatxng c th c vit li l:

Hm t l lch ln c xc nh bi:

trong q l thc v:

48

l hm to momen log (LMGF) ca Yj, Yj c lin quan n Xj v MX( q ) trong hm LMGF. Cho MY( q ) < vi " q , Y1 khng l bin ngu nhin. Nhng b chn trong chiu P(Y, (a, b) < 1) cho " a, b xc nh, th t nh l Cramer: (2.21) i vi h > m Y. Hn th na i vi mi s nguyn dng A:

Cn trn thng c gi chung l cn Chernoff v ng dng trc tip cho mi gi tr thc dng A. M rng kt qu gii hn ca (2.21) trong trng hp khi A l s thc. Nhng thc hin khc bng vic thay s dng nh l Cramer hoc ng dng trc tip nh l Gartner Ellis. ng dng iu trn ti vn ca chng ta, ta c:

v t nh l Cramer gii hn cht hn khi A -> v G /A l hng s. 2.3.5. Cc kt qu Trong phn ny chng ta s dng kt qu ca nhng phn trc kim tra thc hin lu lng ca 1, 2 kch thc mng. Sau khi m t cc m hnh mng, chng ta so snh tnh ton xc sut chn bi m phng vi cn

49

Chernoff v xp x Gaussian cho mt s trng hp a ra. Suy gim thc hin theo lut m v kch c h thng l G i vi chiu mng l 1, 2. M hnh ho mng Hai chiu M hnh ho 2 chiu c s dng trong tnh ton nh ch ra trn. Trong thc t, hm mt nhiu c cho bi (2.20) vi b = 0.53. N nhc ta nh li rng hm mt ny l c lp trn ng suy gim m. Mt chiu Chng ta xy dng mt chiu tng t nh m hnh trong phn trn. Tp ca n c ch ra hnh 2.1 v hm mt nhiu c cho bi:

trong FIa ( z ) c xc nh nh trong (2.4). Dy thng s Trong phn tip theo ny chng ta xc nh xc sut chn trong di 0.01% ti 10% vi lng gii hn thay i trong khong ny. Hai thng s chnh chng ta phi thay i l PLE v G . PLE s dng trong khong {2, 3, 4, 5} vi 4 gi tr in hnh cho tn ti h thng t bo ln. G nhn gi tr trong {20, 100, 500}. N tng ng vi h thng c Eb/I0 = 7dB, R = 10kbps, Walsh = 1MHz, 5MHz v 25MHz. Trong mi th, s xp x i din 10 ln log xc sut chn trong khi honh tng ng nhn lu lng trn t bo l G . Trc lu lng l kch thc h thng trong th khc G ln so vi thc t. Cc im m phng c chnh xc 20% l 95%. So snh gii hn v xp x bng m phng

50

Hnh 2.10, 2.11 so snh gii hn Chernoff v xp x Gaussian bng m phng vi 2 kch thc mng vi PLE = 4, G = 100 v G = 20. Nhng im sau y c chng minh : - Gii hn xc sut chn c nh gi cao trong c hai trng hp. Vic dch chuyn dung lng lu lng vo khong 10% hnh 2.10 v 15% hnh 2.11. - Tnh ton xp x lu lng nhn gim dn n xc sut chn gim. Hiu qu gim xung mt cht trong trng hp ln hn G . Trng hp ny chng ta c tng cc bin ngu nhin ln hn v v vy nhn c xp x tt hn phn cui ca tng. Nhng im ch ra nhng khm ph hon ho khi xp x Gaussian thch hp. R rng l vi gi tr G ln v xc sut chn cao th xp x l rt chnh xc. Tuy nhin vi gi tr G thp (<20) v xc sut chn thp (< 0.1%) th vic tnh ton xp x gim xung cht t. Trong cc trng hp khc, gii hn cn mt k thut mnh hn v bo mt hn. Thay i gii hn bng cc thng s h thng Hnh 2.12 v 2.13 ch ra dung lng lu lng thay i vi PLE, G tng ng cho hai kch thc ca mng. Mng tng t mt chiu nh trong hnh 2.14 v 2.15. Trong cc th ca n gii hn Chernoff c s dng t c xc sut chn. Chng ta c nhng nh gi sau y: - Dung lng (cho xc sut chn c nh) l gim ng k khi PLE gim xung. Hiu qu gim trong mng mt chiu. , mi t bo ch c 2 t bo lin k. - Thc o h thng hiu qu l G ln dn n tng dung lng lu lng. iu ny l quan trng trong so snh CDMA bng hp ( G thp) v

51

CDMA bng rng ( G ln).

Hnh 2.10. Xc sut chn v lu lng trong t bo

Hnh 2.11. Xc sut chn v lu lng trong t bo

52

Hnh2.12. Xc sut chn thay i vi PLE

Hnh 2.13. Xc sut chn thay i vi G

53

Hnh 2.14. Xc sut chn thay i vi PLE

Hnh 2.15. Xc sut chn thay i vi G

54

Kt lun Nhng phn tch v kt qu chng ny cho ta bc u nm c dung lng lu lng ca mng di ng t bo CDMA. Gi thit mu cht l mi t bo c m hnh ho nh mt hng i M/G/ c lp. Chng ta bt u chng vi mt s bi bo s dng m hnh truyn dn tng t. Sau khi tho lun chng minh cho m hnh M/G/ , cng thc xc sut chn c pht trin vi bin ngu nhin Poatxng phc hp. Hai k thut c p dng xp x xc sut chn l tng ng vi kt qu tim cn. Kt qu bng s cung cp cho ta mt c lng dung lng lu lng ca mng CDMA v chng minh cho s nhy cm ca thng s truyn dn v tng ch x l h thng. Nhng phn tch trc khng cung cp thng tin v hot ng mng s iu khin nhn cuc gi ti mng nh th no cung cp tt hn cht lng h thng. Kt qu c cho trong chng tip theo.

55

Chng 3: Nhiu hiu dng Trong chng ny, chng ta pht trin cc dng m hnh lu lng cc mng CDMA a t bo v n t bo cho nhiu loi thu bao di ng. im chnh ca vic trnh by ny l c im k thut ca qu trnh qun l vic nhn cuc gi mt cch linh hot v trnh by chi tit s lng cc di ng ca mi loi trong mi t bo m thit b vn hnh phi tun theo nhm duy tr cht lng n nh ca dch v. Cc k thut thng gp t nhng phn tch v a ng theo thng k mt kt ni ISDN di rng da trn ATM c s dng cung cp s m bo cht lng m khc phc c s thay i c tnh cc mc nhiu ca cc mng t bo CDMA. Kt qu l mt mc c th tip nhn b gii hn bi s lng hn ch siu mt phng (hyperlanes) v mt c ch tip nhn cuc gi hiu qu, n gin. Mng di ng CDMA (hot ng trong vng c th tip nhn c miu t trn) c dng rt ging vi mng chuyn mch hot ng c nh. S tng t ny cho php cc k hoch nh hng qun l mng v k thut m hnh ho lu lng cho cc mng li km hn ni chung. N c p dng vo cc mng di ng t bo CDMA. c bit l vi cc gi nh chun v cc qu trnh cuc gi n v cc ln x l, s phn b trng thi n nh c dng sn phm trng thi b rt gn c xc nh bi k hoch tip nhn cuc gi. 3.1. M u Nhng phn tch trong chng 2 nhm gii thiu mt k thut tht n gin cho vic tnh ton dung lng lu lng ca cc mng di ng t bo CDMA v kim tra tnh kh thi ca dung lng ny vi nhng thay i v mi trng truyn v cc thng s ca h thng. Gi nh chnh l mi t bo ca h thng nh l mt hng M/G/ c lp v bi vy c mt s phn b trng thi n nh l Poatxng. D nhin, gi nh ny c ngha l tt c cc

56

cuc gi c chp nhn vo trong thc t, nhm ngn chn vic mng li b qu ti. Cc kiu M/G/ khng cung cp thng tin v vic c hay khng yu cu di ng nn c chp nhn vo trong mng. Vn ny chng ta s gii quyt trong chng ny. Chng ta hy gi nh thit b vn hnh h thng c th chp nhn hay t chi cc yu cu ca di ng da trn trng thi mng li m bao gm s lng ca cc di ng hot ng hin ti ca mi loi trong mi t bo ca mng li. Mc ch l ch cho php cc trng thi ca mng c m QoS c th chp nhn c vi xc sut cao. Mt phng php khi ngun cho mt h thng c mt loi ngi dng n c m t phn 1.3.5. Phng php ny gi nh rng c mt s lng cn bng cc di ng trong mi t bo v cc i ho s lng ny tu thuc vo s hn ch QoS. Ngay khi chng ta c s lng N ny, thut ton qun l vic tip nhn cuc gi ca chng ta hon ton t chi bt k cuc gi no n mt t bo vi cc cuc gi N ang thc hin ri. Ri th chng ta c th lp m hnh t bo nh h thng km hn M/G/N/N c lp v c th tnh xc sut nghn cuc gi mi t cng thc ErlangB. Phng php phn b ti nguyn ny tng t vi s phn knh c nh trong cc h thng. Knh ho truyn thng v khng mang li li ch no v tnh kh thi ca cc h thng CDMA. Vo lc cc t bo bn cnh c lu lng t, mt t bo c th cha c nhiu hn N thu bao v chng ta mun nghin cu cc li ch c th c t vic qun l vic tip thu cuc gi kh thi hn. Hn na, phng php trn c v nh b gii hn v vic m rng cc loi cuc gi di ng m chng ta thy s l mt phn khng th thiu ca cc mng khng dy tng lai. N lc kh thi u tin lp cc phng php tip nhn cuc gi c trnh by trong [7], [8]. Tc gi dng cc yu t nhiu gia cc t bo a

57

ra mt gii hn tuyn tnh, iu ny xc nh r dung lng da trn mi quan h ca s lng cc thu bao trong mi t bo. Tuy nhin cc yu t nhiu gia cc t bo l khng i v c gi nh l nh gi nhiu t cc t bo khc, nh tc gi ch ra trong [9], nhiu khc t bo gii thch vic ngu nhin c lp mnh m v vic nh v tr ca cc di ng, cc hiu qu v hot ng ni. Phn ny khng c din gii trong [7], [8], trong ch yu ni v m hnh lu lng v vic thc hin thut ton qun l vic tip nhn cuc gi dng dung lng kh thi. Mt phng php c th thc hin c qun l s ngu nhin nhiu khc t bo l dng h s k vng. Mc d c nhiu s thay i trong nhiu tuyt i, nhng QoS c th c nhiu giai on c cht lng kt ni radio km. Mt khc, h s nhiu cao nht s cung cp mt yu t nhiu rt mnh, nhng h thng s khng t c li ch no t thng k ny, mt v tr hon ton khng c dng cho di ng CDMA. Ci chng ta mun l chn ra mt h s nm gia gi tr trung bnh v gi tr cao nht m n c th c dng xc nh dung lng trong s ni n mt QoS xc nh chc chn. Mt vn tng t ny sinh trong vic tip nhn ca cc cuc gi i vi mt mng li ISDN di rng dng ATM [9]. l vic rt cn thit phi ch r mt di thng hiu dng c th thay i ngun tc bit. [9] gi rng khi nim c bn v di thng hiu dng c th ng dng c cho cc h thng t bo CDMA, mc d n khng nu chi tit. Mt lp lun tng t c trong [16], trong n cp n vic cc khi nim v di thng hiu dng c th c dng trong cc mng CDMA lp m hnh nhiu t cc ngi ni trong cc t bo hng lot khong cch khc nhau v cho cc ngun d liu v ting ni p ng c cc yu cu v cc vic nh gi bit. Lp lun ny c s rt ra t cc nghin cu v cc h thng CDMA trong [13], [17], tuy nhin, n khng c ngha l cc ng dng gi trn tun

58

theo cc ti liu tham kho ny. Trong [13] ch ra vn mt di thng hiu dng pht sinh nh th no trong mt mng CDMA nhiu thit b thu vi nhiu loi ngi dng v cc yu cu v ngun ngu nhin. Ci ny ch c p dng cho kiu phn tp rng b qua khi nim t bo v gi nh tt c thit b c cng gii m bi tt c my thu trong mng. Dung lng t c l da trn s lng tng cc ngi dng trong h thng v iu ny dn n mt phn tch rt ging vi trng hp t bo n trong phn 3.3. Trong chng ny, chng ta nghin cu vic cc khi nim di thng hiu dng c th c s dng nh th no trong vic lp m hnh cc mng di ng t bo CDMA. Cc khi nim ny cho php chng ta kt hp nhiu hiu dng vi mi di ng ph thuc vo v tr ca n lin quan n t bo hng ti v ch ra mc ti c xc nh bi cc gii hn tuyn tnh. Kiu mng t c c dng ging vi mng chuyn mch. Cc nghin cu v lu lng kiu mng ny c th c p dng trc tip cho kiu t bo CDMA. 3.2. iu khin gi tr da trn di thng hiu dng Xem xt vi ngun d liu trong mt kt ni n c dung lng gii hn C bit mi giy. Yu cu dng kt ni t mi ngun nh l mt tin trnh ng lc v c th chp nhn hay t chi. Mt cuc gi c chp nhn khi c ng kt ni vo thi gian gi bt k v mt cuc gi b t chi khng thc hin c. Chng ta quan tm n s loi ngun bin i. N ng thi cho php gia nhp kt ni trong khi duy tr xc sut qu ti kt ni thp. Yu cu v ti nguyn cho mt ngun c bit c th khng i hay thay i trong sut thi gian gi v c th l mt loi ngun hay nhiu loi ngun. Trong tt c cc trng hp trn, chng ta mong mun kt hp mt di thng hiu dng vi mi cuc gi, t chng ta cho php bt k trng thi no trong tng s

59

cc di thng hiu dng kt ni tt c cc cuc gi l thp hn dung lng kt ni. 3.2.1. Cc cuc gi vi yu cu ti nguyn khng i Loi n Nu tt c cuc gi yu cu tc bit khng i l k, c th kt ni N cuc gi:

v cung cp di thng hiu dng ca mt cuc gi trong trng hp ny chnh l yu cu ti nguyn khng i, k. a loi By gi, gi s c J loi cuc gi c yu cu ti nguyn khng i k1, , kj. Vic kt ni c th thc hin cho Nj cuc gi j, j = 1, 2, , J, nu

kjNj C

j =1

v di thng hiu dng ca mt cuc gi j, chnh l kj. 3.2.2. Cc cuc gi vi yu cu ti nguyn thay i Nu chng ta cho cc yu cu ti nguyn ca mt cuc gi thay i qua sut thi gian gi, vn ny tr nn th v hn nhiu. Chng ta c th n nh mt di thng ca mt cuc gi vi cc yu cu v tc bit thay i nh th no di thng hu ch trong qu trnh iu khin xc sut qu ti? Nu yu cu t mi ngun b hn ch, th mc ln nht l mt con s di thng c th c c. iu ny cho php mt phng php iu chnh vic

60

tip nhn lm cho xc sut qu ti bng 0, nhng c th l rt ph phm cc ngun pht ra vi mt s khc nhau ln gia mc cao nht v mc trung bnh. Mt kh nng khc chnh l vic s dng mc trung bnh n s lm cho kt ni tt hn nu dng mc cao nht. Tuy nhin, nu cc yu cu ti nguyn c s thay i ln, xc sut qu ti c th cao hn xc sut mong mun. Trong trng hp ny vic chn mc trung bnh s cho vic qun l khng thc t qua xc sut qu ti. Di thng hiu dng l tng s nm gia mc trung bnh v mc cao nht v s a ra mt dung lng trong xc sut qu ti kt ni c gi mc thp hn mc va phi. C rt nhiu nghin cu v vn ny c bit l v tm quan trng ca n trong s vn hnh mng ATM. Tip theo , chng ta miu t hai phng php n gin xem xt cc di thng hiu dng ca cc ngun c mc thay i, phng php u tin da trn s xp x Gaussian v phng php th 2 dng s gii hn Chernoff. S tng ng Gaussian c cp n, trong n khng c dng bi v cc vn v s chnh xc v mnh cho cc lch ln so vi trung bnh v n c dng gii hn cc ngun c mc bit thay i. Ni dung trong phng php gii hn Chernoff c ly trc tip t v c da trn nhng nghin cu trong [16], trong n gii thiu khi nim di thng hiu dng cho cc ti nguyn khng t chn. S tng ng Gaussian: Loi n Gi s rng c N cuc gi loi n tham gia kt ni v nu vy, cc yu cu ti nguyn ca cc cuc gi ny c lp v cc bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht X1, , Xn. Chng ta mun m bo rng xc sut qu ti kt ni duy tr mc thp hn thng s QoS, a , n c th c din gii theo s gii hn

61

N P X i > C a i =1
Nu m = E [X1] b gii hn v s 2 = var (X1) b gii hn v khc 0, ri th nh l gii hn trung tm (CLT) a ra s chng minh cho nh gi tng s cc bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht bi bin Gaussian. p dng s tng t ny cho s gii hn QoS.

trong N(0, 1) l mt trung 0, bin thin v l mt bin ngu nhin chun. Cng thc trn c tho mn khi v ch khi (3.1) (3.1) trong b c xc nh ngm bng (3.2).

(3.2) T (3.1), d thy rng, s gii hn c th c vit theo dng c yu cu, kN C, trong , di thng hiu dng ca mt cuc gi c cho bi (3.3):

(3.3) vi z = 4mC / b 2a 2 . Mt dng phn tch y c c nu chng ta dng s xp x cho phn nm trong phn cui ca hm s li b sung:

62

(3.4) Gi s xp x Gaussian l chnh xc. Di thng hiu dng trn xc nh ch n gin l mc dung lng (kN C). Trong s gii hn v xc sut qu ti c tho mn. Chng ta lu rng, k m v rt gn vi gi tr trung bnh. Khi z>>1 tng ng vi lu lng thp, mt dung lng kt ni ln, v xc sut qu ti cao. Cc li ch ca phng php trn l tnh ton n gin v s cn thit phi bit ch l v trung v s thay i ca cc dng d liu. S bt li chnh l s khng chc chn v s chnh xc ca s xp x. c bit l khi
a < 0,01 , s chnh xc c th khng chc chn.

S xp x Gaussian: a loi By gi chng ta m rng phng php trn t mt loi n thnh a loi. Gi s, trn c s J loi cuc gi v xc nh trng thi kt ni cng nh s cc cuc gi ca mi loi tham gia kt ni (N1, , NJ). Ly Xji nh l mt bin ngu nhin i din cho vic ti trn ngun bi cuc gi th i loi j. Tt c cc bin ngu nhin c lp v cc bin ngu nhin cng loi c xc nh l c s phn b ging nhau. Xc sut qu ti s nh hn a a ra

Vic dn mt ln na s xp x chun v lm ging nh trong trng hp loi n, chng ta dn n s gii hn

(3.5)

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trong m i v s 2 j ln lt l gi tr trung bnh v s bin thin ca cc cuc gi loi j, v b ging nh trong (3.2) hay (3.4). Chng ta lu rng (3.5) biu th mt mc ti trong cc k trng thi ca kt ni, tuy nhin, s khng bng nhau ny l khng ging nhau vi vc t trng thi v chng ta khng th kt hp mt di thng hiu dng n gin vi cc cuc gi ca mi loi tr khi chng ta lm cho cc vng gn ging nhau. Cho R+J biu th s lm ng hon ton khong trng v cuc gi theo chiu J Euclidean, mt trng thi (N1, , NJ) R+J c th thu c nu n tho mn (3.5). Vng c th tip nhn ngoi d tnh l mt b li trong R+J . iu ny gi cho cc xp x tuyn tnh tip theo y. ng nht Gaussian: Mt xp x qu gii hn qua hyperlane qua mt chng ca cn vng c th tip nhn vi trc J Euclidean, im trong phn (0,
* , N J , 0, , 0), tng ng vi ng bao quanh vng dung lng loi n * cc cuc gi loi j. Bi vy, chng ta c th vit N J =C

0 kJ

, trong k J0 nh

trong (3.3) vi m v s c thay th bi m j v s j . N c hiu rng s gii hn cn trn tuyn tnh c cho bi:

Pha tp Gaussian: Mt s xp x cn di bi bt k tip tuyn

* hyperplane vi ng cn vng c th tip nhn. Nu ( N 1* , , N J ) tho mn

(3.5) v s cn bng, tip tuyn hyperplane hng ti im ny cho bi:

v s gii hn cn di tuyn tnh l:

64

trong :

S xp x ng nht Gaussian n gin hn pha tp Gaussian nhng ng nht Gaussian c im bt li ca cn di dung lng vng, pha tp
* Gaussian cho gii hn di gn chnh xc ( N 1* , , N J ), tuy nhin nn nh

rng iu ny ch ng nu s xp x Gaussian l chnh xc. By gi chng ta chuyn sang mt cch lm tt hn da trn cn xc sut qu ti. Gii hn lch ln: Loi n Gi s mt ln na rng, c N cuc gi thuc loi n cng kt ni vi cc yu cu ngun ngu nhin phn b ng nht X1, , XN. Chng ta li quan tm n cc h s ca N cho

(3.6) Chng ta s dng cc kt qu t hc thuyt cc lch ln tt hn c nh l gii hn trung tm cho vic phn tch cc xc sut phn cui. Kt qu chnh chng ta cn l cn Chernoff:

65

trong : M(s) = logE[ e thng ca cc bin ngu nhin.

sX 1

] l hm s tm thi to ra logarit thng

Dng cn Chernoff, r rng rng s gii hn ca (3.6) s c tho mn y min l

Nu du bng xy ra khi N = N* v infimum tng ng t c vi s = s*, ri mc cho php ca chng ta c dng kN C trong di thng hiu dng ca mt cuc gi c cho bi:

(3.7) Cn lch ln: a loi By gi, cho l c J loi cuc gi vi cc cuc gi Nj thuc loi j dng lin kt. C Xij khi bin ngu nhin i din cho vic ti trn ngun ca cuc gi th i loi j. Tt c cc bin ngu nhin l c lp v cc bin ngu nhin trong cng loi c phn b ging nhau mt cch r rng vi LMGF, Mj(s) Dng gii hn Chernoff, chng ta bit gii hn qu ti s c tho mn nu:

(3.8) Trng thi (N1, , NJ) R+J c th chp nhn c nu n tho mn (3.8) v ch rng thnh phn ca mc cho php l mt b li trong R+J , t khi n c xc nh nh l s ct ngang ca R+J vi mt tp hp cc na trng. Chng ta li mt ln na xem xt hai cn tuyn tnh trong mc cho php.

66

ng nht Chernoff: Mt s xp x tuyn tnh cho gii hn vng c th tip nhn. iu ny cung cp mt gii hn trn lu lng ca kt ni. Chng ta chn hyperplanes i qua cc im (0, , 0, NJ*, 0, , 0), j = 1, , J trn
* gii hn ca vng c th tip nhn gc. Tuy nhin, N J phi l s lng cuc

gi ln nht cho php tham gia kt ni khi ch c cc cuc gi loi j v cc s lng ny c th c tnh bng vic dng cc phn tch loi n ca phn trc.
* Pha tp Chernoff: mt hyperplane hng ti im ( N 1* , , N J ) vi

gii hn c th c dng cho mt tuyn tnh m cn di mc c th tip nhn. Nu

v ri xc sut qu ti s nh hn a nu:

trong

l di thng hiu dng ca cc cuc gi loi j. 3.3. iu khin gi tr da trn nhiu hiu dng Trong phn ny, chng ta ch ra rng nhiu mng di ng CDMA c th c phn tch bng vic dng cc k thut di thng hiu dng vi xc sut qu ti kt ni c thay th bi mt tiu ch QoS da trn s kh thi ca trng thi h thng. Trc tin, chng ta nghin cu cc h thng t bo n cho php cc di ng c hng loi cc t l bit v cc qui nh cht lng li.

67

V ri chng tachuyn sang mi trng a t bo trong c nhiu bi t bo khc, trong khi lm n gin cc phn tch, d dng c a vo h thng di thng hiu ng. Kt qu l trng thi h thng gip cho cc bin ngu nhin nh hng n cht lng dch v tr thnh hin thc. Trong kiu t bo n trng thi h thng bao gm cc qui nh v m hnh v t l bit ca tt c cc di ng hot ng trong khi trong cc kiu a t bo, trng thi h thng b tng s mt ng truyn t mi di ng n trm gc trong mng. Ngc li, trng thi mng bao gm s thay i thc ca cc my di ng v nhiu kiu ang hot ng trong mng. Trong kiu t bo n trng thi mng l s cc di ng hot ng thuc mi loi c th c, trong khi , trong rt nhiu phn tch v a t bo, trng thi mng gm s cc di ng ca mi loi trn tt c t bo ca mng. Nhiu vn v s kh thi ca trng thi mng tho lun trong chng ny, trong cc mng n gin c xem xt di cc iu kin kh thng thng v cc mc cng sut tip nhn. y, nhn mnh vo cc h thng t bo ln hn v phc tp hn hot ng vi vi s gii hn v cc mc cng sut. 3.3.1. Cc kiu t bo n Xem xt mt h thng bao gm mt trm gc m cc trm di ng N c kt ni. Gi s rng vo thi gian ngu nhin tc th, di ng i yu cu tc bt ca Ri v nng lng bit cho h s phn tp nhiu (Eb/I0)i. C hai bin trn c th l c nh hay ngu nhin v c th thay i t di ng ny sang di ng khc. V d h thng c th p ng vi loi cuc gi nh gi bit thay i hay khng thay i v c th p ng cc yu cu nh gi li bt khc nhau. Vect ca cc qui nh ca ngi dng, hay trng thi h thng,

68

s c gi l kh thi nu tt c cc yu cu c th ng thi c p ng. Cho Xi l cng sut tn hiu nhn trm gc t di ng i, i = 1, , N. S dng mt s lin h n gin gia t l tn hiu / nhiu v nng lng bit cho h s phn tp nhiu, trng thi h thng l kh thi nu v ch nu tn ti cc gi tr khng m ca cc cng sut tn hiu nhn nh:

(3.9) trong W l di thng h thng tri ph. Chng ta cng yu cu t nht mt trong s Xi l 0 phn bn phi ca (3.9) cng c xc nh cho tt c i. Vit G i = Ri(Eb/I0)i/W v to xp x n mt iu kin cho s kh thi:

ji

X j j X j cho tt c i, dn

(3.10) Cho cc h s ca Xi, , XN tho mn s khng cn bng N ca (3.10), tn ti khi v ch khi:

(3.11) Tip tc lu rng nu (3.11) c tho mn, cc quy nh Xi = Gi , i = 1, , N l y , trong khi tm tt (3.10) qua i dn trc tip n (3.11) cho bt k trng thi h thng kh thi no. Da trn (3.11), c tn ti mt s tng t n gin gia mt h thng di ng CDMA n t bo v cc kiu kt ni n tho lun phn 3.2. Vi mt dung lng kt ni ca mt n v, di ng i tn dng cc n v Gi ,

69

v ch nh trong phn 3.2, cc yu cu ti nguyn c th n t vi loi khc nhau v l c nh hay ngu nhin. Chng ta mun bit s lng cc cuc gi ca mi loi c cho php nhn dch v, trong khi bo m rng xc sut vt qu s duy tr thp hn mt gi tr o. iu ny chnh l vn iu khin s ngun tham gia lin kt trong phn 3.2 v do cc khi nim di thng hiu ng c ng dng trc tip. Trong mi trng di ng t bo, nhiu l yu t gii hn v t chng ta dng thut ng nhiu hiu dng phn bit gia mi trng di ng v cc tnh hung thng trong di thng hiu dng c p dng. Tip theo, chng ta miu t chi tit vic s dng nhiu hiu dng trong h thng di ng CDMA n t bo. Mi trng hp nghin cu c mt s tng t trc tip vi trng hp tng ng trong phn 3.2. Loi n, cc yu cu c nh Nu nh ch c mt loi dch v di ng p ng qui nh khng i G = R(Eb/I0)W, (3.11) tr thnh:
GN 1

trong G l nhiu hiu dng ca mt di ng hot ng. a loi, cc yu cu c nh Nu nh c J loi dch v p ng cc yu cu khng i G 1, , G J ri th vi cc di ng Nj thuc loi j, vect cc qui nh ti nguyn s c cung cp mt cch kh thi.

Nhiu hiu dng dn ti mt loi di ng j l G j.

70

Loi n, cc yu cu thay i Trong trng hp ny chng ta xem xt cc di ng N vi cc qui nh ti nguyn cn bng vi cc bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht, G 1, , G N, v chng ta mong mun m bo rng iu kin cho s kh thi ca (3.11) c tho mn vi xc sut (1 - a ). Ri th chng ta dn n bt phng trnh:

(3.12) n c th thc hin bi vic dng xp x Gaussian hay cn Chernoff nh tho lun phn 3.2. iu ny dn n s lin kt mt nhiu hiu dng, k, vi mi cuc gi (3.12) c tho mn nu kN 1. a loi, cc yu cu thay i Gi s thm mt ln na l cc yu cu ti nguyn l cc bin ngu nhin c lp nhng cho php mi yu cu n t mt trong s cc phn b J. Nu G ji l mt bin ngu nhin i din cho yu cu ngun ca cuc gi th i t loi j, ri th iu kin v xc sut vt qu cc cuc gi loi j, Nj cho l:

(3.13) iu ny c th thc hin bng vic dng xp x a loi Gaussian hay gii hn cc lch ln dn n s phn nh mt nhiu hiu dng kj cho cc cuc gi loi j, trong cch (3.13) c tho mn nu

J j =1

k j N j 1.

V d: Cng vi s ng dng n gin ca tho lun trn, chng ta xem xt mt mng di ng CDMA n t bo cung cp hai dch v truyn m thanh. Dch v thng thng c t l d liu 10kb/s trong khi dch v cao hn hot

71

ng mc 20kb/s. Chng ta gi nh rng c hai loi u yu cu hng s Eb/I0 l 7dB v do di thng l 1MHz. Cc thit b pht hin hot ng pht m thanh c di ng s nh gi d liu to ra mi di ng c th lp m hnh nh 1 ngun ON/OFF m chng tagi nh l c 40% kh nng l ON. Chng ta c hai loi cuc gi vi cc yu cu ngun thay i, G 1 v G 2, c m t bng s phn b:

Chng tamong mun iu khin vic tip nhn cc cuc gi duy tr xc sut vt qu nh hn 1%. Vi cc cuc gi thng thng N1 v cc cuc gi yu cu cao hn N2, chng ta yu cu:

Dng cc kt qu nhiu hiu dng, chng ta c th lm xp x hay gii hn tt c cc trng thi c th cho php bi vic tho mn bt phng trnh k1N1+k2N2 1. k1, k2 l cc nhiu hiu dng ca hai loi cuc gi. Chng cho php chng ta vn hnh h thng nh th cc yu cu ca mi di ng c t c nh v ng dng li ch ca a ng cc dng d liu pht ra trong khi vo cng thi gian n m bo rng tiu ch QoS ca chng ta c p ng. Trc khi tin hnh cc kiu a t bo, vi im c bit ca s tng t gia mt h thng di ng CDMA n t bo v mt kt ni c dung lng

72

v hn. Mt dung lng kt ni thng c gii hn ln, vic kt ni c th x l v bt k cc kt qu qu ti no b mt d liu. Vic iu chnh s lng cc cuc gi gia nhp kt ni gii hn xc sut qu ti l cch thc hin rt b ch trch. Tuy nhin, trong mt h thng CDMA, xc sut vt qu tng ng vi tnh hung trong tt c cc di ng khng th ng thi nhn c tn hiu tho ng cho cc h s nhiu. Vi c trng c bit n nh l nh nhng hay dn dn, qu ti h thng c kh nng b suy gim cht lng gia tt c cc ngi dng. iu ny a n s gim nh v cht lng m c th l chp nhn c v bi vy khng dn n vic rt bt k cuc gi no. S khc nhau ln gia mt s qu ti v mt s vt qu ni bt nht l cc gi tr in hnh cho xc sut ln nht c mong mun ring ca chng. Trong khi xc sut qu ti thng gi mc thp hn 10-4, xc sut vt qu thng nm gia 0.01 v 0.1. iu ny m ch n s chnh xc ca cc k thut nhiu hiu dng trn di thng thch ng. c bit, s xp x Gaussian s him khi c dng cho cc php tnh di thng hiu dng, tuy nhin, s chnh xc ca n thng l tt trong phm vi xc sut vt qu dng trong di ng. Mt khc, cn Chernoff s cho cc dung lng va phi cho cc ng dng di ng v thch hp hn cho vic gii hn xc sut ca cc lch ln so vi trung bnh. 3.3.2. Cc kiu a t bo: s kh thi ca trng thi h thng Cc h thng nhiu t bo m chng ta nghin cu bao gm mi di ng truyn t ti chnh xc mt trm gc vo bt k thi gian c cho no. Vic n nh s ngi dng i vi cc trm l c nh v da trn cc yu t nh cc tng ch ng truyn. Cc phng php khc bao gm kiu phn tp qui m ln trong, trong ngi dng c gii m bi cc my thu v trm gc n c phn cng cho mt ngi dng c th thay i v dung lng trong khng gian ca mng. Vn kh thi trong cc mng li CDMA

73

c nhiu t bo hay nhiu thit b thu c quan h gn gi vi cc thut ton iu chnh cng sut. i vi mi trng a t bo c nh r, s m rng thng thng cho cc phn tch t bo n s hng n cc vn sau: Trng thi h thng c cho bao gm s lng cc di ng trong h thng, cc h s bit quy nh ca chng v nng lng bit cho cc phn tp nhiu v tng ch ng truyn cho tt c cc trm gc trong mng l c th ch nh cho mi ngi dng mt mc cng sut nhn trm gc hng ti c nh bng cch tho mn cc yu cu modem v cc h s bit ca tt c di ng? Nu vy, trng thi h thng cho l kh thi. Gi s mng bao gm cc t bo M vi cc ngi dng Nm trong t bo m, m = 1, , M. Cho di ng i trong t bo m c yu cu SIR nh nht da trn t l bit, nng lng bit v Rmi cho h s phn tp nhiu, (Eb/I0)mi c cho bi:

Gi s thm rng di ng i trong t bo m c nhn trm gc hng ti vi cng sut tn hiu Pmi v gy ra nhiu cng sut PmiXpmi trm gc ca t bo p. Ri th trng thi h thng tr thnh kh thi, phi tn ti cc gi tr khng m ca cc cng sut cc di ng nhn c m tho mn (3.14).

(3.14) Chng ta cng qui nh rng t nht mt trong s Pmi l 0 du > trn c xc nh.

74

Do s cp i gia cc s khng cn bng, vn ny tr nn tm thng thm ch khi trng thi h thng mang tnh qui nh v tt c cc yu cu modem v t l bt l cn bng s c s lng khng l cc kt qu n gin ho nu chng ta di mc gii hn b cc trng thi kh thi qua vic to ra cc hn ch v cc mc cng sut c nhn. Trong mng n gin nht chng ta nghin cu vn ny bao gm vic gi nh rng tt c di ng c nhn cng sut bng nhau bi trm gc m chng kt ni. Gi nh ny, v cc gi nh khc tng t cho cc mng phc tp hn, dn n mt b tch bit v cc s khng cn bng cho php cc khi nim hiu ng nhiu c p dng nhiu bi t bo khc v cho s quyt nh cc trng thi h thng c th tip nhn c. By gi chng ta quay tr li vi trng hp c bit ca vn kh thi thng thng. Loi n, cc yu cu c nh Vi loi n yu cu s dng SIR ca G nh nht c nh, cc iu kin kh thi ca (3.14) tr thnh:

Khi tt c cc thu bao trong mt t bo b nhiu tng t nhau, khng mt tng qut ta gi nh Pmi = Pm, i = 1, , Nm, m = 1, , M. iu ny dn n vn l tn ti P1, , PM khng m tho mn (3.15)

(3.15) Mt vn gn tng t c tho lun trong [13]. Trong n ch ra rng vn iu chnh c hng gii quyt l t cc gi tr gii hn t bo n tch bit M c tho mn cng vi s gii hn gi tr ring Perrson Frobenius ca ma trn m Metzler. Nu yu t suy gim, Xmi l ngu nhin th

75

ma trn l ngu nhin v s bo m rng s gii hn gi tr ring c tho mn vi xc sut cao l vn kh. Nh tho lun trn, cc phn tch c n gin nhiu nu chng ta gi nh rng tt c cc di ng nhn cng sut ging nhau t trm gc. iu ny dn n mt b cc gii hn m cung cp mt cn thp hn trong b cc trng thi h thng kh thi, v n c ch ra trong rng ngng ny kh ng cho v d h thng hai t bo Vit P1 = P2 = = PM = P trong (3.15) cho cc bt phng trnh ring r

hay theo cch khc

(3.16) Trong phn ny, chng ta mun cho php cc loi dch v tng ng vi cc t l bit khc nhau, Kj, v cc yu cu modem, (Eb/I0)j, vi iu kin cc gi tr ny c xc nh. Cho G j = ( R j W ) ( E b I 0 ) l qui nh yu cu SIR ca cuc gi loi j nh nht v gi s rng tt c cc cuc gi j c iu khin cng sut l Pj. Gi s tip theo l vic m rng yu cu tng iu khin cng sut cung cp s dng trong cc phn tch loi n. thun tin, ta vit:

76

trong Npk l s lng ngi dng loi k trong t bo p, v Pk X nhiu nhn trm gc ca t bo m..

m pkl

l nhiu

trm gc m do di ng l loi k trong t bo p. Do , Qm l tng cng sut

Trng thi h thng l kh thi nu tn ti cc gi tr khng m P1, , PJ vi t nht mt PJ 0 m tho mn:

Nu tn ti mt gii php v m = 1, , M:

Ngc li, nu s n gin ho kiu trc thc hin vi m = 1, , M, v c mt gii php cho vic iu khin cng sut vi Pj = G j, j = 1, , J. Bi vy, chng ta xc minh rng mt trng thi h thng l kh thi nu v ch nu:

(3.17) n loi v a loi, cc yu cu thay i Trong s pht trin phn trc, qui nh SIR nh nht i vi mt ngi dng c gi s l c nh vi khong thi gian ca mt cuc gi v tt c cc ngi dng cng loi to nn nhu cu v SIR l cn bng. Nu yu cu SIR ca mi ngi dng l thay i trong sut thi gian cuc gi, th

77

cc nhu cu khng i ca mi di ng s l khc nhau. Sau , chng ta s lp m hnh cc SIR mong mun khng i ca cc di ng bi cc bin ngu nhin c lp vi s phn b tng t cho cc di ng cho cng loi. Tuy nhin, hin ti, chng ta s gi s rng trng thi h thng thc bao gm hng lot cc yu t fading v cc yu cu SIR. Chng ta s xc nh iu nu trng thi l kh thi. Nu lm r rng rng khng c c s no gi s rng tt c cc di ng trong cng mt loi c iu chnh vi mt cng sut c nh. Chng ta gi s rng cng sut nhn c l tng xng vi yu cu SIR nh nht cho tt c ngi dng trong h thng:

Trong theo i a s, s tng xng khng i c cho l 1, v Pmi v

G mi ln lt l cng sut nhn v yu cu SIR nh nht ca di ng i

trong t bo m. iu hn ch kh t nhin ny lin quan n vic cng sut di ng nhn tng khi yu cu SIR tng ng tng. V d, nu vic ghi m hot ng ni c dng, v mt ngi dng s c mt yu cu SIR nh nht bng 0 trong sut cc k im lng v l hp l ngi dng ny mc cng sut nhn bng 0 vi cc thi gian ny. mt trm gc c bit, cc SIR t c l t l vi cc SIR yu cu, cng tng v cng gim khi cng sut nhiu chung thay i. Thut ton iu khin cng sut c c c l mt phng php chia thnh nhiu phn, n gin trong mi di ng yu cu SIR hin ti v tng ch ng dn cho trm gc hng ti n. Mt iu cng c ch rng, nhn chung khng c s mt mt no trong vic dng cc gii hn nghim ngt trong cc phn tch v yu cu ngi dng c nh nghin cu trn. Cc s khng cn bng kh thi chung ca (3.14) tr thnh:

78

(3.18) sau khi ng dng cc gii hn t l. Nu chng ta mun tp hp cc ngi dng vo trong loi J v (3.18) c th vit thnh:

(3.19) vi 2 ch s, pk, nhc n cc di ng loi k trong t bo p. 3.3.3. Cc m hnh a t bo: s qun tr trng thi mng Phn cui cng nghin cu vic kh thi ca trng thi h thng. Nh rng trng thi h thng bao gm tt c yu t fading v cc yu cu SIR cho tt c di ng trong h thng. Trng thi l kh thi nu c s phn b cng sut nhn tho mn tt c cc yu cu SIR. Cc kt qu c tm li trong cc iu kin ca (3.16), (3.17), (3.18) v (3.19), tt c c th c vit di dng chung:

(3.20)
m trong by gi Y pkl bao gm cc yu t fading v cc nhu cu SIR. Lc u m m m gi s Y pkl l cc hm s xc nh ca cc thc o p, k, m v vit Y pkl = K pk ,

l= 1, , Npk. Cc iu kin kh thi tr thnh:

(3.21)

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Cho trng thi h thng bao gm s lng cc di ng ca mi loi trong tt c t bo ca h thng. Chng ta xem (3.21) nh l vic xc nh mt vng c th tip nhn trong m bo s kh thi trng thi h thng. Vng c th tip nhn c gii hn bi hyperplanes M trong trc dng ca Eucliclean theo hng M.J xc nh.
m Nu chng ta xem Y pkl nh cc gi tr xc nh th chng ta s thc

hin c. Tuy nhin, c bit c mt s thay i ln trong cc yu t faing v cc yu cu SIR khng th b qua. Gi s s thay i v tr trong t bo, che khut t cc to nh, cc c trng a hnh, cc yu cu modem v t l bt nh l mt s ngu nhin.
m Chng ta lp kiu cho s thay i ny bng vic xem Y pkl nh l cc h

s ngu nhin vi p, k v m c phn b khc nhau. Cc bt phng trnh (3.20) ch c th p dng cho s thc hin trng thi h thng ngu nhin v thay cho vic xem xt xc sut h thng kh thi. Nu xc sut l 1- b th trng thi mng tng ng c th c chp nhn. Vn xut ca chng ta l tm ra tt c cc trng thi mng cho:

hay tng ng:

Bi vy, mt trng thi mng c th tip nhn nu tt c cc di ng u ng thi p ng c yu cu SIR nh nht trn 1- b . Chng ta dng mt s xc nh khc v s tip nhn trng thi h thng. Tuy nhin n d

80

phn tch hn v c l l kh thi hn cho mng t bo CDMA. Vng c th tip nhn c xc khi tt c cc trng thi ca h thng cho:

(3.22) Yu cu ca M trong bt phng trnh (3.20) ng thi tho mn vi xc sut 1- b , chng ta dng iu kin xc sut km hn tho mn ring r cc s khc nhau ca mi t bo gia nhp. D nhin, nu trng thi h thng l c th tip nhn qua s xc nh th 2 v mt tp hp gii hn cho:

v bng vic chn a = b M , s tip nhn qua s xc nh th 2 a n s tip nhn qua s xc nh th nht. V ni dung chnh ca phn ny chng ta tho lun v gii hn xc sut ca (3.22). i vi c nh m {1, , M}, chng ta gi s cc bin ngu
m nhin Y pkl , l = 1, , Npk, k = 1, , J, p = 1, , M, c phn b c lp bi

p v k. Mi bt phng trnh c th c x l bng vic dng cc k thut di thng hiu dng cho nhiu loi tho lun phn 3.2. Nu s xp x Gaussian hay gii hn lch ln c dng th kt qu ca vng tip nhn t t bo m c dng:

m trong K pk l nhiu hiu dng v tr t bo m loi cuc gi k trong t bo

p.

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Bng vic nhc li gii hn trn tt c t bo trong h thng chng ta i n vng c th tip nhn cui cng:

(3.23) trong Z+ l s nguyn khng m, vect trng thi h thng, N c cho bi:

v W l M trong ma trn M.J ca cc gi tr nhiu hiu dng. Trc khi m phng cc khi nim trn bng vi v d, rt ng ch rng vng c th tip nhn c mt dng rt quen vi nghin cu cc mng chuyn mch c nh. Nu chng ta xem mi t bo nh l mt kt ni vi
m dung lng ring ca mi t bo, vi K pk l ngun c yu cu kt ni m

bi cuc gi loi (p, k). Vng c th tip nhn ca (3.23) bao gm tt c cc s kt hp cc loi cuc gi c th c p ng vi kt ni c dung lng c bn ca h thng. S tng t gia cc mng CDMA v cc mng chuyn mch ny cho php nhiu nguyn l m rng pht trin cc mng CDMA p dng trc tip cho mi trng di ng. c bit, m hnh lu lng ca phn tip theo c ly trc tip t ti liu v cc mng tht bi. 3.3.4. Cc m hnh a t bo: Cc v d Trong phn ny, chng ta nghin cu vi v d thc t v cc mng CDMA a t bo m c th c phn tch bng vic dng cc tng nhiu hiu dng. Mt loi n gin, h thng c qui nh SIR c nh c nghin cu u tin v kiu c bn ny c m rng thm a loi cuc gi vi cc qui nh SIR c lp m hnh bi cc bin ngu nhin.

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Kiu c bn Kiu n gin m chng ta xem xt y tng t vi kiu dng chng 2. Chng ta xem xt loi n cuc gi vi t l bt khng i v cc qui nh v modem dn n mt yu cu SIR c nh nh nht ca G cho tt c cc di ng. S mt ng truyn l ch bi khong cch, nh trong (2.1), vi che khut v faing khng c lp m hnh. Mi di ng kt ni vi trm gc gn nht trong mt dng thc c qui nh ging nhau l t bo lc gic v iu khin cng sut thu ti mt n v tn hiu cng sut c bnh thng ho, cc lin kt nghch o v trc giao v tt c trng tm cc phn tch ca chng ta l tp trung vo lin kt nghch. Thng tin c bn v tp m khng c lp m hnh.

Hnh 3.1. Cc loi nhiu p dng (3.22) cho trng hp c bit l loi ngi dng n l vi cc yu cu c nh v iu kin kh thi cho bi (3.16) dn ti trng thi mng c hn ch chp nhn c:

(3.24)

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m trong X pl l nhiu ti v tr t bo m khi di ng l trong t bo p c nhn

t trm gc l mt n v cng sut. Trong kiu c s ca chng ta, s suy gim hay nhn t nhiu ny l hm quyt nh khong cch gia di ng l vi v tr t bo p, m. Tuy vy nu chng ta gi s rng v tr ca di ng trong t bo p l mt bin ngu nhin th nhiu cng l bin ngu nhin. C mt tr ngi cn vt qua trc khi tnh ton gi tr nhiu hiu dng. l quyt nh cc hm phn b hay cc nhn t nhiu ca n. Do s i xng v s suy gim ng truyn theo lut m ca mi trng di ng nn chng ta ch xt 3 phn b cho nhn t nhiu nh ch ra di y. Xt mt mng t quan st m t bo. Vi nhiu hnh 3.1, chng ta lm gin on vng t bo ni m cc mobile gp phn nhiu quan trng n trm gc, trong c 3 loi: Loi 1: Cc di ng nh v trong t bo v dn ti mt n v nhiu ti trm gc. Loi 2: Cc di ng nh v xung quanh lp u tin ca cc t bo v phn b tng bin nhiu c lp trn v tr ca n. Loi 3: Cc di ng nh v xung quanh lp th 2 ca cc t bo v cng phn b nhiu ti tng nhiu nh hng. Cc di ng nm trong cc t bo bn ngoi lp th 2 v c gi s l ng gp mt s lng khng ng k cho tng s nhiu n t bo khc. Gi s rng cc v tr ca cc di ng trong mi t bo l cc bin ngu nhin c lp vi s phn b ging nhau qua t bo. V cc hm s phn b ca cc yu t faing c th t c trc tip t (2.8) v i vi m c nh, cc yu t nhiu l c lp. Tham kho (2.8) xc nh c:

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trong gi tr ca b c gi s l c nh v u(z) l hm s bc n v. Ft(z) l hm s phn b fading cho di ng loi t ca t bo ch.

m Cho nt l s cc di ng loi t t bo m v ly Z
m tl

m , l = 1, , nt , t

= 1, 2, 3 l chui cc h s c lp ngu nhin vi s phn b Ft(z/ G ). Cc iu kin tip nhn ca (3.24) c th c vit li :

v cc k thut di thng hiu dng c th c p dng cho cc gii hn tuyn tnh:

trong kt l nhiu hiu dng ca mt cuc gi loi t cc s khc nhau ny sn sng c chuyn i tr li trng thi h thng bng vic din t s cc cuc gi ca mi loi trong dng s cc cuc gi trong mi t bo. Kt qu l bt phng trnh:

trong k p = kt nu t bo p l mt t bo loi t bnh ng vi t bo m. Chng ta nhc lu rng nu s cc di ng trong mi t bo tho mn bt

85

phng trnh trn, v tt c t bo c xc sut ln hn 1 - a l c th tho mn cc yu cu SIR ca cc ngi dng. Trc khi tho lun vo s m rng t kiu n gin, ch rng cc s pht trin trn d nhin c th c p dng cho kch thc cc mng thay i ph hp vi cc hm phn b nhiu. Che khut chun log c th c trong kiu ng truyn ca mt hay hai mng theo nh tho lun phn trc. Ch c s thay i c yu cu trong cc phn tch trn a vo s tc ng ny l s dng (2.15) trong v tr ca (2.8) cho hm s phn b cc bin nhiu ngu nhin. Trong mi trng a t bo trn chng ta gi s cch b tr t bo l cn xng do yu cu ch xc nh 3 loi cuc gi. Tuy nhin, nu cc t bo khc nhau v kch c chng ta cn xc nh mt loi cuc gi duy nht cho mi t bo ca mng t mi t bo hng ti. Tr vn tng quy m, th khng c kh khn g trong vic m rng tt c cc kiu trn thc hin cc h thng khng cn xng. a loi Thm ch vi mt loi dch v n, mi trng a t bo a n nhiu kiu cuc gi to nn nhiu thay i trm gc hng ti. y, chng ta m rng kiu c bn a thm vo cc loi ngi dng J vi yu cu SIR c nh nh nht m gi s rng tt c cc di ng trong cng mt loi c iu khin bi trm gc c cng sut ging nhau. T (3.22) v (3.17), cc s gii hn xc sut trong trng thi h thng gn ging vi vn a loi:

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Mt ln na chng ta chia mng t bo quanh t bo ch thnh 3 loi

m vng. Nu t bo m thy cc cuc gi ntk loi t v loi k, cc gii hn kh thi

SIR tr thnh:

m trong Z tkl c hm phn b Ft(z/ G k) v i vi mi m, cc bin ngu nhin

l c lp. Cc k thut di thng hiu dng cho a loi vi cc quy nh ti nguyn thay i c th ng dng c v dn n cc xp x tuyn tnh hay cc cn cho ng bao phc ca vng c th tip nhn dng:

Trong thut ng ca h thng t bo CDMA, chng ta phn chia nhiu hiu dng thnh loi cuc gi c lp vi kiu (v tr) v loi (quy nh SIR) m cho php nhiu c xem nh l xc nh. S chuyn i tr li cc kt qu v lnh vc trng thi h thng trong c im cui v ng bao vng c th tip nhn:

m trong k pk = ktk nu t bo p l loi t bo t i vi t bo m.

Cc quy nh SIR thay i By gi chng ta thay th cc quy nh SIR nh nht trong phn cui bng cc bin ngu nhin vi ngi dng loi j c quy nh SIR vi hm phn

87

b Gj(z). Dng kiu (3.22) vi cc iu kin kh thi t (3.19) chng ta c gii hn:

Cng thc ny c th vit li bng vic dng quan im ca cc kiu t bo:

(3.25)
m trong hm phn b ca Z tkl l sn phm ca cc bin ngu nhin. S pht

trin tip theo l tng t vi vn a loi nghin cu trn. V d Xem xt vic m rng v d t phn 3.3.1 bao gm nhiu t t bo khc. Nh rng v d ny bao hm loi chun v cao hn v m thanh cuc gi. C 2 u c m hnh ho nh mt ngun 2 trng thi (ON/OFF) Markov. Phng thc lc gic chun v s mt ng truyn c lp c gi s l ch c khong cch trn. Hin ti, chng ta ch xem xt cc t bo hng ti. Chng ta nhn bit 3 loi cuc gi, tng ng vi cc cuc gi trong t bo hng ti v trong cc lp xung quanh th nht v th 2, v 2 loi cuc gi khc nhau v s thng k t l bit. Tt c nhng ci trn c 6 hm s phn b khc nhau m cn c xc nh v s tng ng vi cc dch v c t l chun v t l cao hn cho mi loi cuc gi:

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Hnh 3.2. V d mng 7 t bo Trong u(z) l hm bc thang n v

m Cho Z tkl , i = 1, , ntk, l bin ngu nhin phn b ng nht vi hm

phn b chun Htk(z) vi t {1, 2, 3} v k {1, 2} l ch s c lp. Gii hn (3.25) c p dng v dn n tho mn:

(3.26) Gi s rng mng c 7 t bo nh c m t hnh 3.2. Ch rng c 2 loi cuc gi, trng thi mng l vect 14 hng:

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v da trn (3.26) v mt php bin i n gin, ta c ma trn nhiu hiu dng Walsh xc nh (3.23) c cho bi:

3.4. M hnh lu lng v cc vn iu khin By gi xem xt trng thi ca mng cng nh qu trnh ngu nhin:

Gi s rng cc cuc gi loi j trong t bo m c a vo nh l mt qu trnh Poatxng vi t l l mj v cng nh m v j ln lt thay i qua cc b {1, , M} v {1, , J}, chng a vo cc dng c lp. Mt yu cu ca cuc gi b nghn v b xo t h thng nu s chp nhn ca n chuyn trng thi ra ngoi vng c th tip nhn S, c xc nh trong (3.23). Nu mt cuc gi c chp nhn v ri n duy tr trong t bo gc ca n trong thi gian chim gi phn b chung vi trung bnh 1/ m mj m l khng ph thuc vo cc thi gian chim gi khc v cc qu trnh n. Vi cc gi nh ny, t nguyn l ca cc h thng chuyn mch, ngi ta bit r rng c tn ti mt s phn b c nh duy nht cho qu trnh ngu nhin N(t) vi:

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mt khc, trong P0 l hng s chun. Xc sut nghn cho di ng loi j trong t bo m ch l

(3.27) trong Smj l b cc trng thi trong S v chuyn ra ngoi S vi iu kin mt cuc gi loi j n t bo m. S tnh ton cc xc sut nghn trc tip t (3.27) l khng th c cho cc mng ln, tuy nhin gii php dng sn phm cho php dng k thut chp nhn phn i Monte Carlo n gin. Chng ta cng c th dng cc xp x t vic tnh ton cc xc sut nghn trong cc mng km ni chung nh phng php im c nh Erlang. Chng ta cp ngn gn rng nh hng ca vic gii hn s ngi dng trong bt k t bo no sn sng nh hng n kiu trn bng vic c thm cc gii hn tuyn tnh vt qu (3.23). iu ny cho php nghin cu hiu ng ca cc gii hn phn cng trm gc nh trong. Mt iu c ch l cc phn tch lu lng trc tip t nguyn l ca cc mng chuyn mch. Tht ra kt qu u tin ca chng ny chng t rng cc mng di ng CDMA kh thng thng th c lp theo dng chuyn mch. Hy vng rng t m hnh lu lng trn, iu tng t ny s gi ra cc k thut hiu qu v hp l cho vic vn hnh v qun l cc mng di ng CDMA. c bit, chng ta ch rng cc kiu mng CDMA l tng ng vi mng chuyn mch vi dung lng kt ni cn bng, theo hng c nh, v c kh nhiu s tng xng trong nhiu trng hp. Mt quan st quan trng

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l vic iu khin vn hnh mng hn ch cc phng php iu khin s tip nhn cuc gi quyt nh liu mt cuc gi n nn c chp nhn hay b t chi hay khng. Cc k thut nh di phn cch trung k c th hu ch cho vic cn bng cc xc sut nghn cho cc loi cuc gi khc nhau, tt c cc mng ti u v cc phng php thc hin chim u th. Trong bt k trng hp no, cc phn tch v k thut nh vy khi c p dng cho cc h thng t bo CDMA, c th ch ra nhiu t l thuyt cho mng chuyn mch.

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Kt lun Trong phn ny chng ta nhc li ngn gn nhng kt qu chnh v tm tt lun vn. Nh li rng mc tiu chnh ra l pht trin cc k thut da trn nhng phn tch thc hin, thit k v nm c tng qut v mng di ng t bo CDMA. Chng ta hy vng rng mc tiu ny t c. Sau gii thiu chung v h thng t bo v thng tin tri ph trong chng 1, nhng phng php lin quan n nhiu t t bo khc trong h thng t bo CDMA c tho lun. Tn ti nhng cch gii quyt khng tng xng vi chng ta cn v c qu nhiu c tnh mi ca nhiu bi t bo khc. Nhng kt qu cui l biu thc hm phn b nhiu t mt di ng trong v tr ca n trong t bo c m hnh ho nh mt bin ngu nhin. M hnh truyn dn n gin khng bm st vi hm phn b t c trong dng phn tch. Tuy vy, php tch phn s yu cu kt hp cht ch vi m hnh truyn dn. Nhng hm phn b ny c tip tc s dng trong cc chng tip theo c c cc bin m t v tr thay i ca di ng. S di chuyn u tin trong m hnh lu lng cp trong chng 2. Trong , mi t bo c m hnh ho nh mt hng i M/G/ c lp c gng xc nh dung lng lu lng mng t bo CDMA. Phn u ca chng ch ra vn c th gim c lng xc sut bin ngu nhin Poatxoong phc hp vt qu ngng nhn c. Xc sut ny c phn tch da vo k thut lch ln v kt qu v l thuyt gii hn trung tm v s xp x. Kt qu ch ra s nhy cm ca dung lng lu lng i vi mi trng truyn v cc thng s h thng. Mc d ng dng m hnh M/G/ trong h thng t bo CDMA khng phi l mi, nhng s xem xt trong chng ny chi tit hn v tin b hn cc c gng m cc tc gi khc nhn c.

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Trong chng 3, m hnh lu lng tin tin hn c pht trin. Cc cuc gi mi c chp nhn hay t chi da trn th tc iu khin cuc gi dng. Nhiu hiu dng n nh cho mt ngi dng da trn v tr v yu cu SIR v nhng gi tr c bn xc nh dung lng s dng cho iu khin cuc gi ti. Vic tnh ton gi tr nhiu hiu dng tin cy da trn k thut tng t c s dng tnh ton bng thng hiu dng trong cc mng bng rng ATM. Kt qu dung lng c dng tng t vi mng chuyn mch v m hnh lu lng bt u ngay t s tng t ny. M hnh nhiu hiu dng chng ta a ra cung cp nhng c tnh dung lng mnh cho hot ng mng t bo vi phng thc iu khin cng sut n gin trm gc c gn c nh. Ngun chnh ca m hnh ho thay i l v tr ngi dng ngu nhin trong t bo v yu cu SIR tng nhanh ca mi di ng. Kt qu gii thiu m hnh truyn dn xc nh, tuy vy hm log c s kt hp trong mt s tnh ton n gin. Kt qu chnh ca lun vn ny l s thay i nhiu trong t bo. Trong nhiu trng hp n c nh hng tri hn c m hnh lu lng ta xt. iu ny c th cho php gi tr trung bnh c s dng cho nhiu trong t bo, nhng phn tch n gin hn nhiu v m hnh phc tp hn s c tip tc nghin cu. M hnh chung mng t bo c nhiu lin quan kh th v, c bit l thc hin vi CDMA. Ch ny bao gm cc phng php n nh trm gc mm do, kt ni nhiu trm gc v nhng thut ton iu khin cng sut tin tin. Vi gi s vic s dng cc k thut ny dn ti t c dung lng quan trng trong h thng t bo n gin. N cng quan trng tin ti cc phng thc khc thc hin nhng vn ang tn ti nh iu khin cng sut v vic ngi dng di ng. Nhng iu ny s m ra nhng ti nghin cu trong tng lai.

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10. A. O. Fapojuwo (1993), Radio Capacity of Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access Mobile Radio System, IEE Proceedings-I, Vol.140, pp. 402-408. 11. M. Frullone, G. Riva, P. Grazioso and M. Mssiroli (1994), Comparisons of Multiple Access Schemes for Personal Communication Systems in a Mixed Cellular Environment, IEEE Trans. On Veh. Tech, pp. 99-109. 12. K. S. Gilhousen, I.M. Facobs, R. Padovani, A.J. Viterbi, L.A. Weaver and C.E. Wheatley (1991), On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System, IEEE Trans. On Veh. Tech, Vol.40, pp. 303-312. 13. S. V. Hanly (1993), Information Capacity of Radio Networks, PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge. 14. L. Kleinrock (1975), Queuing Systems Volume 1: Theory, Wiley, New York. 15. W. Lavery and D. Everitt (1994), Analysis of the Uplink Teletraffic Behaviour in CDMA Cullular Systems, Proceeding of the IEEE 44th Vehicular Technology Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, pp.868-872. 16. D. Mitra and J. A. Morrison (1994), Erlang Capacity and Uniform Approximations for Shared Unbuffered Resources, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. Vol. 2, No.6, pp. 558-570. 17. A.M. Viterbi and A.J. Viterbi (1993), Erlang Capacity of a Power Controlled CDMA System, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 11, No.6, pp. 892-900.