CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER SOAP

What is soap? Soap is sodium salt or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids. General formula RCOONa+ or
What is fatty acids?

RCOOK+

R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can be saturated or unsaturated. [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound] The history of soap manufacturing

Soaps can be prepared through saponification. What is saponification? The saponification process is the process of hydroliyzing fats or oil under alkaline conditions.

Therefore, The saponification process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty acids or soaps. General equation

Fats/oils + concentrated alkalis soap + glycerol

What is fat? Fats/oils are natural ester that produce by combination of fatty acid with glycerol. What happen to the fat during saponification? Fats/oils undergoes hydrolysis in alkali condition and then break up to fatty acid and glycerol. Then, fatty acid will react with alkali to form sodium salts of fatty acid (soap). Consider this reaction;
Alkaline hydrolysis

Fats/oil in concentrated sodium hydroxide Fatty acid + glycerol Fatty acid + alkali/sodium ion sodium salt fatty acid/soap + water Overall: Fats/oil + alkali/sodium ion soap + glycerol

Preparation of soap by saponification

STEP 1: Palm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide solution

is poured into a beaker, heated, stirred until it boiling [the layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled.
Glass rod Beaker Palm oil Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution Wire gauze Bunsen burner

Tripod stand

STEP 2: Water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added,

boiled again and cooled. White precipitate is formed and floats on the surface of the mixture.
Spatula Sodium chloride Precipitation of soap is float

Distilled water Mixture of fatty acids, salts and water

Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of soap in water, therefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats.
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STEP 3: Mixture is filtered by filter paper.

Filter paper Residue (soap)

Mixture of fatty acids, salts and water Filter funnel Conical flask

Filtrate

STEP 4: Solid soap is washed with distilled water to remove

excess alkali and salt.

Residue (soap)

Distilled water

Filtrate

Procedure: 1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 10ml and poured into a beaker 250ml. 2. 50 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 5 mol dm-3 measured with measuring cylinder 50ml and poured in the beaker. 3. The mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. 4. 50 cm3 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. [white precipitate is formed and floats]. 5. The mixture is filtered with filter paper, and the residue (soap) is washed by distilled water. Example:
Palm oil + sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate + glycerol

Soap Sodium palmitate Sodium stearate Sodium oleat

Chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COONa CH3(CH2)16COONa CH3(CH2)CH=CH(CH2)COOK

Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium.

DETERGENT
What is detergent? Detergent is sodium salt for sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon per molecule. Two common detergent; i. Sodium alkyl sulphate R O

O S O

O Na+

ii. Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate R O S O O Na+

(R represent hydrocarbon chain that contain 12 to 18 carbon)

Types of detergent (a) Anionic detergent (b) Cationic detergent (c) Non-ionic detergent

Sodium alkyl sulphate & Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate are anionic detergent. PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULPHATE Step 1: Sulphonation

Step 2: Neutralization The alkyl sulphonic acid is neutralized by using sodium hydroxide.

Alkyl sulphonic acid

Sodium hydroxide

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE Step 1: Alkylation

Long chain alkene Step 2: Sulphonation

Alkyl benzene

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Step 3: Neutralization

+ NaOH
Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate [D]

Na+
Water

CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER

The cleansing action of soap and detergent
The cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their ability; i. to lower the surface tension of water, ii. to emulsify oil or grease / dirt, and iii. to hold them in suspension in water. This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergent Structure of soaps Soap consists of sodium/potassium cations and soap anions. When a sodium/potassium soap is dissolve in water, it will form soap anions and sodium ion, Na+ or potassium ion, K+ Sodium soap soap anions + sodium cations [Na+] Potassium soap soap anions + potassium cations [K+] What is soap anions?

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CH3 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 C

O O

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon chains]

Hydrophilic [carboxilate group] COO

Soap anions

From the diagram above shows that the structure of soap anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon chains known as hydrophobic part ii. carboxylate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part Structure of detergent Detergent of sodium cations and detergent anions. When a detergent is dissolve in water, it will form detergent anions and sodium ion, Na+. What is detergent anions? i) Sodium alkyl sulphate detergent

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O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 OSO Na+ CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl chains] Hydrophilic [sulphate ions] OSO3
Alkyl sulphate ion

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl sulphate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

i) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent

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CH3 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

O SO Na+ O

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic [hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains] [sulphonate ions] SO3

Alkylbenzene sulphonate anios

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl benzene sulphonate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphonate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part Remember this; In water, soap and detergent dissolves to form soap anions and detergent anions. The anions will carry out the cleansing action, because these anions consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. Why? Hydrophobic is water-hating part, is soluble in oil/grease/dirt, but insoluble in water. Hydrophilic is water-loving part, is soluble in water but insoluble in oil/grease/dirt. Both of the properties of anions, makes soap and detergent act as an effective cleansing agent.

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How soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?

+

Sodium ion Soap/detergent ion

+ +

Grease/dirt
+

Dirt cloth

- The cloth is dipped in a soap or detergent solutions. - Soap and detergent reduces the surface tension of water. - This increase the wetting ability of water, therefore the surface of the cloth is wetted thoroughly.

+ + + +

+ + +

Hydrophilic part
+

Hydrophobic part

- Hydrophilic part dissolves in water. - Hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt/grease.

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+ +

+ +

+ +

- Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free, and break the grease into small part.

+ +

- The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. - The droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion. - Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.
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The effectiveness action of soap and detergent Advantages of soap 1. Soap are effective cleaning agent in soft water. - Soft water did not contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. - Example: rain water, tap water 2. Soap does not polluted the environment. - Soap is biodegradable (can be decomposed by bacteria) because it was made from substance that found in animal and plant. 3. Soap will not harmed the aquatic life. - Soap will not change pH value of river and pool because soap is salt and weak alkali. Disadvantage of soap 1. Soap is not suitable for use in hard water. a. Hard water contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. b. Example: Sea water, river water Why not suitable? c. Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions react with the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap scum. d. Soap scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning, thus wasting soap. e. Soap scum does not rinse away easily. f. Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be grey or yellow in colour. 2. Soap did not effective in acidic water. - Soap ion react with ion H+ to produce carboxylic acid molecule.
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Advantage of detergent 1. Detergent is effective in hard and soft water. g. Detergent do not form scum with hard water. h. Detergent form soluble substances with calcium or magnesium ions. 2. Detergent effective in acidic water - Detergent ion did not combine with H+ . 3. Detergent is synthetic cleansing agent. - Structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties. Disadvantage of detergent 1. Detergent can cause pollution to environment i. Detergents not biodegradable, so that it cannot be decomposed by bacteria 2. Detergent harmed to aquatic life - Detergent contains phosphate fertilizer will increases the growth of seaweed and algae in pond or river. Lots of soluble oxygen in water will be use up by bacteria to decompose seaweed and algae when the plant died. The content of oxygen in water decreases, thus can kill aquatic life. 3. Detergent produce a lot of foam. - Foam can cover the water surface and prevent the oxygen dissolves into water, thus will kill aquatic life.

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Additives in detergent The main substance in detergent is sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium alkyl sulphate. Example of detergent is shampoo, clothes washing powder and dishes washing liquid. Various type of additive is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficiency and to meet the needs of consumers. additives Whitening agent (sodium perborate) Biological enzymes (amilase, lipase, protease, selulase) Fluorescent agent (Blancophor) Buildup agent (sodium tripoliphosphate) Drying agent (sodium sulphate, Sodium silicate) Stabilizers Perfumes Antiseptic substance Function React as bleach agent to vanished the colour stain but did not fade the colour of the clothes. React to substance that in organic properties like blood, food and water. Enzymes dissolve and change it to substance that can dissolve in water. Make the clothes more white, shiny and bright. Soften hard water, expel ion Mg2+ dan Ca2+ . increase the pH value Ensured that the detergent is always in a dry condition. To prevent the formation of foam To make clothes smell fresh and clean. To kill all microorganism that cause disease and smell.

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CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER Additive Substances In Food

FOOD ADDITIVES
TYPES EXAMPLE Sodium nitrite, Sodium benzoate, Ethanoic acid, Sulphur dioxide Ascorbic acid, Ascorbile palmitate, Citric acid, Isopropyl citrate Monosodium glutamate, Aspartame, Ester Acacia gum, FUNCTION To prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus. To prevent the oxidation of fats and oils by oxygen in the air To make food taste better To enable oil and water in the food to mix together properly To thicken the liquid and to prevent the food from becoming liquid. To give colour

Preservatives

Antioxidants

Flavoring agents Stabilizers agents

Thickening agents

Dyes

starch, jelly, gelatin, pectin Azo compound (yellow, red, brown, black) Tartrazine Triphenyl compounds (green, blue, hyacinth)

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Effects of food additives on health types Sodium nitrite (preservatives) Sodium benzoate (preservatives) Monosodium glutamate (flavoring) Tatrazine (colouring) Cancer Nerve disrupted and allergy Out of breath, dizzy, giddy, vomit, weak the body. Asthma ,rash, hyperactive effects

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CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER Medicine

Medicine

Traditional

Modern

Traditional medicine: derived from natural sources such as plants and animal without being processed chemically Traditional medicine Ginseng Aloe vera Mint Garlic Ginger Quinine Cocaine uses To improve the overall health and increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue Treating itchy skins and burns on the skins Increase body temperature and make it sweating As antibiotic and use to treat injured, asthma, flu and also decreasing high blood, Treating stomach pain, supplying heat energy to keep body warm and preventing flu attack Treating malaria and preventing muscle cramps anesthetic

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Modern medicine : - known as chemotherapy - made in various type like pill, capsule, paste and solution

Modern medicine is classified in 4 categories: 1. ANALGESICS Relieve pain or sometimes called pain killer example : Aspirin (acetyl salicylic) - Pain killer - Reduce fever - Treat arthritis (muscle aches) - Prevent clotting of blood and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes Paracetamol / panadol - Pain killer - Reduce fever - Replace aspirin for children Codeine - Relieve minor to moderate pain - Suppressing cough - Can cause addicted 2. ANTIBIOTIC Destroy or prevent the growth of infectious microorganism
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Example :

Penicillin - Treat disease cause by bacteria, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis Streptomycin - treating tuberculosis

3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE Treating mental or emotional illness Psychotherapeutic is divide in 3 group; Group Function Example

- stimulate(excite) the activity of brain and central nervous system Stimulants - increasing alertness and physical abilities to prepare for demanding or energetic activities - increase the brains level of neurotransmitters, thus Antidepressants improving mood and also make a person feel calm and sleepy Antipsychotic - treating schizophrenia (people lose touch with reality)

Amphetamines Dextoamphetamine Femetrazin

Barbiturate Tranquilizer

Chlozapin Chlorpromazine Haloperidol

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4. Hormone and Steroid Hormone is a organic substance that produce by human endocrine gland to control physiology process and homeostasis Hormone example : Insulin - treating diabetes Steroid is natural lipid compound. Steroid is divide to steroid anabolic and corticosteroid

Group Steroid anabolic

Function - use to treating AIDS and cancer

Example Metandrostenolone (Dianabol) Testosteronpropionat (Testex) Cortisone Prednisone

- having anti inflammation characteristics and treating Corticosteroid asthma and arthritis rheumatoid (joint illness)

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Side effects of modern medicine Modern medicine have side effects: Example ; Type of modern drug Aspirin (analgesic) Penicillin (antibiotic) Side effect Bleeding in stomach, allergic reaction, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks Allergic reactions, coma and rash

Amphetamines Excitable and talkative, can cause heart attack, (psychotherapeutic) anxiety, sleepiness, aggressive behavior and (stimulant) decrease appetite. Barbiturate (psychotherapeutic) Addicted, (antidepressant) Haloperidol (psikoteraputik) (antipsychotic) Sedative (imagination), Increase the weigh, dizzy, giddy, constipation and active.

Cortisone (Steroid) Increase the weigh, high blood pressure, joint (Corticosteroid) illness, muscle cramps, headache,

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