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Brigitte Leblon, Ph.D. Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, U of New Brunswick, Fredericton (NB) bleblon@unb.ca
With inputs from: F. Fournier (FORINTEK), Q. Wei (UNB), J. Nader (FERIC), K. Tounis and P. Cooper (U of T), K. Groves (FORINTEK) M. Defo (FORINTEK) F. Ding (CRIQ) T. Trung (PAPRICAN) Z. Pirouz (FORINTEK)
Electromagnetic spectrum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg
Submicroscopic
Microscopic nm
m mm Macroscopic
Mesoscopic Megascopic
cm
m mkm
Gigascopic
km
Forests
Types
Need contact
Ex: Acoustic or pulsated current
Forest
(standing tree / outdoor)
Note: only ground-based systems
Sca
Sitka spruce Plan View Measured DBH
Perspective View
Scanned DBH
Block 2 Mill 2
Block 3 Mill 3
Laser beam
IR optical scanners
Microtec (I): iRED, iRAS
Rema (S): Log 3D, Log Bark Mikropuu Oy (Fin) OPMES 604/614 Microtec (I): Dishape Metso (Fin): VisiQ Prototype: Comact with FP Innovations (CDN): Mobile Scanner
Photocells
Mikropuu Oy (Fin): OPMES 211/212
Stiffness
Acoustic (Sonic) bands Stiffness = f (frequency of the hammer blow, wood density) Portable instrument:
Fibre-Gen (NZ) Hitman HM200 , Fakopp (H) Microsecond timer
In-line instrument:
Fibre-Gen (NZ) Hitman L640 Log grader
Rot/Moisture Content
Fakopp
Acoustic wave Rot, holes in standing timber Limitations:
Sensitive to water along the whole log Liquid water log temp > 0C No simple relationships for some hardwoods when MC > 30% Variable reg line slope between species and within the same species Contact measurements
(from Nader 2007)
Shigometer
Resistance to a pulsated current that decreases with cation cc Rot in standing timber Limitations:
Sensitive to water close to the sensor Liquid water log temp > 0C and <60C MC > fiber saturation threshold (20-30%) Not reliable if log surface is drying Contact measurements
Internal Features
x-ray path through log X-ray detector Log
(Defo 2008)
x-ray Source
(1)
(2)
(3)
a) raw CT image
Black Spruce
a) raw CT image
The number of layers and nodes in each layer define the BP ANN classifiers topology. One input layer (9 input nodes), one hidden layer, one output layer (4 output nodes). The hidden node number is empirically selected as function of the classification accuracy , mean square error (MSE), the number of training iterations
and training time.
(Wei, Leblon et al 2008)
Overall accuracy: 98.5% (training log), 82.0%(validation log) for sugar maple; 97.6% (training log), 67.6%(validation log) for black spruce.
(Wei, Leblon et al 2008)
Gamma Ray
X-Ray
Infra-red
a) Neutron imaging
b) CT imaging
c) Thermal imaging
Microwave
Radio
Radio
(Wei, Leblon et al 2008)
d) Microwave imaging
e
0.36 0.94 0.59 Knot
8.9%
8.0%
7.0%
4.0%
Pinus densiflora CW=compression wood CX= conducting xylem (water) CZ= cambial zone (water) Cor= Cortex LW = latewood P = pith
In the Plant
Sawn Wood / Controlled Environment Sawing, Trimming, Edging Optimization
Grading System
X-ray scanner
Dimension Examples: Microtec (I): DenSCAN Defects (knots, rot/decay, stain, wane, holes, Cracks / Splits, pith, resin) Density Luxscan (L): X-Scan Fibre cross-sectional dimensions SilviScan (CSIRO, AUS) Microfibril angle Coarseness
SilviScan
On wood sample
(Defo, 2008)
(Defo, 2008)
(Defo, 2008)
(Defo, 2008)
X-Ray Diffractometry
(Defo, 2008)
X-Ray Diffractometry
Principle
Relationship to MFA
Stiffness (MOE)
(Defo, 2008)
SilviScan measurements
Direct Measurements Derived Measurements
(Defo, 2008)
X-ray + Laser
Dimension, defects (knots, rot/decay, stain, wane, holes, Cracks / Splits, pith, resin) Ex: Microtec(I) Goldeneye
Stiffness (MOE)
Acoustic (Sonic) bands Stiffness = f (frequency of the sound, wood density) Portable Instrument
Hammer blow: Brookhuis MicroElectronics BV (NL) Timber Grader MTG
In-line instrument:
Vibration: Microtec (I) ViSCAN
Moisture Content
Brookhuis Micro-Electronics BV (NL) FMI-L or FMI-X Correction for density (mass/vol) Dielectric constant
SCS Forest Products (USA) (NMI from BC): MC Pro 1500 Transverse Moisture Density Sorter (MC PRO TRAC bar code integration system)
Measures MC and density (Microtec technology) Sorts the lumber based on MC and density Capacitance measurements
Kiln Drying
SCS Forest Products (USA): MC Pro 2000 Kiln Moisture Measurement System Capacitance measurements Moisture content of zones Average moisture content Schedule data, drying time, date stamp
Cellulose
Lignin
Species Discrimination
2 Spruce Jack pine Fir WSpruce Lodgepole Hemlock 1.5 1 0.5
-0.5
-1 -1.5
-2 -2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Moisture content
60 Pr edicte d Y Slope 0. 980 02 7 0. 955 60 0 Offse t 0. 285 65 6 0. 629 39 9 RMSE 2. 091 68 6 3. 031 81 2 R- Squar e 0. 980 02 7 0. 960 27 6
Southern Pine
40
20
Meas ure d Y 50
0.0005
86 2
-0.0005
-0.0010
3 5 7 24 3 6 5 7 3 12 1 7 4 4 18 7 16 20 29 2 9 1 9 3 25 5 0 19 2 15 24 13 7 2 9 26 0 23 5 22 1 6 11 8 10 1
28 5 3 28 25 17 29 20 19 14 7 1 23 8 22 13 2 31 24 1511 26 6 27 4 10 12 18 16
Lodgepole Pine
Wood Chemistry
Wood Quality
Density Microfibril Angle Stiffness
Lodgepole pine
Sawmill Trial (Grading based on stiffness) Correctly accepted cants Incorrectly accepted cants Correctly rejected cants Incorrectly rejected cants 18% 19% 53% 10% R&D needs: Sample measurements whole lumber Single spectra imaging systems
Laser Beam
Chip volume:
CRIQ Patents
Microwave
Long wave penetration Microwave = f(e)
Moisture Content
NIR spectroscopy
Solid organic product chemical analysis Moisture content Paper sheet quality monitoring Ex: FOSS NIRSystems (USA)
Fourier-transform(FT)-IR
Chemical composition of liquors Ex: Effective alkali (EA) of the black liquor FP Innovation patent
FTNIR Auto-Titrator
Wood Composites
NIR Spectroscopy
Stiffness assessment of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels or plywoods
Density, MOE, MOR and internal bonds for medium density fiber boards (MDF) Ex: PanelPro of Metso Panelboard (Fin)
(Groves 2007)
(Groves 2007)
Cracks in lumbers
Thermascope SLK
Conclusions (I)
Variable Dimensions External Features Stiffness Forest/Yard (logwood) Laser Beam, Digital camera, IR sensor Acoustic sensor Plant (sawn wood) Laser Beam, Digital camera Acoustic sensor X-ray scanner
Acoustic sensor Pulsated current Acoustic sensor Pulsated current R&D need Microwave Capacitance
Conclusions (II)
Pulp and Paper / Biorefinery
Chip volume: Laser Beam Chip freshness: Digital camera Chip moisture content: NIR spectroscopy, Microwave Chemical composition: NIR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy Paper quality: NIR spectroscopy
Acknowledgements
F. Fournier (FORINTEK), T. Trung (PAPRICAN), J. Nader (FERIC), K. Groves (FORINTEK) M. Defo (FORINTEK) Q. Wei (UNB), K. Tounis and P. Cooper (U of T),
F. Ding (CRIQ)
Thank you!