DRILLING (AUDIOLINGUALISM)

Dialogue memorisation Dialogs / short conversations between two people often used to begin new lesson Students memorize the dialog through mimicry; ss take role of one persons lines, then switch roles and memorize the other. Or half class take one role and other half take the other. After dialog memorized, pairs of individual ss might perform the dialogue for the rest of the class. ALM, certain sentence patterns and grammar points are included within the dialogue. These patters and grammar points then practiced in drills based on the lines of the dialogue.

BACKWARD BUILD-UP DRILL Used when a long line of dialogue is giving ss trouble T breaks down line into several parts Ss repeat a part of the sentence usually the last phrase of the line Following T0s cue, ss expand what they are repeating part by part until they are able to repeat the entire line. T begins with the part at the end of the sentence and works backward from there to keep the intonation of the line as natural as possible. This also directs more ss attention to the end of the sentence, where new information typically occurs.

EXPANSION DRILL e.g. I know him. (hardly) I hardly know him I know him. (well) I know him well... REPETITION DRILL Ss asked to repeat the Ts model as accurately and as quickly as possible. This drill is often used to teach the lines of the dialog

CHAIN DRILL Gets its name from the chain of conversation that forms around the room as ss one-by-one ask and answer questions of each other. T begins the chain by greeting a particular ss or asking him a question SS responds then turns to the ss sitting next to him First ss greet or ask a question of the second ss and the chain continues. Allows some controlled communication even though it is limited. Also gives the T an opportunity to check each sss speech

SINGLE-SLOT SUBSTITUTION DRILL T says a line usually from the dialog Next T says a word or a phrase called the cue Ss repeat the line the T has given them substituting the cue into the line in its proper place Major purpose of this drill is to give the ss practice in finding and filling in the slots of a sentence.

MULTIPLE-SLOT SUBSTITUTION DRILL Similar to the single slot substitution drills. Difference is that the T gives cue phrases, one at a time that fit into different slots in the dialog line. Ss must recognize what part of speech each cue is or at least where it fits into the sentence and make any other changes such as subject-verb agreement. Ss then say the line fitting the cue phrase into the line where it belongs

TRANSFORMATION DRILL /RESTATEMENT T gives ss a certain kind of sentence pattern and affirmative sentence E.g. SS are asked to transform this sentence into a negative sentence Other examples include: change statement into a question, an active sentence into a passive one or direct speech into reported speech

QUESTION AND ANSWER DRILL Gives practice with answering questions. Ss should answer the Ts questions very quickly Also possible for T to cue the ss to ask questions as well. This gives ss practice with the question practice.

INFLECTION One word in an utterance is replace by another E.g. I bought the ticket I bought the tickets He bought the candy she bought the candy

REPLACEMENT One word in an utterance is replaced by another E.g. He bought this house cheap He bought it cheap Helen left early She left early

COMPLETION ss hears an utterance that is complete except for one word, then repeats the utterance in completed form e.g. Ill go my way and you go...- Ill go my way and you go yours We all have .... own troubles we all have our own troubles

TRANSPOSITION a change in word order is necessary when a word is added. E.g. Im hungry (so) So am I Ill never do it again (neither) Neither will I

CONTRACTION A single word stands for a phrase or clause E.g. Put your hand on the table Put your hand there They believe that the earth is flat. they believe it...

INTEGRATION Two separate utterances are integrated into one

E.g. They must be honest. This is important. It is important that they be honest

REJOINDER Ss makes appropriate rejoinder to a given utterance. He is told in advance to respond in one of the following ways

Be polite Answer the question Agree Agree emphatically Express surprise Express regret Disagree Disagree emphatically Question what is said Fail to understand E.g. Polite Thank you Youre welcome May I take one? Certainly

RESTORATION SS is given a sequence of words that have been called from a sentence but still bear its basic meaning. SS uses these words with a minimum of changes and additions to restore the sentence to its original form. He may be told whether the time is present past or future E.g. students / waiting / bus the students are waiting for the bus Boys / build /house / tree- the boys built a house in a tree