VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY

V.M.K.V.EMGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM M.E. (POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING)

TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEM UNIT I : INTRODUCTION AND LIGHTNING SURGES Part - A

1. What is transient? 2. What are the various types of power system transients? 3. Define Isokeraunic level. 4. Draw the mathematical model of lightning. 5. What is the role of ground wire with reference to lightning? 6. Define transient current. 7. What is pre discharge current? 8. What is the significance of pre discharge current? 9. A region has 100 thunder storm days in a year. A line wire has tower height 30m with ground wire height at mid span hg = 24m. Calculate the probable no. of strokes contacting 100km of line per year at anywhere on the line. 10. What is back flash over? 11. Write the equations to find (i) lightning strokes occurring over 1 square km per year at any location and (ii) No. of strokes intercepted by 100 km of line per year 12. Calculate the stroke current taking an insulator voltage of 8000 KV, surge impedance Zg= 150 ohm, Zc = 300 and Zm = 150 ohm and predischarge current Ipd = 15,000 amp. 13. What is meant by stepped leader? 14. Define current injection. 15. What is meant by lighting current? 16. What are the parameters of lighting current? 17. Define parallel impedance. 18. What are the effects of transients on power systems? 19. Define flickering. 20. Define transient voltage.

Part B
1. Explain various types of power system transients. 2. Explain mechanism of lightning stroke to tower. 3. Explain the general principles of lightning protection. 4. Derive the expressions for voltage stress experienced by insulator when a stroke contacts a tower and midspan. 5. Derive the mathematical model for lightning. 6. Explain the parameters and characteristics of lightning stroke. 7. Briefly about Electrification of thunderclouds. 8. Discuss about i) Lightning current stages ii) Lightning current parameters 9. Explain briefly about computation of power system transients. 10. What are the effects of transients on power systems? Explain briefly

UNIT II : SWITCHING SURGES

Part - A
1. What is Ferro resonance? 2. Draw the recovery voltage of circuit breaker following a kilometric fault. 3. What is current chopping? 4. Give two examples for abnormal switching. 5. What is normal switching? 6. Define abnormal switching? 7. What are the three basic transforms used frequently in RLC series circuit? 8. What is the significance of resistance in transients? 9. What is kilometric fault? 10. Define fault clearing. 11. What is meant by short line fault? 12. What is called as switching transients? 13. What are the functions of switching? 14. Define harmonics. 15. What is the need for harmonics? 16. What is meant by temporary over voltage? 17. What is mean by load rejection? 18. What are the types of harmonics? 19. Define transient recovery voltage. 20. What is meant by back to back switching?

Part B
1. Explain short line (or) Kilometric fault. 2. Explain circuit closing transient. 3. Explain line dropping and load rejection. 4. Explain switching surges on integrated power systems. 5. Explain abnormal switching transients. 6. Explain briefly about Ferro Resonance. 7. Difference between Closing and reclosing of lines. Explain briefly. 8. Discuss about i) Fault initiation ii) Fault clearing iii) Short line faults 9. Explain briefly about i) Switching transients ii) Harmonics 10. Briefly discuss about i) Isolator switching surges ii) Surges on an integrated systems

UNIT III : COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENTS IN CONVERSION EQUIPMENT

Part A
1. Draw beweleys lattice diagram. 2. What is refraction coefficient? 3. What is the relationship between reflection coefficient and Refraction coefficient? 4. Transmission lines is 300m long and open at the far end. Calculate the open end voltage after 20 m sec when energized by a step of 1000KV if attenuation of surge is 0.9 over one length of travel at light velocity 5. What is surge impedance? 6. What is meant by attenuation of traveling wave? 7. What is meant by distortion of traveling waves? 8. What is the condition for distortion less transmission? 9. Define Z-transform. 10. Define Eigen value of power transients. 11. What is travelling waves? 12. Compare time and frequency domain. 13. What is meant by thermal breakdown? 14. Define critical line length. 15. What is transient network analyser? 16. What is the importance of transients? 17. what are the requirements for transients in power system? 18. What are the sources of transients? 19. What is double energy transient. 20. Mention the two components of voltage in power systems during transient period.

Part B
1. A transmission line has L = 1mh/km and C = 11.11nf/km. conductor plus ground resistance amounts to .4 / km. Calculate (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Surge impedance Velocity of propagation Attenuation factor for 400 meters in Nepers Maximum value of open end voltage

2. Explain how attenuation takes place in traveling waves using beweleys lattice diagram. 3. Explain about frequency domain transient program (FTP). Give an example. 4. Derive the differential equations and their solutions in time domain for travelling waves. 5. Explain the traveling wave concept for a step function for the following conditions (i) (ii) Omitting all losses Distortion less condition

6. Explain briefly about travelling waves method. 7. Explain about time domain transient program (TTP). Give an example.
8. Write short notes on Attenuation and Distortion of Electromagnetic Waves. 9. Derive the Telegraph Equations of i) The Lossless Line ii) The Distortionless Line 10.Explain about Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves.

UNIT IV : INSULATION CO ORDINATION

Part - A
1. What is shielding angle? 2. What is shadow angle? 3. What is shadow width? 4. What is the use of ground wire? 5. What are the types of tower of footing resistances used? 6. What is the use of rod gap? 7. What is the function of surge diverter? 8. What is meant by insulation co ordination? 9. What is the purpose of lightning arrester? 10. What are the devices used for lightning protection? 11. What is the need for insulation? 12. What are the Over voltage protective devices? 13. What is shielding wires? 14. Define rods gaps 15. What are the surge diverters? 16. Write down the principles of insulation co-ordination. 17. What is substation? 18. Define lighting induced transients. 19. To design EHV system. 20. What is the need for over voltage protective devices?

Part - B
1. Explain design factors of EHV system. 2. Write short notes on : (i) Shielding wire (ii) rod gap (iii) Surge diverter 3. Write the hierarchy of insulation coordination. 4. Explain the different methods employed for lightning protection of overhead lines? 5. Write note on the following (i) Tower footing resistance (ii) Lightning arrester 6. Explain briefly about over voltage protective devices. 7. Write down the principles of insulation co-ordination. Explain briefly. 8. discuss the construction, principle and working of a valve type arrester. 9. Write short notes on : (i) horn gap diverter (ii) expulsion type diverter (iii) multigap diverter 10. Write about the lightning strokes on transmission lines.

UNIT V : CASE STUDIES-SIMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS

Part A
1. Develop the model for distributed parameter transmission line. 2. Define transient network analyser. 3. Draw an equivalent circuit of EMTP. 4. What is electromagnetic transient program? 5. What is meant by frequency domain transient program? 6. What are the difference between NPM and EMTP? 7. Develop the model for transmission system with lumped parameters. 8. List out the disadvantage of EMTP. 9. Write the equations for voltage and current at any point on a line. 10. What are the advantages of EMTP? 11. What are the differences between nodal and modified nodal analysis in electromagnetic transient? 12. Write the special expression for voltage and current for an open circuit. 13. Draw the standing waves of voltage and current at power frequency. 14. Write the special expression for voltage and current for matched line. 15. What are the applications of EMTP? 16. Write the special expression for voltage and current for short circuit. 17. What are the three type of excitation mainly used in traveling wave studies? 18. Write the expression for propagation factor. 19. What is called as multi step method? 20. What are the differences between EMTP & MNA?

Part - B
1. Explain briefly about Electromagnetic Transient Program. 2. Obtain the solution for an open circuited transmission line in Laplace transform. 3. Derive the transient response of systems with series and shunt lumped parameters. 4. Obtain the solution in Laplace transform for a transmission line which is terminated with a line having matched impedance. 5. A transmission line has L = 1mh/km and C = 11.11n.f/km. Conductor plus ground resistance amounts to 4/km. Calculate reflection factor refraction factor at the load if the line is terminated in a load of 500 ohm. 6. Obtain the solution for a short circuited transmission line in Laplace transform. 7. Write short notes on need of Electromagnetic Transient Program. 8. Explain EMTP for transient computation. 9. Write short notes on EMTP i. ii. Advantages and disadvantages of Electromagnetic Transient Program Applications of Electromagnetic Transient Program. 10. Explain the over voltage induced by faults. and