Self-Disclosing

l {scll-clisclosirrg. th r c s l < i lo T l l l S ( . l l A I ' T E f tI S l N T h N t ) L I )t o h c l p v o u n r r l s L c t lt :a b l c l o t l L rt l t c i o l l o r , r ' i r t g . Aftcrconrplcting L h i sc ' h r t l t t t 'r '.o t ts l r o r . r l lc l . S c l l - c i i s c l ots oer r( l i c u i . 2 oc sirrg,. o cl , s c l l - c l ils L x p l e r nt h c p r , t r p , r s in rtppropr-iat c thc sitr-retiolr. u ' h e t h c rs c l l c l i s e l r r s r -irs t: l. Dcciclc (r )c ( (L l r ' s pt:t'sottrtl et c n t i o n l i l i i r c v c r r l s u , l t c nl r n i n t c r - r ' i c rt.'ri'n Scll-clrsclosrr s- c l r c c l i c n t S c l l c l i s c l o s L ri r to inIornratior . r a c l i c n Li n t h c h o p c o l r r s s i s t i ntg l c c lL h o t r g h t s . c r p c r i c t t c c s . hg cir e l j c n t s ' r - L n c l c r s t a no c l i tn u s c r lt o i a c i l i t a t c i n g s ,e n c l l t c h l t ' i o r - st.o p r o v r i l ci n [ i r - n r ai io n , a n c l 1 o h c l 1 te l i c n l s1 o c l e r c l o l t la c l i c r t ts c l l l r.r t c r v i c u ' cs r cll-clrsclosr" r rc ci l i t a t c s s t r i i t c g i ca s n c lr c s o l v cj s s r , r c s (.r c a t c su c i c l i L i o ntrrru lccls l s l . r L n cc l a n i n s t i ] lh o p c i n r r c l i c t t tw ' l . r o clisclosulc l ' i t h o r t ts L l l ) l ) o r t a l o n cr r n c u '['hcrc ol scll-clisclositrg.rs.itr an b o u ll h c L t s e i r a sb c c r .tr onsjclcrlblc]iscussio inierpcrsonelinttti icrit r.r rrncl sor.t.tc oricntccl intcrvic\\'jng sl<i1lI lLrnriinrsticrlh

I6l

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ChapterNine

have presentedevidenceto substantiate the facilitativeeffectsof an inten icw-ers self-disclosure on the inlen-rcu'rngprocess. ln contrast,some lnter\lewers malntain that intenier'verself-disclosure can changethe focus of the discussionfrom the clientb concernsto those of the rntervierver. when thrs occurs. the naturai flow of the inten'ier,l,rs disturbecl. Intenrewersholding this positionarguethat the inten'ieu'er rs most ellective when ob.jectn.rtf is maintained and selfd isclosures are avoidecl. Althoughlntcrr,ieu'er self-clisclosure occursinfrequentlfin mosLintcr-r'icr,r's, research findrngsgeneraLly indicatethat clientsand inrerr,iewers iind rhc skrll helpful and rmportant lmproveclqualiry and cluanrityof client clisenssion, increased trust, ancl the establishment of a rnore balancedrclationsl.ri;l have becn obsen'cc[ io rcsultfror.r.r the appropriater use ol inten,ierver se 1[-clisclosurcs. T h e s k i l l h a sb c e ni c l e n L i l i ca ds h a l ' i n g a p a r t i c u l a r imporrancc in scll-help grollps. lt is rn.rportant 1or thc inten,iewer to learn both horv ancl lvhcr-r trr employit. The intcn'iewe r decrdes w h a t a n d w h e n t o c l i s c l o sb e a s c do n h i s o r h er p e r c e p l i o n o l a c l i e n t sn e e da n d a b i l i t , v to beneftt liom the iniurnraripn. It is important to clisclctse no morc:than is necessary tcl help thc clicnt. From this chapter.yor,r r.villlearn how to formulate sell-clisclosr-rrcs, holv sell-disclosures alfectclients,anclrvhen it is appropriateto use sell,chsckrsurer. In this chapter,one sell-clisclosure follows another to hclp you doeloP tl-rrs skil1.In an actualinter\.iew, howeve r, the inten iewer should nol Llsc one sellclisclosure after anothcr. T h c l r a r n c si n t h r s c : h l r l t t c lro l l o r , r ' e nr n l e ' r v i e l v l . r c t u , c ca n hrgh school 'l courtscloa r n c la s t u c l c n t . h c c o u n s c l o rh a s h c l p c c lt h c s t L l c l c ni t n thu pa:t, a n c lt h c v h a v c c l c v e l o p c c al g o o c lr c l a t i o n s h i p . ' l - h iis n t c n , i e \ \w i ils reclucsiecl b1'thc stuclcnt (ir to 9 l

w
INIERV EWER:

self-disclosure meanssharing personalinformation about yourself,your experrences,your attitudes, and your feelings A good interviewer drscloses such information when it appearsthat it will help the client Curnr. l'm really u p s e t .l l u s t f o u n d o u t t h a t m y b r o t h e ra n d s i s t e r a r e u s i n gd r u g s . Choosethe most appropilate response. H o w c a n y o u b e s u r et h e y ' r eo n d r u g s ? ( G ot o 9 . 2 ) l n r r R v r r w r nl:' m g l a dy o u f o u n do u t a b o u ti t . I c a n u n d e r s t a ny do u rc o n c e r n( G ot o 9 3 ) lrure RvtewrR: Y o u m u s tb e w o r r i e d . W h e nm y b r o t h e r w a s o n d r u g s ,I w a s r e a l l y w o r r i e da b o u t h i m I c a n u n d e r s t a ny do u r c o n c e r n ( .G ot o 9 . 4 )

9.2 Your answer:

Hoty tun you bt: .sLultht'.y'rton clru.q.s? T h r s q u i : s t i o nc o u l d e l i c i t i m p o r t a n t i n l o r m a l i o n , hor'r'ever, in this chapter, you arc learr.ring to self -drsclose. A self-disclosure inl'olr.estelling the client

Sr'l/-Di'r /osirr" f 63

somethingpersonalabout 1-or-rrself thar relatesro his or her probiem Return to 9.1 and Lr)'ttgatn. 9.3 Youranswer: I ' m g l a c.lr ' o u tn it.l cctn L i n r l o -(s lL L . l o u n to l u Lt t b o u t . ly - o L r( r) r ' l ( f n i . T h i s s e l l - c l i s c k r s urre cv e r r lv sc r y ,l i L t l e r b o u t 1 ' o u .R c t u r nl o 9 . I a n c lt l v r r g a i n l'rrLr nruslhe rrror.r.icil. \\'hcn rrrvbrotht'rtvc.rs on dr-u{s, I u'cr. rs i ' a 1 l v , o r r i t t lu b o u t
i r i r r rI . , i / i t t il r 1 ,/ r l t t / t t /\ ( , i r r , r r / )(, r , 1 .

9.4 Your answer:

C o r r e c t .\ i r u v c r c v c a l c cp l c r s o n a li n l o r m a t i o nt h a t l e t s L h cc l i c n t l < n o u 1 ' 'ou 'l'hc u n c l c r s t a nh cl is lcclings c l i c n r i s m o r c l r l < c 1t1 o, { c c l c o n r l i r r t a l t l c cliscussing t l ' r cp r o b l c n rr i ' i t h v o u . C , o1 o c ) . 5

w
C Lrinr

self-disclosure involves(1) using such pronouns as I or me and (2) reference to some personal feeling or event that is relevantto the client'sdiscussion. Y e s ,l ' m w o r r i e da b o u tt h e m . A n d l d o n ' t k n o w w h a t t o d o a b o u t i t . A s y o u k n o w ,m y f a t h e rd i e d2 y e a r s a g o .M y m o t h e rw o u l d g e t u p s e ti f I t o l d h e ra b o u t m y b r o t h e ra n d s s t e r .I h a v et o d o s o m e t h i n g Choosethe most appropriateresponse Itrtt tRvrtwrR I t m u s t b e d i f f i c u l t for you Why don't you talk to a relative aboutit? l would ( G ot o 9 6 ) lnrrRvrwrR lNrtavtrwrn I t m u s tb e d i f fr c u l t for youwhenproblems a r i s e l t s i m p o r t a nf to r m e t o t a l k o v e r problems w i t h t h o s ec l o s e stto m e . I f e e l a l o n eu n t i l I d o . ( G o t o 9 . 7 ) I t m u s t b e d r f f r c u lfto r y o u l r e a l l y t h i n k t h a t y o u s h o u l dt e l l y o u r m o t h e r . She'll (Goto 9 B) h a v et o k n o w e v e n t u a l l y 1 lr n L r s l dilltult/rl 1,,11 fu \ \./ h r , , r / r r r r ' l . r ,, r lL lr rr lh r irr r r r ' l r r l i yc cr b r r u i lll / r y r r r r l r / . T h i s r c l l c t : t i t ro nl f c c l i n g r . t n cl h c l c a c l i n g clucstiot nl ' r r r{to l l o u si t . w r l l b c o l l i t t l cL r s c t o t h c c l l c l r t Y o t rc o u l c lr - r sa c p p r o p r r a ts cc l l ' c l i s c l o s utro t :h c l p t h c cliunlu,ith hrsproltle r n . R c t u r n1 o c ) . 5a r - r c l)' ilg.tilt tr 1 l t r t L i sl lt c d i l l r c u l/L rr ri r h i t ' n rr r r t t ' o Lr r ' h r ' I sr r . i s rI'l.' si m p o r t ( u illo r n t t l r r l r r l hr r r , ' t ' r p r o l r ln er sn , i h f llrrsir/osc.s lo l n r t ' ./ / r ' t ' r r'n r l i /1 i 1 r r . 1r / o n r ( - o r t - c c tT . h i s i s a r r a p p r o p r i a t rs c l l c l i s c l o s L rL rc h a ts h o u s L i . r c t l i c n t t l . i r rv t orr luncLcrstan t lc ' rlcs i t u a t i o n ( l o t o c )c ) 1 l n r u s tb c c l i l l i c u l/tr r r. 1 , r r u i r o t h r ,1.r t ' a 1 l tt'h i n | tt h t t t . v o u . s h o L rlL r 'l/ i y r r L in r5 . fic'i1
i l , it , i , , l , ' t t , , t, rr , r t l t r , / / \ i.

9.6 Your answer:

9 . 7 Y o u ra n s w e r :

9 . 8 Y o u ra n s w e r :

T h i s r el l c c t i o ro t l l c c l i r t gl,o l l o r , r ' cb cy l ' r i ' h ac t oulcb l c r n i l l l l t r o l ) r i i l ittcc l v i ( r w ', ou I hclptl'rc i : l i e r rs t o l v ct h c p r o b l c r rh c h a sp r c s e n t c cllL . ctr-rr tn o c).5 anc. t[ ]) :lLrlur.

Thetiming of an interviewer's self-disclosure is rmportant Premature self-disclosures disrupt the intervrewingprocess. Well-timedand well-focusedself-disclosures enaDte the client to go on with the rntervrewwithout distraction.

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Chapter Nrne

CLrnrr

l'm planning t o g o a w a yt o c o l l e g e i n t h e f a l l .l f I h a v et o w o r r y a b o u tt h i s p r o b l e m , I d o n ' t s e eh o w I c a n g o . Choosethe most appropilate response. T h a tc e r t a i n lc yo m pi c a t e s thingsI . have t h e s a m ek i n do f p r o b l e m at the moment. I m a y h a v et o m o v es o o n ,a n d I w i l l h a v et o c o n s i d em r y f a m i l y( .G ot o 9 1 O ) Youmustfeelconsiderable pressure When l'm facedwith a problemlikeyours, I try t o i d e n t r f iy t sc e n t r aa s p e c tl t s h a r dt o f a c et h e w h o l et h i n ga t o n c e . ( G ot o 9 . 1 1 ) someone w o u l d c o m eu p w i t h a n e x p l a n a t i oo n{ w h y t h a t h a p p e n s( G ot o 9 . 12 )

t^-.-,,.,^,.-. I I \ E N VE V V E h .

lNrenvre weR.

lNre nvrrwrR. l f i n d t h a t a s s o o na s o n e p r o b l e m crops up,it leads to a string o f o t h e r sl.w i s h

9 . 1 0 Y o u ra n s w e r :

7 ' h u lt t ' r t u i n l , , ' c r r n t | l i t a l h t ' is n g sI . h r n ' cl h c s c r m r ' h r n rl p r o b l t ' na t t [ht'nton'tu'tt. o l rrrrrh v d v cl r r l r r r v t ' s r r o r / n , i / lh a v r ' l or r r n . s i r ln crt,n d ot-v l t u n i l v . 'l-his irrclevans L c l l - c l i s c l o s r -rr' i r'c i l lc l i s t r a ctth c c L r c r - r i \ts t h c i r r t c n ' i c w e r\., o u r roleis Lolacilrtatc liscr-rssio nn o,t c i i v c r ti t . l l e t u r n t o 9 . c )a n c lt r ) , a g a i n ) i r u n r L r ./s su ir'n . / ' n rl u c t t lt t , i l h h u p t o b l t m/ i f t c . r o L u/. s l r,y etc /t ' r r t t s i r l t ' r r r b l t ' p n ' sW l r ri r / c n l i / r i l' s c r ' n l r . c crr/s p c i l . l \ h t u t lt o l t t c tl h c n ' h r r [ l' h i n t c i lo r r c r ' . ( l o r r c c t . l ' h r st i n r c l vs c l l - c l i s c l o s u irs co n t o l . r i c a n c ll v i l l h c l p t h c c l i c n t c x p l o r c ( , o t o t ) .13 . his problcnr. I lrntllfrrilcr.s soonrrsoncprrrhli'nt a11)/r.\ r{/r, it /r'crcl.s lo rrslr.irr{ of olhi'i.s. / ryish sonrt'('()111(' rrttt' tr,dtrlr/ t1lttr.'ilh r{,r'r i'rflrrnalirrn rr/rlhv lhttt huppt'r'ts l - h i sl < i r - ro cll' i r r c l c v a n t s c l l c l i s c l o s r , rh ra c s r r o p l a c ci n a n i n t c n ' i c u ' . Rcluln trr
c) t) ancl Lfv ilgailr.

9.11 Youranswer:

9.12 Your answer:

w
Crrrnr

When using self-disclosure, you can shareinformation that relatesto your expeyour current situatron,or possibleeventsin your future. Self-disclosures riences, that relate to your current situatron are most powerful becausethey help the client focus on a particularproblem and deal with rt concretely. I a m a l i t t l eo v e r w h e l m e d . uppose Is l l u s t h a v et o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u tm y b r o t h e r a n d s i s t e rl.f I d o n ' t d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u tt h e m , l ' l l h a v ea h a r dt i m e g o i n g o f f t o c o l l e g eI.d o n ' t k n o w h o w t h e yw o u l d m a n a g e. . . I g u e s s I should t e l lm y m o t h e r a n d l e t h e r d e a lw r t h i t , b u t l l u s t d o n ' t k n o w h o w s h ew o u l d c o p e Choosethe most appropilate response
llltrHvrrwr n

A t t i m e s ,I f e e l r e s p o n s r bfl o e r o n e o r b o t h o f m y p a r e n t sW . henthat happens, I o f t e n u n d e r e s t i m a th eo w w e l l t h e y c a n c o p e W h e n I d i s c u s s problems with t h e m ,l ' m s u r p r i s ea dt h o w w e l lt h e yc a nd e a lw i t h t h e m .( G ot o 9 . 1 4 ) W h e n m y f a t h e rd i e s ,I k n o w l ' l l h a v et o a s s u m e r e s p o n s i b i l iitn y t h e s a m ew a y you have And thatwill create problems i n m y l i f e .I g u e s s l ' l lt r y t o f i n d s o l u t i o n s s n m y o w n . ( G ot o 9 . 1 5 ) t o p r o b l e mo W h e n I w a s y o u r a g e ,I o f t e n f o u n d i t h a r dt o d i s c u s t sh i n g sw i t h m y m o t h e r . I t r i e d t o s o l v ep r o b l e m s o n m y o w n , b u t l a t e rI w i s h e dI h a d a s k e dh e r f o r h e l p . ( G ot o 9 1 6 )

llltrRv twrR

INTERV EWER

-Sr'l/-Dis lo.s rru

165

9.14 Youranswer: At times, l.feerl rr.sprrnsibb \\/hcn thot happuts.l ofttn o.lm.ypcu'tnLs. lor oneor boLh
tLnd,crt'stimaLe hrrrlu,ell thty can cope.\,Vhen J c/iscus.s problunsryifh ihon, 1'msur, pristcl ctthrrwn'e/l thty cctn ttith thnt. clt'crl Correct. Thrs seli-disciosnrc I'ocuses on rhe present srruationand hclps the clie nt icle n t i f \ -a n L m p o r t a nitt s p r - co t f h i s p r o b l e m C , ot o c ) . 1 7 . 9 . 1 5 Y o u ra n s w e r : Wht'n ntt lctthe t.clics. l lorotl I'11 hcn'c [()rls.sLun('rt'sponsibi/il.l rr,.iv.],oLr in tht'srrnrc h r t l c .r \ n 1 1 t h u t w i l l L t L ' ( t lp (rlbl('tns i n n r . \1 , i / c l g u c s s1 ' 1l1 r l l o f i n r ls r r h r l r o n l rs r ()n ()n'lr. lrrlrll'p1.5 r11.v f -l-his rcsltortsc locr-tsc cs n t i f c l ) ' o n y ( ) u a n c lo l f e r s l i t t l e r to the clicnt. Helplul scll-clisclosr-rrcs usr-tailv clcalr'i'ithproblcnr situationsthal havc bccn rcsolr,ccl ()r ()\'crc()tllc, nttt tirttr-tghts abtttttLhc lLtturc. \'OlrrrcspOlrsc shor-tlcl cncorlrltgc tl'rc c l i c n t ,n ( ) tr l i s l r a ch t i n r l l c t u r nL o9 . l l a n c lt n ' a r a i n . \.l/hr', r lrr r i . t s . y ( ).trl,rg r/' ,( ) f l d n i t h t t t cllo r l i s r ' u s s i i r r sr l ' i l hn r v n r o l h t ' r lh J.l i i r ' t / /()und () )l.trb nn , l l t t t t t . lr v i s h c c I r rs r r / r .y 'e rrrrblt'n rn sn t . \(1 t ih a c r l ishr'c hlt ' rl o r h t l p . T h i s s c l l t l j s c l o s r - tr s cr r p p r o p r i a t c . u t i t i s n j a s p o r . r ' c r l tirrls( ) n ct h a t l i r c u s c s b on lhc l)rcscnt llctunr to c) I J lrncltn, rrgarn

9.'|6 Your answer:

Self-disclosure allows the client to know the intervieweras a person, facrlitatrng a grealet level of lrust and open discussionbetween the two. However, it is important for the interviewer to dssessthe purpose of the self-disclosure and ensurethat it rs for the client'sbenefit and not the interviewer's
C L r r n t I don't really t h i n k m y m o t h e rc a n c o p ew i t h m y b r o t h e r ' a . s n d s i s t e r 'p sr o b l e m I

don't really k n o w ,t h o u g h .l h a v e n ' t l e t h e r h a n d l e v e r ym a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t r e s since m y f a t h e rd i e d M a y b el s h o u l dt e l l m y m o t h e ra b o u ta l l o f t h i s ,b u t l ' v e always f o u n d i t h a r dt o t a l k t o h e r .I d o n ' t r e a l l y k n o w h o w t o q o a b o u tr t Choosethe most approprraterpspon5e
INTERV EWER: INTERV EWER:

I c a n ' tt a l k t o m y m o t h e qe i t h e r S . he's always b u s y ( G ot o 9 1 8 ) Y o u k n o w ,m y m o t h e r ' s f u n n y :W h e n l t h i n k s h e ' s l i s t e n i n gs , h e d o e s n ' th e a ra t h r n g( . G ot o 9 1 9 ) l f i n d i t h a r d t o t a l k t o m y m o t h e r ,t o o . l t ' s a l l r i g h t o n c e l ' m s t a r t e d , but it's ( G ot o 9 . 2 0 ) always difficult for me at the beginnrng

t ^,-.-,,.,^,.-. tL\I rhv rvvrh

9 . 1 8 Y o u r a n s w e r : I ccrn't IulLr. lrr nr-r, nrtrlhe i, t'ilhr'r-Slre li alrlrrys lrus-r,. -l-hcrc i s l i t t l ei n L h r s scll-cIrselosL th rr act i s r c l o a n t t o t h c t l i c n t l sp r o l t l c n r . Yttur rcsltonsc r . r ' i lc l l i s t r a ch t i t n l r o t r t c o r r s i c l c r i ntg h c l t ' c l i n g sl r c h l r sa b o r - r t conrrnunic'rrtin i ,g i'itir i r i s n r o t h c r .R c t u n tt o 9 . l 7 r t r . r c t ri; , a g r r i n . 9.'19 Your answer: ) i r u h n o n ;n t . y r r r r t h t ' r . i s . / i l r\n vt.' r r \ '.h l thinlr s h c \/ r . s t e n i n g , . s h r ' r l rh er s'n l rl h i r r r . r l' c 'l-his s c l l - c l i s c l o s uc rc l o c s n tf c l a t ct o t l r e c l i c n t . s problcnr. T l ' r cc l i t ' n t h r r st o l c l v o L lt h i l t h c h a s c l r i l r c L r l tc vl i s c u s s i r gi n g sr v i t h h i s n t o t h c r -l,t r r t I o u r l o n t tr lr l < n o ur n v t i t i n ga b o r - r hti s t r r r t h c r sl r s t c n i r ra gb r l i t i c sT o b u i l c ln r r i t r r . L r lr L r s r .

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(-hapterNine

tnlormation that can assistthe client ancl relatestc) )rolrmLlstsharepersonaL t h e t o p i c L r n c l ec rl i s c u s s i o n . e t u r nL o 9 l 7 ; 1 n r 1r r ' r . ; ' r i n R 9 . 2 0 Y o u ra n s w e r : I lm,cl it hurclto tulh to nt.,molho; tr.rtr. Il\ ull right onL(I't11 sLctrttcl, bnl illsulrvctys rltllttultlor ntt' ttt thcbegrirniirg. C-orrect. This sell-clisclosure locr-rscs on \.our rcretion 1r);1situeti()ns i i r i L a rt c r thechcrrt-s B.y ' r c i e a l i n t gh i s i n f o r n t a t i o n r, ' o Lh r e J pd c l e l o pm u t u a lt rust ;rncl stimLllaie relo'rrnL cliscr-rssio nl . C ot o 9 . 2 I .

Clientsoften find tt difficult to share personal information They may be afrard that sharingsuch rnformatronis inappropriate,they may be uncomfortablewith self-disclosure, or they may not know how to self-disclose. Under thesecircumstancet the interviewershould model the sktllof self-drsclosing for the client. Be careful that the client does not begin to focus on your concerns by asking direct questionsof you. Should this occur,answer briefly and brrnq the focus back to the client

Crrrnr. I r e a l l y s h o u l dd i s c u s s my concerns w i t h m y m o t h e r l ' v e k n o w n t h a t f o r a g e s .I

guess i t ' sj u s t l r k et h e o t h e rt i m e sl ' v e h a d t o d i s c u s t sh i n g sw r t h h e r I k e e pp u t t r n gi t o f f , t h r n k i n g a b o u ti t . . w o r r y i n g a b o u ti t . a n d t h e nw h e n l t a l k t o h e r ,l w o n d e rw h y I w a i t e ds o l o n g l ' l l t e l l h e rw h e n I g o h o m e I t w o n ' t b e e a s y . B u t I n e e dt o a s s i sm t y brother a n d s i s t ea r sw e I a s c o n s i d em r y plans for college. Choosethe most appropriale /e\ponse
IntrHvrtwrR I o f t e n f i n d t h a t w o r r y i n g a b o u ts o m e t h r n g i s m o r es t r e s s f u l anactually th doing

i t A n d w o r r y i n gk e e p s m e f r o m d o i n g o t h e rt h i n g s ( G o t o 9 2 2 )
INTERV IWt R

T h r n k r na gb o u tt h i n g s b e f o r e h a nid sr e a l l y a problem f o r m e I d o n ' t k n o ww h a t I c a n d o a b o u t t ( G ot o 9 2 3 ) l ' v eb e e nt h i n k r n g a b o u tc o l l e g e a s w e l l ,b u t I c a n ' td e c i d e whether to qo oacK I t ' sa d i f fi c u l td e c i s i o n(.G o t o 9 . 2 4 ) I o l t c n l i n t ll h . { l l r , ( ) r . r v i r t f ,r gr r L sirtr t n c l h i rir.ts n r o t ' . s l r t ' s s /lL / nr r r l u u l l v hra drring il. , , \ n ru l ' r rtt. v i n tf t c t ' p n s r r '/ r r r n r L / r r i rt rr . lg hr'r l/rints. (.orrccL . o L t r . s ccl l t s r ' l o s t tir Y rc tvitcs t h c c l i c n tt o s l i l ) ' o r Lro l t i c a n c lc l a r i l r , t h c r c l c v r t t tit s l ) c ( r to sl h i s l t l o b l c n r .f l c t t c e ,; o u r - s c l l c l i s c l o s r - r c r r nu p p n r p r r ; 1 1 q is r l o c l c ll r r rt l t c c l i c n t ( l o t o 9 . 2 5 .

llrrrnv ewrn

9.22 Your answer:

9.23 Your answer:

7-hinlrin rg rlrrrL i l i i r t sb t ' l o r c h t t n lh t l n ' a i / l 't t p r o b l t ' n ' t . l o is nrt c . l i / r r r r 'flt n o r .rrl'h r r l1
t ttn Llo ttl'toul il.

-l-his s c l l c l i s t l o s u r .e ch a n g c s L h c t o p i r rt o o n c o l ; ' o u r p r o l t l c m sr r n c lc o r , r l c l i : a s i l v] c u c lt o a r l i s c u s s i o o n l 1 ' o u rs i t u a t i o ur a t h c r t h a n t h c c l i c n t . sS c l l , clisclosurc ss ltoLric l llc o n t o l ) i c .t l a r i l l t h e s r t u a t i o na , r r ca l c l v a n ctrI r e i n t c r v i c u . R c t u r nt o c ) . 2 1a n c lt r ; , r r g a r n

e.24 Your answer, i;;;fi :,:llifilt

cthoLil collt'gr' r.\ryt'1/, butt tcut't clticllvht'thi'r togobcrr lr.lrlsa

Sclf-DisL.losing 167

Instead of assisting theclientro clarif,v thesituation, your self-dlsclosure changes the focusof the intenrewfrom the clientto you. You'r.e changed ths ttrpre and burdened thechent wrthyourproblem. Rerurn to 9.21andtry agarn.

w
CLrrnr

self-disclosureshould help the client focus clearly and accurately on a particular problem and on the resources that can be used to solve that probtem. Theinterviewer'sdecisionto self-disclose needsto be a consideredone and not delivered impulsively. Y o u k n o w , w h e n I c a m e i n , I t h o u g h t m y p r o b l e mw i t h m y b r o t h e ra n d s i s t e r t e f r o m g o i n gt o c o l l e g eB m i g h tp r e v e n m . u t n o w , a s l ' m t a l k i n ga b o u t i t , I d o n ' t t h i n k r t s j u s t t h a t I t h i n k l ' m a f r a i dt o l e a v e home. Choose the mosl appropriate response. lnrrRvrrwr n: W h e n I w e n t t o c o l l e g eI,t h i n k I f o u n d i t d r f f i c u ltto l e a v e h o m e ,t o o . ( G ot o 9 . 2 6 ) lNrrnvrrwrR: U n t i lI c l a r i f y m y t h o u g h t s ,I s o m e t i m e f so c u so n t h e w r o n g r e a s o n for a probl e m ,t o o . I o f t e n f i n d t h a t a f t e rI s o l v e , c a n m o v eo n t o a t t e n dt o one problemI ( G ot o 9 . 2 7 ) others.
INTERV EWER:

Its strange b u t w h e n l t h i n k a b o u t m o v i n gt o a n e w p o s i t i o n i n a n e w c i t y ,I g e t uptrghtt , o o . ( G ot o 9 2 B ) Whr'n1 nre nl kr colle.Jr'. I thrnhI lountlit tliilicultto lt'civr' honrr', kro. T h i s s e l l - c l i s c l o s LiL srtc o o g c n c r a lt o h c i p t h c c l i c n t l o c u sa c c u r : r t e l ; , oa r rp a r t i c u l a rp r o b l c t no r r e s o u r c.eR e L u r n L o t ) . 2 5a n c lt r y : r g a i n .

9.26 Your answer:

9 . 2 7 Y o u r a n s w e r : L l n l i l I t l u r i l , . n v r h o u g h t .I s, s o r n t ' l i r n e . s . / oo iu n .ls h r ' r v r o n gr c a s o n lor u prtbl c n r ,t r r r rI. o l t t n l i n r l t h u t u l t ( r I s r r l i , t o ' n r 'p o b l , : m , 1 ( . t n n ? ( ) \ .o '( r'. t L ot t l t t , n d Lct o/hcr.s. 'l-his C-tlrrcct. sell'clisclosrrlc rtc atcs to thc situation L h a t h c c l i e n tr s c l c s c r i b i n g . You'r'e also oflercdrr rncthocl ol app'oachrr-rg his siturrion.Cioto t) 29. 9'28 Your answer: /f \ slrangehul n'hcnI thinhrrlroulrntrr.'in,g l0 ct norr po.sition irr ct rrr'u., cil.t,. 1 ,qcl u p l r t h l ,l r r o . -l-his s e l l - c l i s c l o s uirs co l f t o p i c , l b c r - r s c os n ) , o L ra plr o v i c l c s n o u s c l u li n l o r , r.rc nraLion Ior the clicnt.RctLlnL t ( )9 . 2 5 a n d t r y r g r r i n .

An interviewermust be able to rationalizethat using self-disclosure at that time will benefit the client. An interviewer's self-disclosures should be conciseand should not overshadow, deny, or put down what the client hassaid C r r x r : l r e a l l y a m a f r a i dt o l e a v eh o m e a n d g o t o c o l l e g el h a v e a l o t o f d i f f i c u l t y m a k i n gn e w f r i e n d sl ' l l b e s o l o n e l y t h e r e .I s u p p o s e it really w o u l d h e l pi f I k n e w h o w t o g o a b o u t m a k i n gn e w f r i e n d s . Choosethe most appropriate response lrurrRvtrwrR l f i n d t h a t l ' m b e t t e ro f f a t h o m e r a t h e r t h a n o u t t r y i n gt o f i n d n e w f r i e n d s ( .Go to 9 30)

r68

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lNrrRvtrwrR Trying t o m a k en e w f r i e n d s and failrng always m a k e sm e f e e l w o r s e .l ' v ef o u n d t h a t i t ' sb e t t e rt o s t i c kw i t h o l d f r r e n d s(.G o t o 9 . 3 1 ) lNreRrrrrwg ao .rting S o u t t h i n g sa h e a do f t i m e r e a l l y h e l p sm e . ( G o t o 9 3 2 ) 9.30 Your answer: I.lintl tlutL 1'nrlrcttr'r. oil ut homc rcttht't thtm onl trl,in.qt() /iii./ nctr'/i'irnc/.s Your sclf-clrsckrsr-rrc cliscouragcs thc c l j c n t l ' r o n re x p l o r i n g1 - r o s s i bs olutions lc t o h i s d i l er r r r r r a n c lc o u l c ll c a c lt o a r o l c r c r , c r s arl, r ' i l h thc clre nt locnsrng on ; ' o u . I l c t u r n l o t ) . 2 9a n c lt r t a g a i n 7 i . t ' i r rl g o t t t c { i lir t 'f t r ' f ri r ' n c lr.r sn r f l r r i l i r ra n i r h r 'n sr r '/ i ' , ' /u , r r r s c / '.v e/ o u r r rl lh c r l g/ n ' c i yrs il.s hr'llcr l r rs l i r ' h n i l h r r / c/ 1 r.ir'rrc/s lrl hrs 1tt'cVrt)L sL t iS l t c n r c l r tt,h c c l r c n l s r - r g g c s t e acp l o s i t i V ct n o v c t h a t c O u l c l rcclltcc t r t t t c lo r l ] t i se n r r c t vi r l r o u g t o i n gi r \ \ ' a ) ' l c c)o l l c g c . ' l - h i ss cll-clisclosurc ) n c lt r ; , a g a i n . c l i s c o u n its h i r ts o l u t i ( ) nR . c t u r nt o t ) . 2 1a

9 . 3 1 Y o u ra n s w e r :

9 . 3 2 Y o u ra n s w e r : - j r r r . l i n r.rL r i l h i i r l r t r h r ' r rr1 r1 /l l r r L r r ' r t 1 1 r , h r 'r/n |s c. ( - o t - t ' c t t\ .i r r - r rs c l l - c l i s c l o s u rc cn c o L r r i r g c ts hc clicnt to cxplorc appn,priirte \\'irvs t()ri'orl< t l t r o n u l 'h r i s r r n x i c t v( , o t r t t ) l l

lf self-disclosure does not work-that is,if the client deniesor disavowsany similarity between hrsor her situation and yours or feels uncomfortable with the information-rt rsprobably better to refrain from further useof self-disclosure C r i r n r . Preparing a h e a d h a s n ' th e l p e dm e t n t h e p a s t ,p a r t i c u l a r liy n t h o s es i t u a t i o n s w h e n I h a v es u c hl i t t l e t i m et o w o r k o n t h i n g s . choo:e the mosttppropr taterc5pon5e Inttav r w r n : l f i n d s o m e t i m et sh a t I m u s t m a k et i m e t o p r e p a r e i t i t ' si m p o r t a n t enough (Go to 9 34) I nr r n v r w r n . Y o u h a v e n ' tf o u n d p r e p a r a t i < t n o b e u s e f u lt o y o u w h e n t i m e i s p r e c i o u s( G o to 9 35) I r r i H v r r w r nM . y e x p e r i e n cr e st h a t p r e p a r a t o n always h e i p s ( G ot o 9 3 6 )

9.34 Your answer:

/ / i i t c / s r r t t t t l i n tlrl 'ts r t l1 n t t i s lr t c t h t ' l i t t t l t o p t ( ' p L t t it/' i l i s i n r p r r i l c r /rt' ln ( ) L i ! h . \\'hlr client-s l r l i l t o l i n c l a n v s i r n i l a r i L ;l,r c L u , c c ri r hcir.sitrration r r n c l\ r , L u s i t i s r r o t l t c l p l i r l t o n r e l i cr r n v r r i i c l i t i o r r r l l l c l i s c l o s u r c sl . src i c t u r n t o t ) . 1 3 a n c lt r y ' Irgern.

9.35 Your answer:

) i r r rh r r y t ' r rl'o l p t t ' l t t t t t t l i ( l)(n ) / r r , r . i s t ' /l L r.1 () \ , ( )lL . tl ' h r 'ln inrr'is1rn'riorrs. -l'hcuntl (-orrcr't. c l i t : r t t h r r s r t ' j c t t c r l v o L r rs c l l - c l i s t losLrrc. l l . c l l c c t i n gr ' ( ) n t c n li l t t h l s p o i n t i s ( ) n c \ \ ' r l v t ( ) r c c ( ) \ ' c rl r o n t t h c l a i l c d s c l t c l i s c l o s L t r c(.i o t o t ) . 1 7 .

9 . 3 6 Y o u ra n s w e r :

,\1t'erlrr't'ienr t' rs IlrrrI r ttLion.ri n,.r\,.\ hr'l/)s. 1ttt'ptt \ \ ' h c n e l i c n t sc i c r t vt l . r a t L l - r c r ic s a r t r , , s i n t i l a r i tb l e t u ' c c nt h c i r s i L r - r a t r o an ncl l r r r u1 r ronI t ' o t t r sr.' e ru r t l r t l L r : tr r is c I l l t l i : . l t , s L t r Rc r ' l l t f n 1 , rr t 1 l i U t ( ]l l \ . l t J i n .

\il/-Di', losrir- 169

Perils of Self-Disclosure The skillof self-disclosure is one that can be particularly problematic to beginning interviewerswho frequently believethey are assisting the client with statementssuch as "l know exactly how you feel. My . "-on| to end up talking about themselves and overwhelming the client with their concerns, self-dtsclosing has been shown to be an effective interviewing technique when used appropriately.However, extensive use of interviewer self-disclosure can be problematic. lnterviewers who self-disclose foo frequently risk being viewed by clients as rn need of assrstance themselves, with a consequent negatrveeffect on the client'sconfidencein the interviewer.when using this skill, the interviewer must keepthe focus on the clientand the client'sneeds Advantagesof rnterviewerself-disclosure . . . . . Models the skrllfor the client Helps normalize client feelings and difficulties Encourages fhe drscussion of sensitive material Provides new insightsand perspectives Givesencouragementand reassurance Disadvantagesof interviewer self-disclosu re . . . . . May overwhelm clients May distract chentsand change the drrectionof the interview May be seen by clientsas irrelevantand unconnectedto their concerns May set up competitron with chents May lead to a role reversalrn which the client becomesprotectiveof the interviewer

q'"'v, f.4 M.

Y:3 'Wt

w%,

Cultural Considerations
Bccorlin{rt ntuLticLrlturac l lo vntltctclti tn t r ' r v i c w c r i s r rL o a l u , es t r i v c l o r -[he clLrrin( g) L l r crtrccrs lollori'ing s r - r g g c s t i orn ,s r , , in l lr o v cv o r r c l o s e r' tou'rrrc t l r a tg o r r i . lt. Bcconre all'rtrc ol thc sourccs oI clisconrlor t n c lc i i I c r c n r . c t a sl t l r tr r r c gfoLlps. t ultural l ) r c s c u lto r ; ' o u r i i t h c l i c n t sl r o n rr l i l t c r c n c b. LJccorlc ar,r,arc ol negalivcrtnclltositrr.'c lt'clingstolvrrrdthosc lnrnt r llce o t h c r n r u l t i c L r l L L rg rr ail) L ( l )ts l u t n r a yi,n t c r l c r cI , r , ' i ty ho r - t c tivutr.ss c . R c i t t c t t r l t c r . tc hlc ivcrsit;'tha t lil<cly is t o b e ; r r e s c nrtu r ( ) n sr n o r l r c r so 1 ' a n v c u l t r - r r r!r rlo L l l l r l . I l c a r ia r c o l t h c r c l a t i o n s h i lltt c t u , , c cc nL t l t u r c a n c l1 t o r . r , c r . e. Vrtluerncliviclr,rals I,i'itoI<nou,' r'norcLhanonc lrrnguagc. l'. Bc ur,r,rre ol tltc vrrrioLls \\'itvsthrrt cliscr-irninatlort rlrry bc priL(.l i(.c(I. g. Rcrlrzc L i u r tl c a r .r r n x i c t t r ,, tncl v u l n c r a l t i l i t y , m ab vc h i c l c l c n bchincl silencc unclothcr w'rn.s trl nrarraging clrstrcss. h . I l c a l i : c t h c l i r n r t so i 1 ' o L rm cl rtntltctcnce r ultict-ritura Bc aurrrcthat in some culturcsself-clrsclosing rs r,aluccl, n'hcrcas in others jt is t'onsiclcrccl inapltrr-rltrirrtc. Thttscr,r'ho havc unclct.gonc trai,rrnatic c x p c r i c r - r cn cs ral iir.rd s e l [ - c l i s c l o s uv rc -c r) clifllcula t n c lp r c l c rt o n r o i c li t .

,7')

170

C h : r p lre Ninc

3. when sell-clisclosing n'itl'ra person of another cukural alfiliatjon,inforn-L r.ourselfof the meaning ancl r-rse of sei1-clisclosing u'ithin rhc cr.rlture. Basecl on this knolr'ledgeancl the progress of the inten'ien,, clecicle trn rhe bene l i t o [ ' r , r s i na gn c lm o c l e ling the skrll

Resources
,\rrcnclonclo . . c r r D A n c l r c a .N '.l ( 2 0 0 3 , A p r i l ) . T l r c c r - r l t L t r u P ar l r i v c r s r r l i tg yl a n r i et y : r ' r - r l rr-rrre b i l i La yn , c ll c a r s C o u n s c l i nl c rrclrry 2,6 , 2 8

Review Questions
Inclicate r i l t c t h c r c r r c ho l t h c l o l l o u ' i n gs t a t c n t c r l t s is truc or Ialsc. 5cl[-clisclosufc elt]tlrc r,rscc t i( ) ( l c m o n s l r a t c t h a l i t i s r r l t l t r - o l t n i t t lc () rcVcel p c r s o n a l i n I o r n r a ti o n c lL r nn L l r n rn t c n ' i c r , r ' . 2 . . , i l t l i - ,1 , , ' t t k . . i l i , l I l ) l ( r l r t r l l l r ' . t r lr r rl i t t t r . i r r . r Ii l r t t . r r r , \ \ . l. Sell-clrsclosur c v i l c s t h c c l i c n t t o s h a r c l t c r s o n a lj n l i r l r l r r t i o r r tn uitl'r Lhc l

rlt I c r'\'r c \\'cf. Scll-clisclosL srlrrc o r - r lb cc l u s c ct lo clrstrac t t r t :c l i c n t l r o n rs p c c i l ' i p c nrblcnrs ,) S c l l - c l i s c l o s r lc srh oLric bl c u s e cr l r si r c c l L r c n t r ly r sl . l o s s i i r l c . (-) 5 c l l - c l i s c l o s u cn c r a l l v grc lrrcrlrtrrtc s r slt) c t \ \ ' e ctn rL hc inlcr.\'rcwu cr ncL thc clicnt 7 S c l l c li s tl o s r r r c i s o l t c r rr - r s etc ol l r c l p t h c t l i c n t I o c u so n e s l t c c ilic l)ror)rcnr. , 9 . 5 c l l - c l i s c i t ) s L lt f lc ts r r ll o t I r s r r r rl ) r l s t r:.\l)cficnt.c as r-c thc lll()Sc l llceti\'(

Rcvicw Answers

I ) ) 4 5 () 7 8

I i u t ' . I i ) ' o L la n s \ \ , c r c cllr r l s r 'f,o i o c ) . 2 1r r n c il c r i el l fcr/sr'. l l v r ) u r l l t s \ \ , c r c cl lr L i c ,f ( ) t o t ) . t ) u n c l r c v i c r , i , , -hu,'. l l \ ' ( ) L li l n s \ \ , c r c r ll i r l s r ' , g o t o t ) 2 l r r n c il t ' r ' i r . r r f i t / s t ' . l l v o u a n s r , i c r c c/lr i r r ' .g o l o t ) . ( . l)t n c l r c v i c u f i r l s t . I l \ ' ( ) r ru n s \ \ , c r . c c l rl u t . g o t o t ) . l l u n t l r c v r c r , i I l L r r ' l. l \ ' ( ) L l r u t s \ \ ' c r c c/lc r / s t , g ( ) t o c ) . I 7 r r n c lr c v l c \ \ , -1lut'. t) lI v()Lr i ] n s \ \ ' c r c rf l r r l . s tg , o to 25 anci rcvirr.r f ' c t / s r 'l . l \ , ( ) Lr l ui', go Lo 9.I J rlnclrt'r'rr'rr l tns\\'('rcc lr

l l l r v c o r t r t o r e o l \ ' ( ) L l fr c s l ) ( ) n s c s \ \ ' c r c i n c o r r c c t , y ' o u s h o L r l r lr c t u r n t o c ) I i r n c l r c v i c r , it l r c n r r L c r i a l i n t h i s t ' h a 1 t t c r .

Points to Remember About Self-Disclosing

l . \ \ ' l l t r N Y C ) LS JELf;-DISC-LOSI cc r s o n a i a . l n c l L r c lp lnlornraLion rclcr.,an t t h c c l i en t s s i t u r t t i o n to b. ftocrrs o l t \ r ( ) u rp r c s c n tc r r c u n r s t a n c c sr , l - r r r, n p ()sslr)lc

I 7l -Sclf-Disclixirrg c. Be able to defrnethe bcnefir trf the response. SELF-D]SCLOSURE: that rs personrrlll' r. Ene t r u r a [ c st h c c l i e n t t o s h a r ei n f o r m a L i o n meaninglui r ancl the chent. b. Incrcasers trust bet\,vecn the inten'ier,r'e inlornratttrn. and personal c. Enhanccs the client'-s abilitv to shareleehngs LJ S ES E L F - D I S C L C ] S U R E : on problcmrs anclarailabic a. To hclp thc clicrrtlocuselcllv rrntl:retur.ttclv fesources. b. \\Jhcn vour rcsl)r)11sc \\'on'[ overshaclou', dcnl: or ncgatcthc c]icnt-s
lcal lotl . cn lll lTrLtn

r rLh the clicnL. c . A I i c r 1 ' r ' rh r cg l o o c lr c i a t i o n s h i lr.v u a v ec s t a b l i s l ' r c cl.ln nrocicration.

Activity Unit
ntcr.r'iuu's F i n c lL w o o l h c r s u , h o h a v c a l s o r c a c l L h r sc h r p t c r . R o l c - p l e 1 ' s h o ri t lrrie l l c c o r cc l ircir l intcr . n c lo b s c n ' c r - r o l c s a l t c r n a t i r rt g h e c l r c n l .i n l c r v i c u ' c ra I i Y c r n l c r V i c \ r , crrc s l ) ( ) n s c s . An intcnrcw Vu'ith I'icr.r,Or a .u t c l i Oo - r Vicletltape s.s l r l l i t i c n t l o r t h i s c x c r c t s c . i n c l L r c l i no gn c o l ' r . n , . r r sc c l i c l i s c l o s l u ' cis n trrrrbinat.ion wiLh otlre r besie l n t e r v i e w e r r o l e P r a c t i e cs c l l c h s c l o s i r r ig i n t cr v i c l v r n g s l <Iil s . L h cp r o g r c s s o l t h c i n t c n ' i c i i ' s ol h r : C l i e n t r o l e B c c o r ) l ) c r a t i vrc ncl llcilitaLc C g- l i c n Ln sr i r \ ' \ \ ' i m it o r o l c rnLcn'icu'c cri l l r l ) r ' i r c t i ctc hc sl<ilo l l scll-clisclosirr nrcurbcr L r rt r ) c l r i r ( [o n c o l t h t ' { i r l l o r i ' p l r r ; ' t h cp r o b l c n ro l r r l i i c n c lo r l r r n r i l v ing rolcs: orlrng ebLrsivc il-rlirrt: encl thc risl<s ol bce A parcnt conccrnccl rrbor-rt clisc l v i t h r r c l il l i c L r l t - t o - n r l n a g cc l'rrlcl r l lanrilr A hr-rsbancl or r.r.'i1c contcrncclabout lrn incrcrrstin t h c r r u n r b eo
n1c n ts rlfgLr A n c m p l o l ' c t ' h a v i n g l n L c r l l c r s o n ur l l i l { i c L r l t i cr s. i ' i t ha t r i t t t n r e c l i r r t c srrl)cfVls()r ol'lcnsc , \ p c r s o n v c r ) ' L r l ) s c to v c r b c i r r g c h i r r u c c lr v i t h l r t t r i n o r t r r t l ' l ' i c

cn I u r v i c r r ' atn c lc o m p l c t ct h c P r a c ' t i c l Observerrole ()pcrrrtc t h r : ec p - r i p n r c n 9l). C h e c k l i s(t s e c l r r b l c lnLurr icu intcn'iell'ancl tl'rcPractiec Postinterviewdiscussion LisingLhctapcci cl t h c i n t c r cll i s c r - rts h sc p r ' r l o r r r a r r co Checl<lis d t a l u .t h e p a r t i c i p e n t s h o L r l c r '.u ' h i cs hh o u l c b l c nonv i c u ' c r . . \ 1p 1a r t r c i p a n l c s a n l c a r n I r - o r rtr l-ris cliscussion j u c i g m c n t a lI,o c u so n p o s i t i v ca s r , r ' e r r c s l ) r ) n s ca sn . c ls t i m u l a t c l li sl c s se l l c c t i v c improve lor all. cl pcrlornrance

I72

C.haprer \ine

Practice Interview Checklist

InterviewerResponsea
Activity A p p r o p r i a tn eo n v e r b a ble h a v i o r Ontopic S e l-fdi s c l o s ru e Other a p p r o pd r l e. n t p ' v t e w i . r g reSponse Effective responseb
zr c e a c hr e s p o n s e . " C h e c kt h e a ( t r vt i e s t h a t c h a r a c . t e r ' l n d c a t e t h e d e g r e eo 1 e f f e c t v e n e s o s f a s c ae f r o m 1 t o 5 , r n w h c h 1 i s n e t f e c t v ea n d 5 s very ellecl ve.

Activity Unit
LJsing tlrctrrPc ol rrnirrterVicr prr o c l u c c r in l A c t i V i t l , L i n itt) I r t r i l r c t r i l t co l ertothcr i n t c n i c r , rc , 'n . t c r L h co r i g r n l l i n t c r v i c r ir ' c s l ) o n s cls t c l o r i ' .l - l r c n l)fit(1icc I o r t t t l t l r t trc t l t c L t e r ( ' s p r ) n sL cr rI ' c p l a c c r r c h o r i g i n a lo n c i n L l t cs l . r r r c pc roviclccl ( ) r j t i n r r l r c s p o n s cI

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Orlginal rcsponse5

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