WCDMA Radio Network Capacity Planning

WCDMA Radio Network Capacity Planning
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Mexico Training Center
Confidential information of Huawei.
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Revision Record
Date 1-07-2007 Version 1A Change description Author Victor Toledo
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Table of Contents
1 Traffic Model........................................................................................................ 9 Service overview............................................................................................ 9 QoS type ..................................................................................................... 11 Traffic Model ................................................................................................ 12 CS Traffic Model ......................................................................................... 13 PS Traffic Model .......................................................................................... 14 2 Uplink Capacity Analysis ................................................................................ 20 Uplink Interference Analysis- Uplink Interference Composition.................... 24 Uplink Interference Analysis- Uplink Load Factor ........................................ 23 3 Downlink Capacity Analysis ............................................................................ 26 Downlink Interference Analysis.................................................................... 29 4 Multi-service capacity estimation procedure ................................................. 30 Network capacity restriction factors ............................................................. 30 Downlink Channel code resources .............................................................. 32 Channel Element ........................................................................................ 34 Iub Interface Capacity ................................................................................. 36 Typical capacity design methods-Erlang B formula ..................................... 37 Typical capacity design methods- Equivalent Erlangs ................................. 41 Typical capacity design methods- Campbells theorem............................... 42 5 Network estimation procedure ........................................................................ 45 6 Capacity enhancement technologies.............................................................. 46 Transmission Diversity................................................................................. 46 Sectorization ................................................................................................ 48
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Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:
Grasp the parameters of 3G traffic model Understand the factors that restrict the WCDMA network capacity Understand the methods and procedures of estimating multi-service capacity Understand the key technologies for enhancing network capacity
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Foreword
WCDMA is a self-interference system WCDMA system capacity is closely related to coverage WCDMA network capacity has the soft capacity feature The capacity planning of the WCDMA network is performed under certain traffic models
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1 Traffic Model
Service Overview
The WCDMA system supports multiple services Variable-rate services (e.g. AMR voice) Combined services (e.g. CS & PS) High-speed data packet services (384k service) Asymmetrical services (e.g. stream service ) Large-capacity and flexible service bearing The WCDMA system provides the users with flexible and diversified services, which is an important characteristic of WCDMA. In different propagation environment, the WCDMA system requires reaching different target transmission rate values, e.g., in highspeed motion, the rate is up to 144 kbps; in case of walking, the rate is up to 384 kbps, and the rate in indoor environments is up to 2 Mbps. The WCDMA system supports the variable-rate service, hybrid service, high-speed data packet service (multimedia); supports uplink/downlink rate-asymmetrical services (Internet access); considers the future service development requirements, and provides sufficient capacity and data bearing capability of flexible rate matching methods. The QoS of the WCDMA service is described by data rate, bit error rate (BER), transmission delay, and delay jitters. Different services and service composition proportions affect the WCDMA performance significantly. Therefore, the WCDMA network planning analysis should be based on the prerequisite of a certain traffic model estimate.
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QoS Type
Table I.- Services and quality of service.
For the session-type service, requirement on end-to-end delay is strict. For example, for the voice service, the delay is required to be smaller than 150ms, and must not exceed 400ms; otherwise, it will be difficult to understand the voice. The session-type services are typically carried by the CS domain. For the session-type services, the system can perform no queue processing for the calls. In this case, we can use the Erlang B formula or the extended Erlang B formula to calculate. Compared with the session-type service, the stream-type service imposes low requirement on the end-to-end delay. Generally, the stream-type service tolerates the call waiting to a greater extent, and can provide the call queue mechanism. In this case, we can use the Erlang C formula to calculate the blocking probability of this type of users (defined as the probability of the call waiting for a specified time). Interaction-type service refers to the service through which the user requests data from the server. The service is described with the terminal users request response pattern. Therefore, round-trip delay is the most important index of this service type. The interaction-type services are typically carried on the CS domain. The background-service tolerates delay to the greatest extent, and can tolerate the delay of a magnitude of an hour. Due to such great delay tolerance, the system can save such requests in the busy hour, and respond when the channel becomes idle; meanwhile, for such services, once a request with higher QoS comes in, the processing can be stopped at any time. The
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system decides startup and termination at any time, the above formulasErlang B formula and Erlang C formula are not applicable. Generally, according to the difference between the maximum number of channels and the busy-hour average occupied channels, we can calculate the traffic of the background-type service. The users of traffic-type services also tolerate the call waiting to some extent. The system provides a queue mechanism, and uses the Erlang C formula to calculate the blocking rate.
Objectives of Setting Up Traffic Model
In order to determine the system configuration, we need to determine the capacity of the air interface first. In the data service, different transmission model will generate different system capacities. We need to set up an expected data transmission model of the customer so that we can plan the network properly. In order to set up a right model, the operator should provide some statistic data as reference. The system has many key performance indicators, e.g., coverage, spectrum efficiency, which are closely related to the type of service carried by the system. Therefore, in order to predict the performance of the WCDMA system in carrying a certain type of service, we must know the service features. Service features are represented by the traffic model.
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Traffic Model
Traffic model is a means of researching the capacity features of each service type and the QoS expected by the users who are using the service from perspective of data transmission. In the data application, the user behaviour research mainly forecasts the service types available from the 3G, the number of users of each service type, frequency of using the service, and the distribution of users in different regions. Contents of a traffic model
The contents of a traffic model consist of service patterns and user behaviours. Service pattern refers to the service features, and user behaviour refers to the conduct of people in using the service. In the actual application, service pattern is closely related to, and sometimes is no strictly different from, the traffic measurement model.
Figure 1.- The contents of the traffic model.
By determining the service pattern and the user behaviour parameters, we determine the traffic models of various services in the network. By calculating the hybrid services of multiple traffic models, we determine the network system configuration.
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Typical Service Features Description
Typical service features include the following feature parameters: User type (indoor ,outdoor, vehicle) Users average moving speed Service Type Uplink and downlink service rates Spreading factor Time delay requirements of the service QoS requirements of the service For each service, since the channel structure and demodulation method are different, the required uplink rate is different from the required downlink rate even for the same service type and the same data rate. For a typical service, we first need to identify whether it is uplink or downlink rate. A typical service can be described by the following parameters: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) User type (indoor users, users inside a vehicle, outdoor users) Users average moving speed (km/h) Voice, real-time data, non real time data Uplink and downlink service rates (kbps) Spread factor (SF) Signal delay requirement of the service (ms) The above parameters
ultimately determine the QoS requirements of the service.
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CS traffic model
Voice service is a typical CS services. Voice data arrival conforms to the Poisson distribution. Its time interval conforms to the exponent distribution. Key parameters of the model: Penetration rate BHCA Mean busy-hour call attempts Mean call duration (s) Activation factor Mean rate of service (kbps) (Erl)For CS service, mean busy-hour traffic (Erlang) per user = BHCA * mean call duration /3600 (Erl) (kbps)Mean busy-hour throughput per user = BHCA * mean call duration * activation factor * mean rate of service (kbps) In the actual application, service pattern is closely related to, and sometimes is no strictly different from, the traffic measurement model. CS Traffic Model Parameters Mean busy-hour traffic (Erlang) per user = BHCA * mean call duration /3600 Mean busy hour throughput per user (kbit) (G) = BHCA * mean call duration * activation factor * mean rate Mean busy hour throughput per user (bps) (H) = mean busy hour throughput per user * 1000/3600
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PS traffic model
The most frequently used model is the packet service session process model described in ETSI UMTS30.03.
Figure 2.- Packet service session.
Figure 3.- Packet session description.
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PS Traffic Model Parameters
Figure 4.- Parameters used in the PS traffic model.
The service pattern-related parameters in the traffic model include: these parameters commonly determine the pattern of one session. We identify the service types through the different values of the parameters. Packet Call Num/Session: Takes on the geometric random distribution Reading Time (sec): Takes on the geographic random distribution Packet Num/Packet Call: Takes on the geographic random distribution Packet size: Takes on the Pareto random distribution When using the parameters, the average values will apply. Parameter Determining
The basic parameters in the traffic model are determined in the following ways: Obtain numerous basic parameter sample data from the existing network. Obtain the probability distribution of the parameters through processing of the sample data. Take the distribution most proximate to the standard probability as the corresponding parameter distribution through comparison with the standard distribution function.
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We have determined the traffic model parameters. The linchpin is to determine such parameter values. The parameter value varies between different services. ParetoGeneral standard probability distributions include: logarithmic normal distribution, Pareto distribution, geometrical distribution, and negative exponent distribution.
Typical Bearer Rate (kbps)
Bearer rate is variable in the actual transmission process. BLER: In the PS service, when calculating the data transmission time, the retransmission caused by erroneous blocks should be considered. Suppose the data volume of service source is N, the air interface block error rate is BLER, the total required data volume to be transmitted via the air interface is:
During the planning, according to the actual situation, we select the typical value of the bear rate. It will affect the activation factor, but will not affect the correctness of the planning result. Block error rate belongs to QoS. The service control mechanism will retransmit the erroneous blocks. This will increase the traffic to be transmitted. PS User Behavior Parameters
Figure 5.- User behavior parameters for PS.
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The country, region, life custom and economic level will affect the service distribution. In the planning, we divide the users into high-end users, mid-end users and low-end users, and believe that the BHSA and penetration rate are different between different types of user groups. Currently, we can only use the existing analysis to make prediction. In the future, the progress of the construction of the WCDMA pilot system will provide us with reference.
Penetration Rate
The percentage of the users that activates this service to all the users registered in the network. BHSA
The times of single-user busy hour sessions of this service User Distribution (High, Medium, Low end) The users are divided into high-end, mid-end and low-end users. Different operators and different application situations will have different user distributions.
PS Traffic Model Parameters
Session traffic volume service
Byte
Average traffic of single session of the
Data transmission time (s) purpose of transmitting data.
The time in a single session of service for
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Holding Time s
Average duration of a single session of service
Active factor: The weight of the time of service full-rate transmission among the duration of a single session.
Busy hour throughput per user (Kb):
PS throughput equivalent Erlang formula (Erlang)
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2 Uplink capacity analysis

Uplink Interference AnalysisUplink Interference Composition
Basic Principles
In the WCDMA system, all the cells share the same frequency, which is beneficial to improve the system capacity. However, co-frequency multiplexing causes interference between users. This multi-access interference restricts the capacity. The radio system capacity is decided by uplink and downlink. When planning the capacity, we must analyze from both uplink and downlink perspectives. Interference is the main factor that decides the system performance of the cellular system. The interference in a cellular system consists of two parts: co-frequency and adjacent frequency interference. All users in the WCDMA system use the same band. All the users are different by modulating the respective signal to the code sequences that are mutually orthogonal. Therefore, the receiving signal is the sum of all user signals and the channel noise.
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Receiver noise floor PN
Boltzmann constant, 1.38 TKelvin temperature, normal temperature: 290 K WSignal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3.84MHz
K 10lg(KTW) = -108dBm/3.84MHz NF = 3dB (typical value of macro cell BTS)
IOwn Interference from users of this cell
Interference that every user must overcome: is the receiving power of the user j , Under the ideal power control : is active factor
Hence : The interference from users of this cell is the sum of power of all the users arriving at the receiver:
:Interference from users of adjacent cell

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The interference from users of adjacent cell is difficult to analyze theoretically, because it is related to user distribution, cell layout, and antenna direction diagram.
Adjacent cell interference factor
When the users are distributed evenly For omni cell, the typical value of adjacent cell interference factor is 0.55 For the 3-sector directional cell, the typical value of adjacent cell interference factor is 0.65
Uplink Interference Analysis
Define
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Suppose that: All the users are 12.2 kbps voice users, the demodulation threshold Eb/No = 5dB Voice activation factor vj = 0.67 Adjacent cell
interference factor i = 0.55
Figure 6.- Total Interference calculation.
Uplink Interference AnalysisUplink Load Factor
Define the uplink load factor
When the load factor is 1, threshold capacity.
is infinite, and the corresponding capacity is called
Under the above assumption, the threshold capacity is approx 96 users.
Uplink Interference AnalysisLoad Factor and Interference
According to the above mentioned relationship, the noise will rise:
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Figure 7.- Noise raise against Load factor. Uplink Interference AnalysisLimitation of the Current Method
The above mentioned theoretic analysis uses the following simplifying explicitly or implicitly: No consideration of the influence of soft handover The users in the soft handover state generates the interference which is slightly less than that generated by ordinary users. No consideration of the influence of AMRC and hybrid service AMRC reduces the voice service rate of some users, and makes them generate less interference, and make the system support more users. (But call quality of such users will be deteriorated)
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Different services have different data rates and demodulation thresholds. So, we should use the previous methods for analysis, but it will complicate the calculation process. Since the time-variable feature of the mobile transmission environment, the demodulation threshold even for the same service is time-variable. Ideal power control assumption The power control commands of the actual system have certain error codes so that the power control process is not ideal, and reduces the system capacity Assume that the users are distributed evenly, and the adjacent cell interference is constant. Considering the above factors, the system simulation is a more accurate method: Static simulation: Monte Carlo method Dynamic simulation
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3 Downlink Capacity Analysis

Downlink Interference AnalysisDownlink Interference Composition
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Suppose the power control is desired, we obtain
Then
Because
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Then
Resolve PT to obtain
where ij is the adjacent cell interference factor of the user, defined as:
According to the above analysis, we can define the downlink load factor:
When the downlink load factor is 100%, the transmitting power of the BTS is infinite, and the corresponding capacity is called threshold capacity. As different from the theoretic calculation of uplink capacity, and in
the downlink capacity formula are variable related to user position. Namely, the downlink capacity is related to the spatial distribution of the users, and can only be determined through system simulation.
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Downlink Interference AnalysisSimulation Result
Figure 8.- Result simulation for downlink interference analysis.
Downlink Interference AnalysisSimulation Result Analysis
When the transmitting power of the BTS is 43dBm (20W), the supported maximum number of users is approx 114. In order to ensure system stability, we do not allow the mean transmitting
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power of the BTS to be more than 80% of the maximum transmitting power, namely, 42dBm. This way, the supported number of users is 111.
4 Multi-service capacity estimation

Network capacity restriction factors The WCDMA network capacity restriction factors in the radio network part include the following: Uplink interference Downlink power Downlink channel code resources (OVSF) Channel element (CE) Iub interface transmission resources Uplink interference If the uplink interference of the BTS reaches a certain extent, the terminal will be impossible to meet the requirements of demodulation quality through improving the transmitting power, and the terminal will be impossible for access or service. Downlink power When the downlink transmitting power of the BTS reaches the load threshold, no redundant power is available for allocation. This will make the terminal impossible for access or service.
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Downlink channel code resources In the downlink direction, scrambles are used for identifying the cells, while the channel codes are used for identifying the channels. The WCDMA system uses the orthogonal variable spread factor (OVSF) code sequence in a tree distribution. The actually usable code sequence set is made up of the code words of SF=4~128. Channel processing unit In view of cost, the Channel element will be configured to full capacity. In this case, the circumstance may occur that no channel units are available for allocation.
Iub interface capacity The Iub interface currently still uses the E1 link as physical media, which may a bottleneck to the radio network capacity. Downlink Transmit Power
The downlinktransmit power has two parts: one part is used for common channel, and the other part for dedicated (traffic) channel.
The transmit power is allocated by the cell to each user varies with service demodulation threshold, propagation path loss and the interference received by the user The downlink transmit power of the cell is shared by all the users in the cell We generally use the simulation method to analyze the downlink interference.
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Figure 9.- UE number against downlink NodeB power.
The transmitting power allocated by the cell to each user varies with service demodulation threshold, propagation path loss and the interference received by the user. The propagation path loss is related to the users position relative to this cell. The users position relative to the adjacent cell BTS and this cells BTS, and the transmitting power of this cells BTS and the adjacent cell BTS decide the interference received. The downlink transmitting power of the cell is shared by all the users in the cell. When the maximum transmitting power among the downlink transmitting powers that arrive at the BTS reaches a certain threshold, the new users will be impossible to access. Therefore, we can define the ratio of the downlink power of cell to the maximum transmitting power of the BTS as the downlink load of the cell. Due to the complexity of the downlink capacity analysis, we generally use the emulation method to analyze it. Downlink Channel Code Resources
The WCDMA network use the codes whose SF is 4~512. The smaller the SF is, the higher the supported data rate will be.
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In the code tree, the allocable codes should meet the following conditions: No codes on the path from this code to the root node of code tree are allocated No codes in the sub-tree whose root node is this code are allocated Try to reserve the code words whose SF is small, so as to improve the utilization efficiency.
Figure 10.- OVSF codes. The generation of the channel code uses the Hadamard matrix. The downlink OVSF codes are like a code tree, and the SF is spread factor. In the process of code allocation, it is appropriate to try to reserve the code words whose SF is small for purpose of improving utilization, because the code words whose SF is small can support higher data rates and can be split into code words whose SF is larger.
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Downlink Channel Code Resources
Figure 11.- Example of code resources allocation.
Channel Element (CE)
The Channel element the quantitative data that measures the resources
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logically occupied for service processing. The resource occupied by the service processing is mainly related to the spreading factor of this service. The smaller the SF is, the greater the data traffic will be, and more resources will be occupied. The SF of typical services are: AMR12.2kbps CS64kbps PS64kbps PS144kbps PS384kbps SF=128 SF=32 SF=32 SF=16 SF=8
Due the technical features of the WCDMA, compared with the 2G systems such as GSM, the RNC and Node B present enormous capacity. For example, for the fully configured NodeB, the number of channels of one carrier is 128, which is more than 10 times of that supported by a TRX of GSM. One uplink processing unit of our NODEB 1.3 has the processing capacity of 128 12.2kbps voice channels. One 3*1 WCDMA BTS is equivalent to the GSM sites of one S10/10/10. At the beginning of the WCDMA network construction, so high a capacity is not a necessity, and only a portion of it is required (e.g., 10%). If we offer the quotation based on the maximum hardware channel capacity of TRX like the GSM, it will make the operators incur enormous cost and mismatch the user quantity. To reduce the initial investment, the operator is bound to pay the equipment price to the supplier according to the actual use capacity, and, subsequently, pay more equipment prices with the increase of the user quantity. This way, the operator will reduce the initial investment and mitigate the risks. If we define the resources required for processing AMR 12.2kbps services as a channel processing unit, the number of channel processing units occupied by other services is:
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AMR12.2kbps CS64kbps CS144kbps CS384kbps PS64kbps PS144kbps PS384kbps
1 4 8 16 4 8 16
The relative proportion of the services with different SFs can be calculated in the following formula (related to version): Num_SF128/128 + Num_SF64/64 + Num_SF32/32 + Num_SF16/16 + Num_SF8/8= 1
The channel unit of service can represent the channel resources occupied when establishing the connection. It will be used when calculating the hybrid service capacity of the cell. It is used for calculating the number of required channel boards and the number of channel processing units configured on the board. Iub Interface Capacity
The contents transmitted on the Iub interface include: The user data encapsulated in the AAL2 format (common channel and dedicated channel) Signaling data encapsulated in the AAL5 format BTS operation & maintenance data
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Figure 12.- Protocol stack for Iub interface.
When calculating the Iub interface traffic, it is necessary to calculate the throughput rate of each service type. According to the planned user quantity, we obtain the total traffic of the Iub interface, and estimate out the transmission configuration of the Iub interface.
Factors to be considered when estimating the interface capacity: Frame coding efficiency. Through segmentation and encapsulation of the application data at each layer, the data quantity at the bottom layer will be increased to different extents compared with the application data at the upper layers. Traffic. More users will generate more data traffic. Maintenance efficiency. Certain bandwidth is required in the background maintenance for BTS data transmission.
Typical capacity design methods Erlang-B Formula
The Erlang-B formula is used for estimating the peak traffic that meets
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certain call loss rate when the average traffic (Erlang) is given. The Erlang-B formula is only used for Circuit switched services Single service The WCDMA system provides CS and PS domain multi-services which are determined by the radio network planning.
Figure 13.- Variation of demand with time.
In the CS domain, we use the Erlang quantity to express the traffic volume. Assume the traffic arrival takes on a Poisson distribution. The prerequisite of the Erlang-B is the requests of resources take on a Poisson distribution, namely, its variance is equal to its mean value. If, when a service establishes a link, the service requires the resources which are more than the unit resources, the resource request is no longer equal to its mean value, and the Erlang-B formula is not applicable in this case. Comparison of multi-service capacity estimation methods : Post Erlang-B Equivalent Erlangs Campbells Theorem For the unitary CS services, the resources are estimated in unit resources, e.g., a
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64kbps timeslot.
Post Erlang-B
By summing up the capacities required for different services, we obtain the capacities required for the combined services. No consideration of the resource efficiency of different services
Figure 14.- Post Erlang B (-) resources calculation.
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Method of using the Post Erlang-B: First, calculate the channel resources required according to the traffic volume of each service, then sum up the channel resources required for all services. This method is vulnerable to overestimation of the channel resources. We will understand this through the following example. Consider that two services share resources Service 1: 1 unit resource/connection.12 Erlang Service 2: 3 unit resources/connection.6 Erlang Calculate capacity required for each service Service 1: 12 Erlangs require 19 connections (19 unit resources), meeting the 2% blocking rate Service 2: 6 Erlangs require 12 connections (equivalent to the 36 unit resources of service 1), meeting the 2% blocking rate Total 55 unit resources
Consider that two services use the same resources Service 1: 1 unit resource/connection.12 Erlang Service 2: 1 unit resource/connection.6 Erlang Calculate capacity required for each service Service 1: 12 Erlangs require 19 connections, meeting the 2% blocking rate Service 2: 6 Erlangs require 12 connections, meeting the 2% blocking rate Total 31 unit resources However, the reasonable results should be: 18 Erlangs require 26
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connections for meeting the 2% blocking rate. As seen from the above example, two services with the same unit resources have 18Erlangs in total. The actually required channel resources are 26 resources. However, according to the Post Erlang-B method, 31 resources are required. So this method obviously overestimates the required channel resources.
Equivalent Erlangs
By converting the bandwidth from one service to another service, combine different services and then calculate the required capacity. Selecting different services as the measurement benchmark will lead to different capacity requirements.
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Figure 15.- Equivalent Erlang estimations. The equivalent Erlang method is to convert the service of two service with different unit channel resources to the total Erlangs of one of the services, then search the Erlang-B table to obtain the total channel resources required. In this method, if selecting different services as measurement benchmark, different channel resource requirements will result. Consider that two services share resources Service 1: 1 unit resource/connection.12 Erlang Service 2: 3 unit resources/connection.6 Erlang If using service 1 as measurement benchmark, the two services are equivalent to 30 Erlangs in total. 30 Erlangs require 39 connections (39 unit resources), meeting the 2% blocking rate
If using service 2 as measurement benchmark, the two services are equivalent to 10 Erlangs in total. 10 Erlangs require 17 connections (equivalent to 51 unit resources of service 1), meeting the 2% blocking rate As seen from the above example, if the calculation uses service 1 as benchmark, the result is 39 channel resources; if the calculation uses service 2 as benchmark, the result is 51 channel resources required. The difference between the two results is 12 channel resources.
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Campbells Theorem (I)
The Campbell theorem introduces the mean value and variance, so that the multiservice capacity calculation result is more proximate to the actual value compared with the foregoing two methods. Here, the amplitude ai represents the channel resources required for a single connection. Generally, we specify the amplitude of the Voice12.2k service as 1, hence:
Amplitude of other service relative to the Voice12.2k service = (service bit rate * Eb/No) / (Voice12.2k service bit rate * Eb/No of Voice service)
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For the same GoS, different services require different capacities. According to the calculation method of the Campbell theorem, as calculated respectively on the benchmark of service 1 and service 2, the obtained two results will be only 2 channel resources different from each other. The comparison of the different capacity method
Post Erlang-B Service 1 (1 unit resource/connection, 12Erl) and service 2 (3 unit resources / connection, 6Erl), requiring 55 unit resources in total Equivalent Erlangs Calculated Calculated according according to to benchmark benchmark of of service service 1 2 (1 (3 unit unit resource/connection, 12Erl), a total of 39 unit resources are required resources/connection, 6Erl), a total of 51 unit resources are required
Campbells Theorem In the same conditions, 47~49 unit resources are required in total. As illustrated for the three methods above, we assume that the conditions are identical, calculation result through the Post Erlang-B method is 55 channel resources required; the calculation result through the Erlang method is 39~51 channel resources required; and the calculation result through the Campbell method is 47~49 channel resources required. The calculation result through the Campbell theorem is more
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proximate to the actual value compared with the other two methods.
5 Network estimation procedure
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Figure 16.- Network estimation flow.
6 Capacity Enhancement Technologies

Transmission Diversity
TxDiv
Txdiv has two types in WCDMA system: Open loop TxDiv

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Closed loop TxDiv TxDiv could improve downlink capacity Need additional amplifier Need equipment support Dont need additional antenna
Figure 17.- Transmission Diversity feature.
Gain of TxDiv The gain is obtained due to additional amplifier Pure gain is obtained due to TxDiv technology
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Figure 18.- Downlink capacity with Tx diversity.
Gain of TxDiv The gain is obtained due to additional amplifier Pure gain is obtained due to TxDiv technology TxDiv should reduce downlink power TxDiv should reduce requirement of Eb/N0 Usually ,closed loop TxDiv would obtain more gain than open loop TxDiv.
Figure 19.- Comparison of target Tx Eb/No.
Transmission diversity can enhance the downlink capacity and coverage. Conclusion of capacity enhancement of transmission diversity STTD mode: Capacity increase of 17 ~ 24%
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TxAA(1) mode: Capacity increase of 16 ~ 23% TxAA(2) mode: Capacity increase of 31 ~ 37% For the single-antenna transmitting, transmitting diversity can obtain extra gain to enhance the capacity and coverage. In the WCDMA system, transmitting diversity breaks down into two types: open loop transmitting diversity, and closed loop transmitting diversity. The latter is subdivided into two modes. Different transmitting diversity modes obtain different gains. Here the calculation of capacity and coverage of gain is similar to that of receiving diversity. The main affecting factor is the downlink capacity coverage and capacity.
Sectorization
In the dense urban areas and the normal urban areas with high traffic, increasing sectors of the BTS is a method of improving the capacity. 6-sectors BTS generally use the antenna whose horizontal lobe is 33 The capacity of a 6-sector BTS is 1.67 times that of a 3-sector BTS The capacity of a 3-sector BTS is 2.77 times that of a omni- BTS When there are many sectors, e.g., 6 sectors, it is necessary to plan the mount height, azimuth angle and down tilt angle of the antenna carefully.
In order to obtain higher capacity, the sector azimuth angle should be designed as mutually complementary to prevent blind area of coverage. For 3sector and 6-sector circumstances, the azimuth angle can be planned with the
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regular hexagon apex excitement method. The down tilt angle of the antenna should be designed properly to align the upper half power point of the antenna lobe with the cell edge. From perspective of the BTS capacity, when the cell radius is small, the capacity of a 3-sector BTS is 2.77 times that of an omnidirectional BTS, and the capacity of a 6-sector BTS is 1.67 times that of a 3-sector BTS. When the cell radius increases, the sectors will increase, and the sector antenna gain will be higher. For the uplink, the coverage performance will be better; for the downlink, the coupling loss will be less, and the downlink capacity will be higher.
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