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Francis V. Mapile, P.E.E.

SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE

1. INTRODUCTION PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION CODE (PDC) CHAPTER 7. DISTRIBUTION OPERATIONS

Article

7.5. Distribution Maintenance Program

requires

the Distribution Utilities (DU) to prepare Distribution Maintenance Program based on forecasted Demand, Users provisional Maintenance Program, and requests for maintenance schedule:
3-year Maintenance Program Annual Maintenance Program Monthly Maintenance Program

SERVICE LIFE

Electrical Equipment designed for certain economic service life Equipment Life dependent on operating environment, maintenance program, quality of the original manufacture and installation Beyond Service Life Period they are not expected to render their services according to its expectations with desired efficiency

GENERAL CAUSES OF EQUIPMENT FAILURE MUCH EARLIER THAN EXPECTED ECONOMIC LIFE SPAN? Poor quality of raw material Workmanship and manufacturing techniques Frequent electrical, mechanical, and thermal stresses during the operation

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

Replacement of failed power equipment either before or after their economic life

WHAT AN ELECTRICAL ENGINEER IS EXPECTED TO DO?

Explore new approaches/techniques


Monitoring Diagnosis Life

Assessment and Condition Evaluation Possibility of extending the life existing assets (i.e., circuit breakers, transformers, etc.)

Minimize service life cost Ensure reliability of power supply at a minimal cost

WHAT IS THE MAIN GOAL?

To reach a COST EFFETIVE SOLUTION using available resources ASSET MANAGEMENT MECHANISM

ASSET MANAGEMENT MECHANISM


OPERATE EFFICIENTLY High Performance REASONABLE RETURN Low Cost

SAIFI, SAIDI Power Quality Power Availability Reduced loss, etc.

Investment O&M Stocking, etc.

ASSET MANAGEMENT Balancing cost, risk, and performance in the context of asset full life cycle

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
Assessment of the internal condition of the equipment while in service before catastrophic failure can take place Types of Maintenance

Breakdown

Maintenance Time or Calendar Based Maintenance Condition Based Maintenance Reliability Centered Maintenance

MAINTENANCE WORK CLASSIFICATION

Planned Maintenance
Preventive

Maintenance Conditioned Based Maintenance Statutory Maintenance

Unplanned Maintenance
Routine

and Breakdown Maintenance Incident Maintenance

PLANNED MAINTENANCE

Preventive Maintenance
The

action performed to prevent failure by providing systematic inspection and monitoring to detect and prevent incipient deterioration or failure and includes testing to confirm correct operation. maintenance work performed as a result of significant deterioration or failure, to restore an asset to its required condition standard. The work maybe programmed as a result of condition assessment or as random additions to the program based on priority

Conditioned Based Maintenance


Corrective

PLANNED MAINTENANCE

Statutory Maintenance
Both

preventive service maintenance and condition based maintenance may contain elements of statutory maintenance which is defined as actions performed to provide the minimum level of maintenance to meet legal and other mandatory requirements contained under ERC/DMC regulations and Code of Practice

UNPLANNED MAINTENANCE

Routine and Breakdown Maintenance


Unplanned

and reactive maintenance actions performed to restore an asset to operational condition, as a result of an unforeseen failure.

Incident Maintenance
Unplanned

maintenance actions to restore an asset to an operational or safe condition as a result of property damage resulting from storms, fire, forced entry, vandal damage.

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

CALENDAR BASED MAINTENANCE (Traditional)

CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE


MONITOR DIAGNOSE ASSESS

OPTIMIZE THE MAINTENANCE EFFORT

Development of various state-of-the art on-and off line non-intrusive test Ensuring maximum availability and reliability of the system

WHY CONDITION BASED ?


Too many assets ageing Age by itself is not a good indicator of future performance Able to fully justify decisions in terms of proven engineering principles Able to make sound asset management by understanding asset condition

CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE


Define asset current condition and use this to estimate future condition and performance A sound engineering basis for evaluating risks and benefits of potential investments strategies

Need Consequences Condition

and future performances

DEFINE ASSET CONDITION (HEALTH INDEX)


HI or the condition index link the performance to the Probability of Failure (HI vs PoF) Calibrate HI/PoF against historic fault rates Priority ranking of work Relatively simple but not a substitute for engineering expertise and judgement instead an additional aid to engineers

HEALTH INDEX MECHANISM

A means to define proximity to EOL by combining varied and relatively complex information as a SINGLE number
Define

significant condition criteria Coded numerically Apply weights Rank/calibrate

HEALTH INDEX RANKING


CONDITION 10 BAD REMAINING LIFE (Years) PROBABILITY of FAILURE

At EOL (less than 5 yrs)

High

POOR

5-10 yrs

Medium

FAIR

10-20 yrs

Low

GOOD 0

More than 20 yrs

Very Low

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR CONDITION MONITORING OF TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TYPES OF TRANSFORMER


CORE

TYPE TYPE

OIL-IMMERSED TYPE DRY TYPE

SHELL

CORE TYPE

SHELL TYPE

TYPICAL WINDING CONNECTIONS


DELTADELTA STARDELTA STARSTAR DELTADELTA ZIG-ZAG TERTIARY WINDINGS DOUBLE SECONDARY SCOTT (T-T) CONNECTION AUTO-TRANSFORMER

COIL WINDINGS

Three fundamental requirements


Electrical Mechanical Thermal

ANSI C.57/IEC 60076

TRANSFORMER CORE

Silicone steel Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Amorphous metal

INSULATION

Interlayer of high quality epoxy coated kraft paper Corrugated pressboards are placed within the coil for cooling Thickness in accordance with the voltage.

TRANSFORMER TANK

Hermetically sealed Corrugated fins Cable box

TAP CHANGERS

On-Load Tap Changer Off-Circuit Tap Changer

AUXILIARIES

Pressure Relief Device Gas and Oil Relays (Buchholz) Temp Gauge Fan Controls Conservator Tank Radiators etc

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR CONDITION MONITORING OF TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER INSULATING OIL AND PAPER DIAGNOSTICS

OIL QUALITY TEST

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

OIL QUALITY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Visual appearance Colour Flash Point Viscosity Density Pour Point IFT Particle Count

Moisture content Acidity Corrosive Sulphur Oxidation stability Sludge Sediment DBV PF

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

INSULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER

OIL

PAPER

Provides overall insulation to the transformer Act as coolant Provides a means to monitor insulation condition and operation of the transformer

Provides insulation to conductor in the windings Stress relief

TRANSFORMER STRESSES

Primary Stress

Electrical Mechanical Thermal

Continuous Cyclic Intermittent

Secondary Stress

Ageing rate due to primary stress Test done

DETERIORATION OF THE INSULATION CONDITION

REVERSIBLE CONDITION

IRREVERSIBLE CONDITION

Oil insulation condition can be reversed through the filtration Can reduced the effect of aging Can prolong serviceability of the oil insulation

Paper insulation degradation Transformer life is determined by the life of its paper insulation

INSULATION DEGRADATION

3-Most common degradation factor of insulation


Degradation by-products

Thermal Presence of Oxygen Presence of Water and Acid

CO CO2 H2O Organic Acids 5H2F (Furaldehyde)

OIL SAMPLING

Follow procedure ASTM D923 & D3613 (IEC 60475 & IEC 60567)

Factors in taking oil samples


Sample container Sampling technique Weather condition Sample storage and transport

IEEE C.57.106 LIMITS-OIL QUALITY TEST


Colour IFT Neut. No. Dielectric Strength

Water Content

0.5 > 25MN/m for <69KV <0.2 mg KOH/gm >20kv for <69kv for 1mm gap <27ppm for <69kv @ 50deg C

DISSOLVED-GAS-IN-OIL ANALYSIS IEEE LIMIT Hydrogen (H2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Methane (CH4) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Ethylene (C2H4) Ethane (C2HO) Acetylene (C2H2)

100ppm 350 120 250 50 65 35

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR CONDITION MONITORING OF TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER BASIC ON-SITE & OFFLINE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

BASIC ELECTRICAL TEST

Insulation Resistance Test


Polarization

Index (P.I.) to detect moisture content

Winding Resistance Test


To

detect open or short circuit or poor electrical connections detect shorted turns, open circuit

Turn Ratio Test


To

CATEGORY OF ON-SITE TESTS

DESTRUCTIVE

NON-DESTRUCTIVE

Go/No Go Tests

Diagnostics Condition Monitoring Tests

ON-SITE TESTS Pre-energization After maintenance After network alteration

POLARIZATION INDEX P.I. = R10/R1=I1/I10


Note: Voltage Constant Where: R10 - megohm insulation resistance @10 mins R1 - megohm insulation resistance @ 1 min I1 - insulation current @ 1 min I10 - insulation current @ 10 min

INTERPRETATION Insulation Condition 60/30 sec Ratio Dielectric Absorption Ratio 10/1 min Ratio P.I.

Dangerous Poor Questionable Fair Good Excellent

less than 1 less than 1.1 1.1 to 1.25 1.25 to 1.4 1.4 to 1.6 Above 1.4

less than 1 less than 1.5 1.5 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 Above 4

C0NDITON BASED MAINTENANCE (CBM)


Power Transformer Switchgears MV Cable Feeders LV Cable Feeders LV Equipment LV OH Line Feeders MV OH Line Feeders DC Battery Banks Etc...

Master List of all eqpt Prioritize Group accdng to voltage rating, type, manufacturer, age, etc Technical manuals, manufacturer Maintenance history Assess size of staff Identify task that can be outsourced

THANK YOU !

Engr. Francis V. Mapile, P.E.E.


Member, Board of Electrical Engineering Professional Regulation Commission Member, Technical Committee Wholesale Electricity Spot Market Philippine Electricity Market Corp.

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