Calculations : for A-level CHEMISTRY _. THIRD EDITION as SMe©EN Ramsden 1982, 1987, 1993 All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the publishers: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd, Old Station Drive, Leckhampton, CHELTENHAM GL53 ODN, England. First published in 1982 Second edition published in 1987 Third edition published in 1993 by: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd Ellenborough House, Wellington Street, CHELTENHAM GLS0 1 YW. 00 01 02 03 04 05 / 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-7487-1594-0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 thank the following examination boards for permission to print questions from recent A-level papers. ‘The Associated Examining Board; The Joint Matriculation Board; The Northern Ireland Schools Examinations and Assessment Council; The Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board; The Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations; The University of Cambridge Schools Local Examinations Syndicate; The University of London School Examinations Council; The Welsh Joint Education Committee. Many numerical values have been taken from the Chemistry Data Book by JG Stark and H G Wallace (published by John Murray). For help with definitions and physical constants, reference has been made to Physico-chemical Quantities and Units by ML McGlashan (published by The Royal Institute of Chemistry), I have been fortunate in receiving excellent advice from Professor R R Baldwin, Professor RP Bell, FRS, Dr GH Davies, Professor W CE Higginson, Dr K A Holbrook, Dr R B Moyes and Dr J R Shorter. | thank these chemists for the help they have given me. [ am indebted to Mr J PD Taylor for checking the answers to the problems in the First Edition and for many valuable comments and corrections. I thank Stanley Thornes (Publishers) for their collaboration and my family for their encouragement EN Ramsden Oxford 1993 Typeset by Tech-Set, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear. Printed in Great Britain by Redwood Books, Trowbridge, WiltshireContents Acknowledgements ii cs y Foreword by Professor R P Bell FRS vii viii 1__Basie Mathematics 1 Using equations 1 — rearranging equations 2 — a triangle for rearranging equations 3 — cross-multiplying 4 — calculations on ratio 5 — working with numbers in standard form 6 — how to enter exponents on a calculator 7 — estimating you answer 7— logarithms 7 — antilog- arithms 9 — rounding off numbers 9 — choice of a calculator 10 — units 11 — solution of quadratic equations 13 — drawing graphs 13 — a final point 15 2__ Formulae and equations 7 Formulac 17 — equations 18 3_Relative atomic mass 21 Relative atomic mass 21 —relative molecular mass 21 — percentage composition 23 4 ‘The mole 27 Th = jon of 5 _ Equations and the mole 32 Calculation based on chemical equations 32 — using the masses of the reactants to work out the equation for a reaction 36 — percentage yield 38 — limiting reactant 39 6 Finding formulac 4 Empirical formulae 41 — molecular formulae 42 7_Reacting volumes of gases 46 Gas molar volume 46 — finding formulae by combustion 49 8 Volumetric Analysis 59 Concentration 59 — acid-base titrations 62 — oxidation-reduction reactions 69 — potassium manganate(VII) titrations 76 — potassium dichromate(VI) titrations 79 — sodium thiosulphate titrations 80 — complexometric titrations 88 — precipitation titrations 90 The Atom Mass spectrometry 104 — nuclear reactions 111 i