AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY

1.1.1 ATOMS
1.2.1 ELECTRON STRUCTURE
1.3.1 PERIODICITY
ASSESSED HOMEWORK
Answer all questions
Max 85 marks

Name

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Mark

../85

Paddington Academy

....%

Grade

1.

The Group 7 element bromine was discovered by Balard in 1826. Bromine gets its
name from the Greek bromos meaning stench.
Bromine consists of a mixture of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br.
(i)

What is meant by the term isotopes?

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[1]

(ii)

Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the bromine isotopes.
protons

neutrons

electrons

79

Br

81

Br
[2]

(iii)

Write the full electronic configuration of a bromine atom.

1s2 .................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]

2.

Metal A can be identified from its relative atomic mass.

Analysis of a fifty pence coin showed that two isotopes of metal A were present with
the following percentage abundances.
isotope

isotope 1

isotope 2

relative isotopic mass

63.0

65.0

% abundance

77.2

22.8

(i)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

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[3]

Paddington Academy

(ii)

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of metal A.

Give your answer to three significant figures.
answer ...........................
[2]

(iii)

Use your answer to (iii) and the Data Sheet to suggest the identify of metal A.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 6 marks]

3.

The element titanium, Ti, atomic number 22, is a metal that is used in the aerospace
industry for both airframes and engines.
A sample of titanium for aircraft construction was analysed using a mass spectrometer
and was found to contain three isotopes, 46Ti, 47Ti and 48Ti. The results of the analysis
are shown in the table below.
46

isotope

Ti

47

Ti

48

Ti

relative isotopic mass

46.00

47.00

48.00

percentage composition

8.9

9.8

81.3

(a)

(i)

Explain the term isotopes.

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[1]

(ii)

Complete the table below for atoms of two of the titanium isotopes.

isotope
46

Ti

47

Ti

protons

neutrons

electrons

[2]

(b)

Using the information in the first table, calculate the relative atomic mass of this
sample of titanium.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
[2]
[Total 5 marks]

Paddington Academy

4.

A sample of carbon was found to contain 95% of 12C and 5% of 13C.

The 13C isotope has a relative isotopic mass of 13.00.
Define the term relative isotopic mass.

(i)

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[2]

(ii)

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of carbon to three significant
figures.
Ar = ............................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

5.

Magnesium exists naturally as a mixture of its isotopes, 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.
The isotopes in magnesium can be separated by mass spectrometry. The diagram
below shows a mass spectrometer.
Complete the table below to show the composition of the 25Mg and 26Mg
isotopes.

(i)

protons

neutrons

electrons

25

Mg

26

Mg
[2]

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration of an atom of 24Mg.

1s2 ....................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii) Results from the mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium are shown below.
isotope

24

25

26

relative isotopic mass

24.00

25.00

26.00

% abundance

78.60

10.11

11.29

Mg

Mg

Mg

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of magnesium.

Give your answer to two decimal places.
answer ...............................
[2]
Paddington Academy

[Total 5 marks]

6.

Relative atomic mass, Ar, can be used to compare the masses of atoms of different
elements.
(i)

Explain what you understand by the term relative atomic mass.

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[3]

(ii)

The antimony in a bullet was analysed by a forensic scientist to help solve a

crime. The antimony was found to have the following percentage composition by
mass: 121Sb, 57.21%; 123Sb, 42.79%.
Calculate a value for the relative atomic mass of the antimony. Give your answer
to 4 significant figures.
Ar ...................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]

7.

Carbon is in the p-block of the Periodic Table. Naturally occurring carbon contains a
mixture of two isotopes, 12C and 13C.
Complete the table below for the atomic structure of the isotopes 12C and 13C.
isotope

protons

neutrons

electrons

12

13

C
[Total 2 marks]

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8.

Antimony, Sb, is a metal used in alloys to make lead harder. Bullets contain about 1%
of antimony for this reason.
Antimony has two main isotopes.
(i)

What do you understand by the term isotopes?

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.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii)

Complete the table below to show the properties of particles that make up
isotopes.
proton

neutron

electron

relative mass
relative charge
[2]
[Total 3 marks]

Paddington Academy

9.

The diagram below shows the variation in the first ionisation energies of elements
across Period 2 of the Periodic Table.
2500
N e

2000

fir s t io n is a tio n
1500
e n e rg y
/ k J m o l 1
1000
Li

Be
B

500
0

10

a to m ic n u m b e r

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

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[3]

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energies show a general increase across
Period 2.
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[2]

(iii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of B is less than that of Be.
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[2]
[Total 7 marks]

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10.

In their reactions, calcium and strontium each lose electrons to form ions with a 2+
charge. The first and second ionisation energies of calcium and strontium are shown
below.
1st ionisation energy
2nd ionisation energy
1
/ kJ mol
/ kJ mol1
calcium

590

1145

strontium

550

1064

(i)

Write an equation, with state symbols, to represent the second ionisation energy
of calcium.
.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii)

Why are the second ionisation energies of calcium and strontium greater than
their first ionisation energies?
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[1]

(iii)

Explain why the first and second ionisation energies of strontium are less than
those of calcium.
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[3]
[Total 6 marks]

Paddington Academy

11.

Electrons are arranged in energy levels.

(a)

An orbital is a region in which an electron may be found.

Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s orbital and of a p orbital.

s orbital

p orbital
[2]

(b)

Complete the table below to show how many electrons completely fill each of
the following.
number of electrons

a d orbital
a p sub-shell
the third shell (n = 3)
[3]

(c)

The energy diagram below is for the eight electrons in an oxygen atom. The
diagram is incomplete as it only shows the two electrons in the 1s level.

e n e rg y

1s

Complete the diagram for the oxygen atom by:

(i)

adding labels for the other sub-shell levels,

[1]

(ii)

adding arrows to show how the other electrons are arranged.

[1]
[Total 7 marks]

Paddington Academy

12.

Successive ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in

atoms. The table below shows the eight successive ionisation energies of oxygen.

ionisation number

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

ionisation
energy / kJ mol1

1 314

3 388

5 301

7 469

10 989

13 327

71
337

84 080

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

.........................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii)

Write an equation, with state symbols, to represent the third ionisation energy of
oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii)

Explain how the information in the table above provides evidence for two electron
shells in oxygen.
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[2]
[Total 7 marks]

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10

13.

This question refers to the elements in the first four periods of the Periodic Table.

H e

Ionisation energies provide information about the model for the electron structure of
elements.
(i)

Explain why first ionisation energies show a general increase across Period 3,
NaAr.
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[3]

(ii)

Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the third ionisation

energy of sodium.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]

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(iii)

Element X is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table, NaAr.

The first six ionisation energies of an element X are shown below.
ionisation
number

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

ionisation energy
/kJ mol1

789

1577

3232

4 556

16091

19 785

Predict, with reasons, the identity of element X.

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[2]
[Total 6 marks]

14. In a mass spectrometer, gaseous atoms are ionised.

Explain why less energy is needed to ionise gaseous atoms of rubidium than gaseous
atoms of sodium.
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[Total 3 marks]

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15.

Barium, Ba, was discovered by Davy in 1808. The element gets its name from the
Greek barys meaning heavy.
The table below compares some properties of barium with caesium.
element

Cs

Ba

group

atomic number

55

56

atomic radius / pm

531

435

(i)

Why do caesium and barium have different atomic numbers?

.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii)

State the block in the Periodic Table in which caesium and barium are found.
.........................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii)

Explain why the atomic radius of barium is less than the atomic radius of
caesium.
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[3]

(iv) Predict and explain whether a barium ion is larger, smaller or the same size as a
barium atom.
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[2]
[Total 7 marks]

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13

16.

The atomic radii of nitrogen and oxygen are shown below.

element

nitrogen

oxygen

atomic radius/nm

0.075

0.073

Explain why a nitrogen atom is larger than an oxygen atom.

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[Total 4 marks]

17.

State and explain the trend in first ionisation energies shown by the elements with the
atomic numbers 2, 10 and 18.
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[Total 4 marks]

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