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Troubleshooting: CDP commands: Show CDP neighbors, show cdp neighbors detail, show cdp entry (hostname of neigh

bor) show cdp: shows global status of cdp show cdp interface: shows cdp status over interface show cdp traffic. duplex and speed: autonegotiation disabled if both speed and duplex configured, otherwise neg. will choose highest speed and best duplex setting. if one evice disables neg, other uses neg., second one will choose duplex settin g based on speed: if less than 10Mbps, HD if 10-100 half if 1000 Full Show interface and show interface description to show status of interface. output of previous commands (up/up, upldown,....) first for L1 status, second fo r L2. Show interface status shows interface status as connect (up/up) (view one-word,2 -words interface status code) show interface and show interface status show duplex and speed status for each i nterface Show interface status O/P only implies how speed and duplex are determined. in case of duplex mismatch, interface still in connected status but may work poo rly. to identify duplex mismatch, check duplex setting on each end of the link and wa tch for incrementing collision and late collision counters. L1 problems : errors resulted by cable issues, or EMI increasing CRC errors countesr (input er ror counters ) in the output of show interface command. Ethernet collisions and late collision: Collisions occur as normal part of CSMA/CD logic for half-duplex link, so an int erface with incremented collision counter may not have a problem. late collision: interface recieves frame after first 64 bytes sent. percentage of collision: divide collision counters by the packets output

table page 289. When interfaces are working and MAC addresses table shows that frames could be f orwarded the problem could relate some kind of filtering. LAN switches could be configure d with Access Control List (ACL) that filter frames, also filtering could come from rec eiving router. filtering method for exam: port security o/p types of show mac-address-table: 1/Static overhead MAC addresses used by switch for CDP and STP traffic,frames se nt to those MAC addresses are sent to switch's CPU. 2/statically configured addrsses (e.g. configured with port security feature) 3/dynamically learned addresses. To find number (address) of subnets per classful IP network: 1/if subnet bits are lower than 8, subtract 256-last octet value at the mask, su bnet number is multible of result (256-248=8, subnets 180.1.8.0/21,180.1.16.0.....) 2/if number of subnet bits equal 8 then result is 256 subnet. 3/if no. of subnet bits more than 8 result is 2 to the power of no. of subnet b its ip routing: zero subnet: a subnet for which all subnet bits in a classfull IP are zeros(same as classful IP) Broadcast subnet: all subnet bits are ones, its broadcast address maybe as cassf ul network broadcast address. number of subnets = 2 to the power s, s:number of subnet bits (if zero and broad cast subnets not reserved), otherwise subtract 2. if routing protocol is classless using zero and broadcast subnets allowed. if routing protocol is classful do not use them. if network uses Variable length subnet masking (VLSM: different masks in same cl assful network) using zero and broadcast subnets is allowed. if no ip subnet zero global command configured, no ip address in zero/broadcast subnet used by default it ip subnet zero (allowed) table page 361 WAN cable used by telco uses RJ-48 that has same size and shape as RJ-45.

Console cable (rollover cable) To see list of inerfaces on router use Show ip interface brief (result:name of i nt, IP address , status (up (status)/up(protocol)) to see brief details about particular interface use show protocols fa 0/1 another command : show interfaces (shows also in and out packets STSs). table page 414 to configure ip address on router interface:ip address add. mask. subcommand. show ip int brief: does not show mask, show interface and show protocols and run ningconfig do. clock rate int subcommands:dictate speed used to transmit bits on serial link(bi ts/sec), but only when serial physical link actually created with cabling. show running config:shows clock rate and bandwidth configured values. show controllers ser 0/0/1: shows clock rate. clock rate command only accepted if DCE cable pluged into interface (sown by controller show) or if no cable installed,otherwise command ignored sil ently. bandwidth subcommand:tells IOS speed of the link in Kilobits/sec, regardless of whether router supplying clocking (DCE or not). bandwidth command does not change speed; used for documentation purposes;calcu. related to utilization rates of link, and for routing protocols (EIGRP,OSPF) to set metr ics for routes' choice. Command to copy new stored IOS version in TFTP server into flash memory: copy TF TP flash. copy requires:IP address of server, name of IOS file,flash memory space availabi lity. Copy tftp startup-config: backup for startup configuration. Show flash: shows total, available, used size of flash memory. configuration register:16-bit number set for different reasons. to set value of coon. register:global command: config-register 0x(value) most important reasons to set con.register: to show router what IOs image to loa d and passwords recovery process. config-register0x2100: causes router to load ROMMON OS instead of IOS, a process used to recover lost passwords. (on most Cisco routers default value is0X2102)

con.register new value used next time router is reloaded. Show version: shows current con.register value and next value after reload (if d ifferent) router decides which OS to load based on boot field (low-order bits in con.regis ter) and boot system global con.command stored in startup-config file.(boot system co omands shows router multiple places and their details,e.g.IP address to liad IOS images ) boot system commands example page 428 show version command lists: IOS version, current and next con.register values (if different),reason for last reload (reload command,poweron/off,software failure),no.and types of interfaces, source from which router loaded current IOS steps to load OS: page 426

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