Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of trigonometric functions. We start with powers of sine and cosine.
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate

y cos x dx.

SOLUTION Simply substituting u cos x isnt helpful, since then du sin x dx. In order to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra sin x factor. Similarly, a power of sine would require an extra cos x factor. Thus, here we can separate one cosine factor and convert the remaining cos2x factor to an expression involving sine using the identity sin 2x cos 2x 1:

cos 3x cos 2x cos x 1 sin 2x cos x We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u sin x, so du cos x dx and

y cos x dx y cos x cos x dx y 1 sin x cos x dx

3 2 2 3 y 1 u 2 du u 1 3u C 3 sin x 1 3 sin x C

In general, we try to write an integrand involving powers of sine and cosine in a form where we have only one sine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of cosine) or only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of sine). The identity sin 2x cos 2x 1 enables us to convert back and forth between even powers of sine and cosine.
EXAMPLE 2 Find

y sin x cos x dx

SOLUTION We could convert cos 2x to 1 sin 2x, but we would be left with an expression in

terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor. Instead, we separate a single sine factor and rewrite the remaining sin 4x factor in terms of cos x : sin 5x cos 2x sin2x2 cos 2x sin x 1 cos 2x2 cos 2x sin x
Figure 1 shows the graphs of the integrand sin 5x cos 2x in Example 2 and its indenite integral (with C 0). Which is which?

Substituting u cos x, we have du sin x dx and so

y sin x cos x dx y sin x

5 2 2

cos 2x sin x dx

0.2

y 1 cos 2x2 cos 2x sin x dx

_

y 1 u 2 2 u 2 du y u 2 2u 4 u 6 du

_0.2

u3 u5 u7 2 3 5 7

FIGURE 1

2 1 3 5 7 1 3 cos x 5 cos x 7 cos x C

2 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine enabled us to separate a single factor and convert the remaining even power. If the integrand contains even powers of both sine and cosine, this strategy fails. In this case, we can take advantage of the following half-angle identities (see Equations 17b and 17a in Appendix C): sin 2x 1 2 1 cos 2 x
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate

and

cos 2x 1 2 1 cos 2 x

sin 2x dx.

SOLUTION If we write sin 2x 1 cos 2x, the integral is no simpler to evaluate. Using the

half-angle formula for sin 2x, however, we have

sin 2x dx 1 2 y 1 cos 2 x dx
0

[ (x
1 2

1 2

sin 2 x)

1 1 1 1 1 2 ( 2 sin 2) 2 (0 2 sin 0) 2

Notice that we mentally made the substitution u 2 x when integrating cos 2 x. Another method for evaluating this integral was given in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6.
1.5 y=sin@x Example 3 shows that the area of the region shown in Figure 2 is 2.

FIGURE 2

_0.5

EXAMPLE 4 Find

y sin x dx.
x sin n x dx

SOLUTION We could evaluate this integral using the reduction formula for

(Equation 5.6.7) together with Example 3 (as in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6), but a better method is to write sin 4x sin 2x2 and use a half-angle formula:

y sin x dx y sin x dx
4 2 2

1 cos 2 x 2

dx

2 1 4 y 1 2 cos 2 x cos 2 x dx

Since cos 2 2 x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula cos 2 2 x 1 2 1 cos 4 x This gives

y sin x dx y 1 2 cos 2 x
4 1 4

1 2

1 cos 4 x dx

1 4 y
1 3

1 (3 2 2 cos 2 x 2 cos 4 x) dx

4 ( 2 x sin 2 x 8 sin 4 x) C
1

To summarize, we list guidelines to follow when evaluating integrals of the form

x sin mx cos nx dx, where m 0 and n 0 are integers.

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 3

Strategy for Evaluating

y sin

x cos nx dx

(a) If the power of cosine is odd n 2 k 1, save one cosine factor and use cos 2x 1 sin 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of sine:

y sin

x cos 2 k1x dx y sin m x cos 2xk cos x dx y sin m x 1 sin 2xk cos x dx

Then substitute u sin x. (b) If the power of sine is odd m 2 k 1, save one sine factor and use sin 2x 1 cos 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of cosine:

y sin

2 k1

x cos n x dx y sin 2xk cos n x sin x dx y 1 cos 2xk cos n x sin x dx

Then substitute u cos x. [Note that if the powers of both sine and cosine are odd, either (a) or (b) can be used.] (c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle identities sin 2x 1 2 1 cos 2 x cos 2x 1 2 1 cos 2 x

It is sometimes helpful to use the identity sin x cos x 1 2 sin 2 x

We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form x tan mx sec nx dx. Since ddx tan x sec 2x, we can separate a sec 2x factor and convert the remaining (even) power of secant to an expression involving tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan 2x. Or, since ddx sec x sec x tan x, we can separate a sec x tan x factor and convert the remaining (even) power of tangent to secant.
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate

y tan x sec x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec 2x factor, we can express the remaining sec 2x factor in

terms of tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan 2x. We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u tan x with du sec 2x dx :

y tan x sec x dx y tan x sec x sec x dx

6 4 6 2 2

y tan 6x 1 tan 2x sec 2x dx y u 61 u 2 du y u 6 u 8 du u7 u9 C 7 9

1 7 9 1 7 tan x 9 tan x C

4 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE 6 Find

y tan sec d.
5 7

a sec 5 factor, which isnt easily converted to tangent. However, if we separate a sec tan factor, we can convert the remaining power of tangent to an expression involving only secant using the identity tan 2 sec 2 1. We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u sec , so du sec tan d :

SOLUTION If we separate a sec 2 factor, as in the preceding example, we are left with

y tan
5

sec 7 d y tan 4 sec 6 sec tan d y sec 2 12 sec 6 sec tan d y u 2 12 u 6 du y u 10 2u 8 u 6 du u 11 u9 u7 2 C 11 9 7

1 1 9 7 11 sec 11 2 9 sec 7 sec C

The preceding examples demonstrate strategies for evaluating integrals of the form

x tan mx sec nx dx for two cases, which we summarize here.

Strategy for Evaluating

y tan

x sec nx dx

(a) If the power of secant is even n 2 k, k 2, save a factor of sec 2x and use sec 2x 1 tan 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of tan x :

y tan

x sec 2 kx dx y tan m x sec 2xk1 sec 2x dx y tan m x 1 tan 2xk1 sec 2x dx

Then substitute u tan x. (b) If the power of tangent is odd m 2 k 1, save a factor of sec x tan x and use tan 2x sec 2x 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of sec x :

y tan

2 k1

x sec n x dx y tan 2xk sec n1x sec x tan x dx y sec 2x 1k sec n1x sec x tan x dx

Then substitute u sec x.

For other cases, the guidelines are not as clear-cut. We may need to use identities, integration by parts, and occasionally a little ingenuity. We will sometimes need to be able to integrate tan x by using the formula established in Example 5 in Section 5.5:

y tan x dx ln sec x C

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 5

We will also need the indenite integral of secant:

y sec x dx ln sec x tan x C

We could verify Formula 1 by differentiating the right side, or as follows. First we multiply numerator and denominator by sec x tan x :

y sec x dx y sec x sec x tan x dx

y sec 2x sec x tan x dx sec x tan x

sec x tan x

If we substitute u sec x tan x, then du sec x tan x sec 2x dx, so the integral becomes x 1u du ln u C. Thus, we have

y sec x dx ln sec x tan x C

EXAMPLE 7 Find

y tan x dx.

SOLUTION Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan 2x sec 2x 1 to rewrite a tan 2x factor in

terms of sec 2x :

y tan x dx y tan x tan x dx

3 2

y tan x sec 2x 1 dx y tan x sec 2x dx y tan x dx tan 2x ln sec x C 2

In the rst integral we mentally substituted u tan x so that du sec 2x dx. If an even power of tangent appears with an odd power of secant, it is helpful to express the integrand completely in terms of sec x. Powers of sec x may require integration by parts, as shown in the following example.
EXAMPLE 8 Find

y sec x dx.
u sec x du sec x tan x dx dv sec 2x dx
v tan x
2

SOLUTION Here we integrate by parts with

Then

y sec x dx sec x tan x y sec x tan x dx

3

sec x tan x y sec x sec 2x 1 dx sec x tan x y sec 3x dx y sec x dx

6 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Using Formula 1 and solving for the required integral, we get

y sec x dx (sec x tan x ln sec x tan x ) C

3 1 2

Integrals such as the one in the preceding example may seem very special but they occur frequently in applications of integration, as we will see in Chapter 6. Integrals of the form x cot m x csc n x dx can be found by similar methods because of the identity 1 cot 2x csc 2x. Finally, we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:
2 To evaluate the integrals (a) x sin mx cos nx dx, (b) x sin mx sin nx dx, or (c) x cos mx cos nx dx, use the corresponding identity:
These product identities are discussed in Appendix C.

(a) sin A cos B 1 2 sinA B sinA B (b) sin A sin B 1 2 cosA B cosA B (c) cos A cos B 1 2 cosA B cosA B

EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate

y sin 4 x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but its easier to use the identity in Equation 2(a) as follows:

y sin 4 x cos 5x dx y

1 2

sinx sin 9x dx

1 2 y sin x sin 9x dx
1 1 2 (cos x 9 cos 9x C

Exercises
A Click here for answers.
147

Click here for solutions.

15. 17.

y sin x scos x dx y cos x tan x dx y

1 sin x dx cos x
2 2 3

16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30. 32.

y cos cos sin d

5

Evaluate the integral.

3 2

y cot sin d
5 4

1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13.

y sin x cos x dx y
34 2

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

y sin x cos x dx y
2
0

19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29. 31.

y cos x sin 2 x dx y
2
0

sin 5x cos 3x dx
5 4

cos 5x dx
3

y sec x tan x dx y tan x dx y sec t dt y

3
0 6 2

sec 4 t 2 dt
4

y cos x sin x dx y y
2
0

y sin mx dx y y
2
0

y tan x dx y
4
0

cos2 d

sin 2 2 d

sec 4 tan 4 d
3 5

sin 43 t dt
2

cos6 d
2

tan 5 x sec 4 x dx
3

y tan 2 x sec 2 x dx y
3
0

y 1 cos y
4
0

12. 14.

y x cos x dx y
2
0

y tan x sec x dx y tan x dx

5

tan 5x sec6x dx
6

sin 4x cos 2x dx

sin 2x cos 2x dx

y tan ay dy

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 7

33.

y cos d
4

tan 3

34.

y tan x sec x dx y
2
4

; 5758

Use a graph of the integrand to guess the value of the integral. Then use the methods of this section to prove that your guess is correct.

35.

2
6

cot 2x dx

36.

cot 3x dx

57.

cos 3x dx

58.

sin 2 x cos 5 x dx

37.

y cot 3 csc 3 d y csc x dx y sin 5x sin 2 x dx y cos 7 cos 5 d y

1 tan x dx sec 2x
2 2 2

38.

y csc 4 x cot 6 x dx y
3
6

5962

Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given curves about the specied axis. about the x-axis about the x-axis about y 1 about y 1

39.

40.

csc 3x dx

59. y sin x, x 2, x , y 0; 60. y tan 2x, y 0, x 0, x 4; 61. y cos x, y 0, x 0, x 2; 62. y cos x, y 0, x 0, x 2;

41.

42.

y sin 3x cos x dx y
cos x sin x dx sin 2 x dx

43.

44.

63. A particle moves on a straight line with velocity function vt sin t cos 2 t. Find its position function s f t if

45.

46.

y cos x 1

f 0 0.

64. Household electricity is supplied in the form of alternating

47.

y t sec t

tan t dt
4 2

current that varies from 155 V to 155 V with a frequency of 60 cycles per second (Hz). The voltage is thus given by the equation Et 155 sin120 t where t is the time in seconds. Voltmeters read the RMS (rootmean-square) voltage, which is the square root of the average value of Et 2 over one cycle. (a) Calculate the RMS voltage of household current. (b) Many electric stoves require an RMS voltage of 220 V. Find the corresponding amplitude A needed for the voltage Et A sin120 t.
6567

4 tan 6 x sec x dx I , express the value of 48. If x0

x0 4 tan 8 x sec x dx in terms of I.

; 4952
Evaluate the indenite integral. Illustrate, and check that your answer is reasonable, by graphing both the integrand and its antiderivative (taking C 0.

49.

y sin x dx y sin 3x sin 6 x dx

50.

y sin x cos x dx y sec

Prove the formula, where m and n are positive integers.

51.

52.

x dx 2

65. 66.

y sin mx cos nx dx 0

y sin mx sin nx dx

53. Find the average value of the function f x sin 2x cos 3x on

the interval , .

67.

y cos mx cos nx dx

0 0

if m n if m n if m n if m n

54. Evaluate x sin x cos x dx by four methods: (a) the substitution

u cos x, (b) the substitution u sin x, (c) the identity sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x, and (d) integration by parts. Explain the different appearances of the answers.
5556

68. A nite Fourier series is given by the sum

f x

n1

sin nx

Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves. y sin 3x, y 2 sin x,
2

a 1 sin x a 2 sin 2 x a N sin Nx Show that the mth coefcient a m is given by the formula am 1

55. y sin x, 56. y sin x,

x 0, x 0,

x 2 x 2

f x sin mx dx

8 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Answers
S 1. 5. 11. 15. 17. 21. 25. 29. 31. 33. 37. 41. 45.
1 5 1 5

Click here for solutions.

11 3 cos 5x 1 3. 384 3 cos x C 2 1 5 7 9 sin x 7 sin x 9 sin x C 7. 4 9. 38 3 1 13. 2 sin sin 2 C 3 4 192 2 4 2 2 3 ( 7 cos x 3 cos x) scos x C 1 2 19. ln1 sin x C 2 cos x ln cos x C 1 2 23. tan x x C 2 tan x C 1 2 117 5 3 27. 8 5 tan t 3 tan t tan t C 1 3 3 sec x sec x C 1 4 2 4 sec x tan x ln sec x C 1 1 6 4 35. s3 3 6 tan 4 tan C 1 1 3 5 39. ln csc x cot x C csc csc C 3 5 1 1 1 1 43. 4 sin 2 24 sin 12 C 6 sin 3x 14 sin 7x C 1 1 5 2 47. 10 tan t C 2 sin 2x C

49. 5 cos 5x 3 cos 3x cos x C

1 2

1.1

F
_2 2

1.1

51.

1 6

1 sin 3x 18 sin 9x C

F
_2 2

55. 57. 0 53. 0 63. s 1 cos 3 t3

1 3

59. 24

61. 2 24

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 9

Solutions: Trigonometric Integrals

The symbols = and = indicate the use of the substitutions {u = sin x, du = cos x dx} and {u = cos x, du = sin x dx}, respectively.
s c

1.

5.

R c R sin2 x cos2 x sin x dx = 1 cos2 x cos2 x sin x dx = 1 u2 u2 (du) R R 5 5 3 1 3 1 1 = u2 1 u2 du = u4 u2 du = 1 5 u 3 u + C = 5 cos x 3 cos x + C R 3/4 5 R R 3 /4 3 /4 3. /2 sin x cos3 x dx = /2 sin5 x cos2 x cos x dx = /2 sin5 x 1 sin2 x cos x dx R 2/2 5 6 1 8 2/2 s R 2/2 5 u u7 du = 1 = 1 u 1 u2 du = 1 6u 8u 1 /8 16 11 1 = 384 = 16 1/ 1 8 6 8 R sin3 x cos2 x dx = R R cos5 x sin4 x dx = 2 R 2 s R cos4 x sin4 x cos x dx = 1 sin2 x sin4 x cos x dx = 1 u2 u4 du R R = 1 2u2 + u4 u4 du = u4 2u6 + u8 du = 1 u5 2 u7 + 1 u9 + C 5 7 9 R
1 5

= 7. R /2
0

sin5 x
1 (1 2 1 2

2 7

sin7 x +

1 9

sin9 x + C

cos2 d = =

R /2 R
0

9.

R
0

sin4 (3t) dt =

11.

R (1 + cos )2 d = (1 + 2 cos + cos2 ) d = + 2 sin + = + 2 sin + R /4

0 1 2

R 2 R 2 sin2 (3t) dt = 0 1 (1 cos 6t) dt = 1 (1 2 cos 6t + cos2 6t) dt 2 4 0 R R 3 = 1 1 2 cos 6t + 1 (1 + cos 12t) dt = 1 2 cos 6t + 1 cos 12t dt 4 0 2 4 0 2 2 3 3 1 = 1 t 1 sin 6t + 24 sin 12t 0 = 1 0 + 0 (0 0 + 0) = 38 4 2 3 4 2
1 2

1
2

+ cos 2) d [half-angle identity] /2 sin 2 0 = 1 2 2 + 0 (0 + 0) =

1 4

sin 2 + C =

3 2

+ 2 sin +
1 2 (1

(1 + cos 2) d
1 4

sin 2 + C

13.

R /4
0

sin4 x cos2 x dx =

15.

sin3 x

R R 5 /2 c R cos x dx = 1 cos2 x cos x sin x dx = 1 u2 u1/2 (du) = u u1/2 du

7 /2 7/2 3/2 = 2 2 +C = 2 7u 3u 7 (cos x) 2 3 2 = 7 cos x 3 cos x cos x + C 2 3

2 cos 2x) 1 dx 2 sin 2x R R R 2 2 1 /4 1 /4 1 /4 = 8 0 (1 cos 2x) sin 2x dx = 8 0 sin 2x dx 8 0 sin2 2x cos 2x dx R /4 /4 /4 1 1 1 1 x 1 (1 cos 4x) dx 16 sin3 2x 0 = 16 sin 4x 1 sin3 2x 0 = 16 3 4 3 0 1 1 1 = 192 = 16 (3 4) 4 0 3 sin2 x (sin x cos x)2 dx =
0

R /4

(cos x)3/2 + C

17.

cos x tan x dx =

2 = ln |u| + 1 2u + C =

sin3 x c dx = cos x

Z 1 u2 (du) 1 = + u du u u
1 2

cos2 x ln |cos x| + C

10 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

19.

1 sin x dx = cos x

(sec x tan x) dx = ln |sec x + tan x| ln |sec x| + C

by (1) and the boxed formula above it

= ln |(sec x + tan x) cos x| + C = ln |1 + sin x| + C Z = ln (1 + sin x) + C since 1 + sin x 0 Z Z Z 1 sin2 x dx 1 sin x 1 + sin x cos x dx 1 sin x dx = dx = = cos x cos x 1 + sin x cos x (1 + sin x) 1 + sin x Z dw = [where w = 1 + sin x, dw = cos x dx] w = ln |w| + C = ln |1 + sin x| + C = ln (1 + sin x) + C R

Or:

21. Let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx. Then R R

23. 25.

R sec2 x tan x dx = u du = 1 u2 + C = 1 tan2 x + C . 2 2 R R v2 + C = 1 sec2 x + C . Or: Let v = sec x, dv = sec x tan x dx. Then sec2 x tan x dx = v dv = 1 2 2 tan2 x dx = sec6 t dt = R R R sec4 t sec2 t dt = (tan2 t + 1)2 sec2 t dt = (u2 + 1)2 du
1 5

sec2 x 1 dx = tan x x + C

u5 + 2 u3 + u + C = = (u4 + 2u2 + 1) du = 1 5 3
0

27.

R /3

tan5 x sec4 x dx = = =

[u = tan t, du = sec2 t dt]

tan5 t +

2 3

tan3 t + tan t + C

R /3

Alternate solution: R /3 R /3 R /3 tan5 x sec4 x dx = 0 tan4 x sec3 x sec x tan x dx = 0 (sec2 x 1)2 sec3 x sec x tan x dx 0 R2 [u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx] = 1 (u2 1)2 u3 du R2 R2 4 2 3 = 1 (u 2u + 1)u du = 1 (u7 2u5 + u3 ) du 8 1 6 1 4 2 = 117 = 1 u 3 u + 4 u 1 = 32 64 +4 1 1 +1 8 3 8 3 4 8 29. R tan3 x sec x dx = R = (u2 1) du
1 3 u 3

tan5 x (tan2 x + 1) sec2 x dx 0 R 3 5 2 u (u + 1) du [u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx] 0 8 1 6 3 R 3 7 81 27 81 (u + u5 ) du = 1 8u + 6u 0 = 8 + 6 = 8 0

9 2

81 8

36 8

117 8

tan2 x sec x tan x dx =

1 3

[u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx] sec3 x sec x + C

sec2 x 1 sec x tan x dx

= 31. R Z tan5 x dx = R
1 4

u+C =

= 33.

2 R R R sec2 x 1 tan x dx = sec4 x tan x dx 2 sec2 x tan x dx + tan x dx R R R = sec3 x sec x tan x dx 2 tan x sec2 x dx + tan x dx sec4 x tan2 x + ln |sec x| + C tan3 sec4 d = u3 (u2 + 1) du Z [or
1 4

sec4 x sec2 x + ln |sec x| + C ]

tan3 d = cos4 =

Z R R

tan3 (tan2 + 1) sec2 d

1 6

[u = tan , du = sec2 d] tan6 +

1 4

6 1 4 = (u5 + u3 ) du = 1 6u + 4u + C =

tan4 + C
2

35. 37.

R /2
/6

cot2 x dx =

cot3 csc3 d =

R /2
/6

R [u = csc , du = csc cot d] = (u2 1)u2 (du) R 2 4 1 3 1 5 = (u u ) du = 3 u 5 u + C = 1 csc3 1 csc5 + C 3 5

R cot2 csc2 csc cot d = (csc2 1) csc2 csc cot d

/2 csc2 x 1 dx = [ cot x x]/6 = 0

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 11

39. I =

41. Use Equation 2(b): R R sin 5x sin 2x dx = =

Z csc x cot x + csc2 x csc x (csc x cot x) dx = dx. Let u = csc x cot x csc x cot x csc x cot x R du = csc x cot x + csc2 x dx. Then I = du/u = ln |u| = ln |csc x cot x| + C . Z csc x dx = Z
1 [cos(5x 2

1 6

sin 3x

1 14

2x) cos(5x + 2x)] dx = sin 7x + C

1 2

(cos 3x cos 7x) dx

43. Use Equation 2(c): R R cos 7 cos 5 d = 45. Z 1 tan2 x dx = sec2 x Z

R 1 1 (cos 2 + cos 12) d 2 [cos(7 5 ) + cos(7 + 5 )] d = 2 1 1 1 1 1 = 2 2 sin 2 + 12 sin 12 + C = 4 sin 2 + 24 sin 12 + C cos2 x sin2 x dx = Z cos 2x dx = 1 sin 2x + C 2

49. Let u = cos x du = sin x dx. Then 2 R 2 R R 1 cos2 x sin x dx = 1 u2 (du) sin5 x dx = R = 1 + 2u2 u4 du = 1 u5 + 2 u3 u + C 5 3 = 1 cos5 x + 5
2 3

47. Let u = tan(t2 ) du = 2t sec2 (t2 ) dt. Then R R 1 5 du = 10 u +C = t sec2 t2 tan4 t2 dt = u4 1 2

1 10

tan5 (t2 ) + C .

cos3 x cos x + C

Notice that F is increasing when f (x) > 0, so the graphs serve as a check on our work. 51. R sin 3x sin 6x dx = = = R
1 [cos(3x 2

R 1
2 1 6

6x) cos(3x + 6x)] dx

1 18

(cos 3x cos 9x) dx sin 9x + C

sin 3x

Notice that f (x) = 0 whenever F has a horizontal tangent.

53. fave = =

1 2 1 2

=0

R 2 2 sin2 x cos3 x dx = 21 sin x 1 sin x cos x dx R0 2 [where u = sin x] u 1 u2 du 0 R

, we have 0 < sin x < 1, so sin3 x < sin x. Hence the area is 55. For 0 < x < 2 R /2 R /2 R /2 sin x sin3 x dx = 0 sin x 1 sin2 x dx = 0 cos2 x sin x dx. Now let u = cos x 0 R0 R1 3 1 1 du = sin x dx. Then area = 1 u2 (du) = 0 u2 du = 1 3u 0 = 3. R 2 It seems from the graph that 0 cos3 x dx = 0, since the area below the 57. x-axis and above the graph looks about equal to the area above the axis and below the graph. By Example 1, the integral is 2 sin x 1 sin3 x 0 = 0. Note that due to symmetry, the integral of 3 (n any integer) is 0.

any odd power of sin x or cos x between limits which differ by 2n

12 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

1 R 1 sin2 x dx = /2 1 2 (1 cos 2x) dx = 2 x 4 sin 2x /2 = 2 0 R /2 R /2 (1 + cos x)2 12 dx = 0 2 cos x + cos2 x dx 61. Volume = 0 59. V = R
/2

+0 =

2 4

/2 2 = 2 + x+ 1 sin 2x 0 = 2 + = 2 sin x + 1 2 4 4 4 Rt 63. s = f (t) = 0 sin u cos2 u du. Let y = cos u dy = sin u du. Then R cos t 2 1 1 1 3 cos t 1 cos3 t . y dy = y 1 = 31 s = 3 1 65. Just note that the integrand is odd [f (x) = f (x)]. Or: If m 6= n, calculate R

sin mx cos nx dx = =

cos(m n)x cos(m + n)x 1 =0 2 mn m+n

1 [sin(m 2

n)x + sin(m + n)x] dx

If m = n, then the rst term in each set of brackets is zero. R R 1 67. cos mx cos nx dx = 2 [cos(m n)x + cos(m + n)x] dx. If m 6= n, 1 sin(m n)x sin(m + n)x this is equal to = 0. If m = n, we get + 2 mn m+n R 1 1 sin(m + n)x [1 + cos( m + n ) x ] dx = x + = + 0 = . 2 2 2(m + n)