ITU-R P.530 Rain Algorithms in Pathloss 5 - Sistemas de Microondas

ITU-R P.
530 Rain Algorithms in Pathloss 5

This document reviews the history of the ITU-R P.530 rain fade algorithms and provides a comparison of the results for the different algorithms.
Basic Algorithm
The rain algorithms are all based on the rain rate that is exceeded for 0.01% of the time (R0.01) for the
area of interest. The specific attenuation R (dB /km) is calculated as:
R = k i R
0.01
where k and are frequency and polarization dependant coefficients.

An effective distance, deff is calculated to account for the limited distribution of the rain cells and the rain
attenuation exceeded for 0.01% of the time is then given by
A0.01 = R id eff
The equations for the fade margin required for other time percentages are given in the following sections
for each ITU-R P.530 version.
ITU-R P.530-6/7
With minor modifications to the effective distance calculation, this algorithm has been in effect from 1986
(CCIR Rep. 721-2) to 1999 with the release of ITU-530-8.
The effective distance is calculated as:
r=
1
1+
d
d0
d 0 = 35ie 0.015 R0.01

d eff = r id
If R0.01 is greater than 100 mm/hr then a value or 100 is used in the above equation
The path attenuation for other percentages of time is calculated as:
Ap
A0.01
= 0.12i p (0.546+0.043i log10 p )
This equation gives factors for Ap /A0.01 of 0.12, 0.39, 1.0 and 2.14 for time percentages of 1%, 0.1%,
0.01% and 0.001% respectively. In high reliability systems, it is necessary to extend this range below
0.001%; however a warning message is issued in the Pathloss program.
ITU-R P.530-8 (1999)

This version introduced a second equation for latitudes between 30S and 30. The 530-7 equation is
used for all other latitudes
Ap
A0.01
= 0.07i p (0.855+0.139 i log10 p )
In this region the factors for Ap /A0.01are 0.07, 0.36, 1.0 and 1.44 for time percentages of 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%
and 0.001% respectively. Although, the two equations give the same result at 0.01%, the required fade
1 of 10
margins are in the order of 10 dB greater for a 0.001% unavailability outside the 30 range. Unfortunately there was no transition between regions and this algorithm proved to be very controversial. This
unfortunate situation remained in effect for 13 years until the release of the 530-14 algorithm.
ITU-R P.530-14 (2012)

In this version, a new algorithm was introduced applicable to all latitudes. The path reduction factor r is
given by the equation
0.073i
r = 0.477id 0.633 i R0.01
i f 0.123 10.579i(1 e 0.24 d )
r=
1
r
The path attenuation for other percentages of time is given by
Ap
A0.01
= C1 i p ( C2 +C3 i log10 p )
C1 = 0.07C0 i0.121C0
C2 = 0.855iC0 + 0.546i(1 C0 )
C3 = 0.139iC0 + 0.043i(1 C0 )
0.8
f
C0 = 0.12 + 0.4i log10 ( f > 10GHz )
10
C0 = 0.12 ( f < 10GHz )
Comparison of ITU Results

A comparison of the results produced by the different algorithms are given in the following tables as a function path length and frequency.
The results show that the 530-14 algorithm is more conservative than the 530-7 (530-8 > 30) in the order
of several dB in the high reliability range. The 530-14 results effectively confirm that the 530-8 < 30 algorithm is not realistic; however the damage has been done.
2 of 10
530-8 /13F = 11 GHz V alpha = 1.16170 Kv = 0.01731 rp_010 = 32.0 mm/hr

ITU
Algorithm
530-8 /13 > 30
Path len
(km)
Required Fade Margin

99
99.9
99.99
99.999
4.06
0.47
1.54
3.94
8.43
530-8 /13 < 30
4.06
0.28
1.42
3.94
5.67
530-14
4.22
0.45
1.55
4.09
8.25
6.84
0.80
2.59
6.64
14.20
530-8 /13 < 30
6.84
0.46
2.39
6.64
9.56
530-14
6.97
0.75
2.56
6.75
13.63
8.86
1.03
3.35
8.60
18.40
530-8 /13 < 30
8.86
0.60
3.10
8.60
12.38
530-14
9.53
1.02
3.51
9.23
18.63
10.40
1.21
3.93
10.09
21.59
530-8 /13 < 30
10.40
0.71
3.63
10.09
14.53
530-14
11.82
1.27
4.35
11.44
23.10
11.60
1.35
4.39
11.26
24.09
530-8 /13 < 30
11.60
0.79
4.05
11.26
16.21
530-14
13.73
1.47
5.05
13.29
26.84
12.58
1.46
4.76
12.20
26.11
530-8 /13 < 30
12.58
0.85
4.39
12.20
17.57
530-14
15.22
1.63
5.60
14.74
29.75
13.38
1.56
5.06
12.98
27.78
530-8 /13 < 30
13.38
0.91
4.67
12.98
18.69
530-14
16.30
1.75
6.00
15.78
31.86
14.05
1.64
5.32
13.63
29.17
530-8 /13 < 30
14.05
0.95
4.91
13.63
19.63
530-14
17.02
1.83
6.26
16.48
33.27
14.62
1.70
5.53
14.18
30.35
530-8 /13 < 30
14.62
0.99
5.11
14.18
20.43
530-14
17.44
1.87
6.42
16.89
34.10
15.11
1.76
5.72
14.66
31.37
530-8 /13 < 30
15.11
1.03
5.28
14.66
21.11
530-14
17.65
1.89
6.49
17.09
34.50
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
5.00
Eff path
len (km)
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
3 of 10
F = 13.0 GHz V alpha = 1.09010 Kv = 0.03266 rp_010 = 32.0 mm/hr

ITU
Algorithm
530-8 /13 > 30
Path len
(km)
Required fade margin

99.
99.9
99.99
99.999
4.06
0.70
2.26
5.80
12.42
530-8 /13 < 30
4.06
0.41
2.09
5.80
8.35
530-14
4.20
0.65
2.27
5.99
11.91
5.84
1.00
3.25
8.34
17.85
530-8 /13 < 30
5.84
0.58
3.00
8.34
12.01
530-14
5.86
0.91
3.17
8.35
16.61
7.29
1.25
4.06
10.42
22.30
530-8 /13 < 30
7.29
0.73
3.75
10.42
15.00
530-14
7.45
1.15
4.03
10.62
21.11
8.50
1.46
4.74
12.14
25.99
530-8 /13 < 30
8.50
0.85
4.37
12.14
17.49
530-14
8.97
1.39
4.85
12.79
25.43
9.52
1.63
5.30
13.60
29.11
530-8 /13 < 30
9.52
0.95
4.90
13.60
19.59
530-14
10.40
1.61
5.63
14.83
29.48
10.40
1.78
5.79
14.85
31.78
530-8 /13 < 30
10.40
1.04
5.35
14.85
21.38
530-14
11.72
1.81
6.34
16.71
33.21
11.15
1.91
6.21
15.93
34.09
530-8 /13 < 30
11.15
1.12
5.73
15.93
22.94
530-14
12.90
2.00
6.98
18.39
36.57
11.82
2.02
6.58
16.87
36.11
530-8 /13 < 30
11.82
1.18
6.07
16.87
24.30
530-14
13.94
2.16
7.54
19.87
39.50
12.40
2.12
6.91
17.71
37.89
530-8 /13 < 30
2.40
1.24
6.37
17.71
25.50
530-14
14.82
2.29
8.01
21.13
42.00
12.92
2.21
7.19
18.45
39.47
530-8 /13 < 30
12.92
1.29
6.64
18.45
26.56
530-14
15.56
2.41
8.41
22.17
44.09
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
5.00
Eff path
len (km)
8.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
26.00
29.00
32.00
4 of 10

ITU
Algorithm
530-8 /13 > 30
Path len (km)

99.
99.9
99.99
99.999
1.83
0.41
1.33
3.42
7.31
530-8 /13 < 30
1.83
0.24
1.23
3.42
4.92
530-14
2.36
0.47
1.66
4.39
8.63
3.38
0.76
2.46
6.30
13.49
530-8 /13 < 30
3.38
0.44
2.27
6.30
9.08
530-14
3.58
0.71
2.53
6.68
13.12
4.70
1.05
3.42
8.77
18.77
530-8 /13 < 30
4.70
0.61
3.16
8.77
12.63
530-14
4.70
0.94
3.32
8.76
17.22
5.84
1.31
4.25
10.90
23.34
530-8 /13 < 30
5.84
0.76
3.93
10.90
15.70
530-14
5.78
1.15
4.08
10.76
21.16
6.84
1.53
4.98
12.77
27.33
530-8 /13 < 30
6.84
0.89
4.60
12.77
18.39
530-14
6.82
1.36
4.81
12.71
24.98
7.72
1.73
5.62
14.41
30.84
530-8 /13 < 30
7.72
1.01
5.19
14.41
20.75
530-14
7.84
1.56
5.53
14.60
28.70
8.50
1.90
6.19
15.87
33.97
530-8 /13 < 30
8.50
1.11
5.71
15.87
22.86
530-14
8.82
1.75
6.22
16.43
32.29
9.20
2.06
6.70
17.18
36.76
530-8 /13 < 30
9.20
1.20
6.18
17.18
24.73
530-14
9.76
1.94
6.89
18.18
35.73
9.83
2.20
7.16
18.35
39.27
530-8 /13 < 30
9.83
1.28
6.61
18.35
26.42
530-14
10.65
2.12
7.52
19.84
39.00
10.40
2.33
7.57
19.41
41.53
530-8 /13 < 30
10.40
1.36
6.99
19.41
27.95
530-14
11.49
2.29
8.11
21.41
42.07
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
2.00
Eff path
len (km)
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
5 of 10

ITU
Algorithm
530-8 /13 > 30
Path len
(km)

99.
99.9
99.99
99.999
1.83
0.55
1.78
4.56
9.75
530-8 /13 < 30
1.83
0.32
1.64
4.56
6.56
530-14
2.31
0.60
2.17
5.75
11.14
3.38
1.01
3.28
8.40
17.98
530-8 /13 < 30
3.38
0.59
3.02
8.40
12.10
530-14
3.51
0.91
3.29
8.70
16.88
4.70
1.40
4.56
11.69
25.02
530-8 /13 < 30
4.70
0.82
4.21
11.69
16.83
530-14
4.59
1.19
4.31
11.39
22.09
5.84
1.74
5.67
14.54
31.11
530-8 /13 < 30
5.84
1.02
5.23
14.54
20.93
530-14
5.62
1.46
5.28
13.96
27.06
6.84
2.04
6.64
17.02
36.42
530-8 /13 < 30
6.84
1.19
6.13
17.02
24.51
530-14
6.62
1.72
6.22
16.44
31.88
7.72
2.31
7.49
19.21
41.11
530-8 /13 < 30
7.72
1.34
6.92
19.21
27.66
530-14
7.59
1.98
7.13
18.84
36.54
8.50
2.54
8.25
21.16
45.27
530-8 /13 < 30
8.50
1.48
7.62
21.16
30.47
530-14
8.52
2.22
8.00
21.16
41.03
9.20
2.75
8.93
22.89
48.99
530-8 /13 < 30
9.20
1.60
8.24
22.89
32.97
530-14
9.41
2.45
8.84
23.37
45.32
9.83
2.93
9.54
24.46
52.34
530-8 /13 < 30
9.83
1.71
8.80
24.46
35.22
530-14
10.26
2.67
9.63
25.47
49.39
10.40
3.10
10.09
25.87
55.36
530-8 /13 < 30
10.40
1.81
9.31
25.87
37.25
530-14
11.05
2.88
10.38
27.44
53.20
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
2.00
Eff path
len (km)
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
6 of 10

ITU
Algorithm
Path len
(km)
Eff path
len (km)
1.00
0.96
530-8 /13 < 30

530-14

99.9
99.99
99.999
0.41
1.35
3.45
7.39
0.96
0.24
1.24
3.45
4.97
1.55
0.57
2.11
5.60
10.68
1.83
0.79
2.58
6.62
14.16
530-8 /13 < 30
1.83
0.46
2.38
6.62
9.53
530-14
2.24
0.83
3.05
8.09
15.41
2.63
1.14
3.71
9.52
20.38
530-8 /13 < 30
2.63
0.67
3.43
9.52
13.71
530-14
2.83
1.05
3.86
10.22
19.48
3.38
1.46
4.76
12.20
26.12
530-8 /13 < 30
3.38
0.85
4.39
12.20
17.57
530-14
3.38
1.25
4.60
12.19
23.23
4.06
1.76
5.73
14.68
31.42
530-8 /13 < 30
4.06
1.03
5.29
14.68
21.14
530-14
3.90
1.44
5.31
14.06
26.80
4.70
2.04
6.62
16.98
36.34
530-8 /13 < 30
4.70
1.19
6.11
16.98
24.45
530-14
4.40
1.63
5.99
15.87
30.26
5.29
2.29
7.46
19.12
40.92
530-8 /13 < 30
5.29
1.34
6.88
19.12
27.53
530-14
4.89
1.81
6.66
17.64
33.63
5.84
2.53
8.23
21.11
45.19
530-8 /13 < 30
5.84
1.48
7.60
21.11
30.41
530-14
5.37
1.98
7.31
19.37
36.92
6.36
2.76
8.96
22.98
49.18
530-8 /13 < 30
6.36
1.61
8.27
22.98
33.09
530-14
5.84
2.16
7.95
21.07
40.15
6.84
2.97
9.64
24.73
52.91
530-8 /13 < 30
6.84
1.73
8.90
24.73
35.61
530-14
6.30
2.33
8.58
22.73
43.33
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
99.
7 of 10

ITU
Algorithm
Path len
(km)
Eff path
len (km)
1.00
0.96
530-8 /13 < 30

530-14

99.9
99.99
99.999
0.50
1.63
4.18
8.94
0.96
0.29
1.50
4.18
6.01
1.53
0.68
2.52
6.68
12.63
1.83
0.96
3.12
8.00
17.12
530-8 /13 < 30
1.83
0.56
2.88
8.00
11.52
530-14
2.21
0.98
3.63
9.63
18.21
2.63
1.38
4.49
11.51
24.64
530-8 /13 < 30
2.63
0.81
4.15
11.51
16.58
530-14
2.79
1.23
4.58
12.15
22.97
3.38
1.77
5.75
14.75
31.57
530-8 /13 < 30
3.38
1.03
5.31
14.75
21.25
530-14
3.32
1.47
5.46
14.47
27.37
4.06
2.13
6.92
17.75
37.99
530-8 /13 < 30
4.06
1.24
6.39
17.75
25.56
530-14
3.83
1.69
6.29
16.68
31.54
4.70
2.46
8.01
20.53
43.94
530-8 /13 < 30
4.70
1.44
7.39
20.53
29.56
530-14
4.31
1.91
7.09
18.81
35.57
5.29
2.77
9.02
23.12
49.47
530-8 /13 < 30
5.29
1.62
8.32
23.12
33.29
530-14
4.79
2.12
7.87
20.89
39.49
5.84
3.06
9.96
25.53
54.63
530-8 /13 < 30
5.84
1.79
9.19
25.53
36.76
530-14
5.25
2.32
8.64
22.91
43.32
6.36
3.33
10.84
27.78
59.45
530-8 /13 < 30
6.36
1.94
10.00
27.78
40.01
530-14
5.71
2.52
9.39
24.90
47.07
6.84
3.59
11.66
29.89
63.97
530-8 /13 < 30
6.84
2.09
10.76
29.89
43.05
530-14
6.15
2.72
10.12
26.84
50.75
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
99.
8 of 10

Path len
(km)
Eff path
len (km)
1.00
0.96
530-8 /13 < 30

530-14
ITU Algorithm
Reguired fade margin

99.9
99.99
99.999
0.85
2.78
7.12
15.23
0.96
0.50
2.56
7.12
10.25
1.48
1.08
4.14
11.00
20.31
1.40
1.25
4.07
10.45
22.36
530-8 /13 < 30
1.40
0.73
3.76
10.45
15.04
530-14
1.82
1.33
5.09
13.54
25.00
1.83
1.64
5.32
13.64
29.18
530-8 /13 < 30
1.83
0.95
4.91
13.64
19.63
530-14
2.13
1.55
5.94
15.80
29.17
2.24
2.00
6.51
16.69
35.72
530-8 /13 < 30
2.24
1.17
6.01
16.69
24.04
530-14
2.41
1.75
6.73
17.89
33.03
2.63
2.35
7.65
19.62
41.99
530-8 /13 < 30
2.63
1.37
7.06
19.62
28.26
530-14
2.67
1.95
7.47
19.87
36.68
3.01
2.69
8.75
22.44
48.02
530-8 /13 < 30
3.01
1.57
8.08
22.44
32.31
530-14
2.93
2.13
8.18
21.77
40.19
3.38
3.02
9.81
25.14
53.81
530-8 /13 < 30
3.38
1.76
9.05
25.14
36.21
530-14
3.18
2.31
8.87
23.60
43.57
3.73
3.33
10.82
27.75
59.38
530-8 /13 < 30
3.73
1.94
9.99
27.75
39.96
530-14
3.42
2.49
9.54
25.39
46.87
4.06
3.63
11.80
30.25
64.74
530-8 /13 < 30
4.06
2.12
10.89
30.25
43.56
530-14
3.65
2.66
10.20
27.13
50.09
4.39
3.92
12.74
32.66
69.90
530-8 /13 < 30
4.39
2.29
11.76
32.66
47.04
530-14
3.88
2.83
10.84
28.84
53.25
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
530-8 /13 > 30
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
99
9 of 10
Comparison of Crane and ITU Results

The Crane algorithm is based on a rain statistics file consisting of a table of rain rate and the probability
that the rain rate is exceeded. The algorithm calculates the rain rate that produces an attenuation equal to
the thermal fade margin. The probability is then determined from the rain statistics file.
The path is located in the Tampa Bay - Florida area at a latitude of 27.5 degrees. The path has the following parameters:
path length 7.74 km

frequency 23,000 MHz - Vertical polarization
4 foot antennas, 0.25 watt transmit power and -75 dBm RX threshold
The resulting fade margin is 52.62 dB.

A measured rain statistics file for this area was used. The 0.01% rain rate in this file is 67.1 mm/ hour.
Annual availability (%)
Annual outage time

(minutes)
Fade margin
difference (dB)
Crane
99.994
31.8
reference
530-14
99.99767
12.2
+12.5
530-7
99.99646
18.6
+8.8
530-8 (<30)
99.99901
5.2
+10.8
Algorithm
The Crane model is used as a reference. The differences were determined by degrading the fade margin
until the outage time was equal to the Crane value. The difference for the 530-8 < 30 algorithm appears to
contradict the differences for the 530-7 and 14 algorithms. This is due to the behavior of the 530-8 algorithm under 30 degrees latitude.
Which algorithm is the most realistic - ITU or Crane? is a frequently asked question. A major manufacturer of microwave equipment was awarded a multi phase contract for a network in the Windsor area in
southern Ontario using the 23 GHz band. The management were well aware of the differences between
the Crane and ITU algorithms in terms of performance and cost (antenna sizes and path lengths) and
decided to use the ITU rain model. During the acceptance testing of the first phase, it began to rain. The
contract was cancelled for failure to meet performance and re-awarded to another manufacture to redesign
the first phase and complete the project. At least in this area, the recommendation would be Crane.
10 of 10

ITU-R P.530 Rain Algorithms in Pathloss 5 - Sistemas de Microondas

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ITU-R P.

530 Rain Algorithms in Pathloss 5

area of interest. The specific attenuation R (dB /km) is calculated as:

where k and are frequency and polarization dependant coefficients.

d 0 = 35ie 0.015 R0.01

= 0.12i p (0.546+0.043i log10 p )

ITU-R P.530-8 (1999)

= 0.07i p (0.855+0.139 i log10 p )

ITU-R P.530-14 (2012)

The path attenuation for other percentages of time is given by

C0 = 0.12 ( f < 10GHz )

Comparison of ITU Results

530-8 /13F = 11 GHz V alpha = 1.16170 Kv = 0.01731 rp_010 = 32.0 mm/hr

Required Fade Margin

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

F = 13.0 GHz V alpha = 1.09010 Kv = 0.03266 rp_010 = 32.0 mm/hr

Required fade margin

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

530-8 /13 > 30

F = 15.0 GHz V alpha = 1.04400 Kv = 0.05008 rp_010 = 32.0 mm/hr

Path len (km)

Required fade margin

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30

530-8 /13 < 30