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Introduction

Compaction tests are the laboratory tests used for finding the relationship between water content and dry unit weight of the soil sample. Following two types of tests can be performed in the laboratory. These two tests can be performed by the following four methods. TABLE 1.1 Moisture-Density Methods and Associated Mold Sizes Method A Method B Method C Method D Mold Size Material Size Blows per Layer Method A and B: Method A and B can be used if amount of material retained on sieve#4 is less than 7% otherwise go for method C. Method C: This is used when amount of material retained on sieve is less than 10% otherwise go for method D. Method D: This method is used when non of the above methods can be used and if amount of material retained of sieve is greater than 10%. However if it exceeds 30% then we cannot used any of the above methods because the sample will no longer be fine aggregate. 101.60 mm (4 in.) Passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) 25 152.40 101.60 mm mm (6 in.) (4 in.) Passing 4.75 Passing mm (No. 4) 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 56 25 152.40 mm (6 in.) Passing 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 56

Standard compaction test


Standard reference: AASHTO- T-99 Explanation: Standard compaction test is performed by four methods in the laboratory to find out the maximum dry density which can be attained for a sample and water content required for it which is also known as optimum moisture content(OMC). The detail of the methods are shown in the table 1.1. The experiment includes the following steps. 1. Selected the appropriate method for performing the test.

2. The selected sample is mixed with sufficient amount of water, approximately 4%less than expected OMC(optimum moisture content). 3. Start putting the sample in the mould ,with attached collars, in 3 layers and give blows to each layer, number of blows and size of mould will be as per selected method. 4. Blows should be given with hammer of weight 5.5lb and height of fall should be 12in. 5. After complete filling the mould remover collar and extra mix of sample protruding out of the mould. 6. Determine the bulk unit weight of the sample. 7. Now find the moisture content by using oven dried method. 8. Lastly determine the dry unit weight of the sample and repeat the experiment number of times. 9. Then plot a graph between dry unit weight and moisture content, which will give the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the sample.

Modified compaction test


Standard reference: AASHTO- T-180 Explanation: Modified compaction test is also performed by the same four methods in the laboratory to find out the maximum dry density which can be attained for a sample and water content required for it which is also known as optimum moisture content(OMC). The maximum dry density in modified method will be greater because greater force is applied in this method by increasing total number of blows and height of fall. The detail of the different methods are shown in the table 1.1. The experiment includes the following steps. 1. Selected the appropriate method for performing the test. 2. The selected sample is mixed with sufficient amount of water, approximately 4%less than expected OMC(optimum moisture content). 3. Start putting the sample in the mould ,with attached collars, in 5 layers and give blows to each layer, number of blows and size of mould will be as per selected method. 4. Blows should be given with hammer of weight 10lb and height of fall should be 18in. 5. After complete filling the mould remover collar and extra mix of sample protruding out of the mould. 6. Determine the bulk unit weight of the sample. 7. Now find the moisture content by using oven dried method.

8. Lastly determine the dry unit weight of the sample and repeat the experiment number of times. 9. Then plot a graph between dry unit weight and moisture content, which will give the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the sample.

Formulae to be used: Bulk unit weight =weight of soil sample/ volume of mould Moisture content (w)= weight of water / weight soil solids Dry unit weight = bulk unit weight / (1+w) Difference between standard and modified compaction test:

TABLE 1.2 Differences Between Standard (T 99) and Modified (T 180) MoistureDensity Tests Standar Modified d 2.495 4.536 kg Rammers Mass kg (10.0 lb) (Manual and (5.5 lb) Mechanical) 305 mm 475 mm Drop of Rammer to (12.0 (18.0 Soil Surface in.) in.) Number Layers 3 5 Placed when Filling Mold 12375lb-ft/cu56000lb-ft/cu-ft. ft. Effort applied

It is clear that modified method gives more compaction than standard by increasing total number of blows and height of fall.

Practical application of compaction test:


Soil placed for engineering works such as in embankments, foundations, road bases etc is compacted to obtain the required engineering properties such as shear strength, compressibility or permeability. Also soil to be placed in foundations is compacted to the highest level to increase its bearing capacity. So these compactions tests are performed to obtain the maximum dry density which can be attain for the soil to be used and optimum moisture content for it so that the data obtained can be applied in the field. The effort to be applied in the field is obtained these tests and then type of roller and its trips can be determined.

Factors affecting compaction:


Following are factors: 1. Moisture content At low water content soil particles have some frictional resistance which do not allow them to move with respect to each other. And when the water is applied particles get lubricated and resistance is decreased. 2. Method of compaction Compaction also depends upon the method to be used for example compaction by using drum roller and sheep foot roller will be different on same soil and equal weight of roller. This is because of greater the kneading action of sheep foot roller. Similarly vibrating drum and non-vibrating drum rollers have different compactions. 3. Type of soil Nature of soil, its stiffness, hardness, granular texture and structure also affects the compaction. It is difficult to compact sandy soil than clayey soil. 4. Amount of effort It is obvious that amount of effort also affects the compaction. It is directly related to compaction.

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