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Analysis of Borobudur

In Indonesian, ancient religious buildings called temples; temple term is also used more broadly to refer to all the ancient buildings are derived from the Hindu-Buddhist in the archipelago, such as gates, gate, and petirtaan (tub and shower baths). The origin of the name Borobudur is not clear, [8] although it was the original name of the temple in Indonesia mostly unknown. [8] The name Borobudur was first written in the book "History of Java" by Sir Thomas Raffles. [9] Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but there are no older documents mentioning the exact same name. [8] The only old Javanese manuscript that hints of a Buddhist shrine that may refer to Borobudur is Nagarakretagama, written by MPU prapanca in 1365. [10] Bore-Budur name, which is then written Borobudur, probably written Raffles in English grammar to refer to the nearest village to the village temple Bore (Boro); most temples is often named after the village where the temple stood. Raffles also suspect that the term 'Budur' may be associated with the term Buda in the Java language, which means "ancient" - it means, "ancient Boro". [8] However, other archaeologists assume that the name comes from the term bhudhara Budur meaning mountain. [ 11] Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other folk etymology. Suppose that the word comes from the greeting Borobudur "the Buddha" is due to a shift in sound to Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name is derived from two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word bara said to have originated from the word monastery, while there are also other explanations where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground. Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation for a doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscription Karangtengah and Tri Tepusan, Casparis estimate Borobudur founder of the dynasty was the king of Mataram dynasty named Samaratungga, who do construction around the year 824 AD The giant new building could be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur Development estimated take half a century. In Karangtengah inscriptions also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by Cri Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamulan called Bhmisambhra. [12] The term itself comes from the word Kamulan first place which means the origin, the sacred building to honor the ancestors, probably the ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra. Casparis Sambhra Bhudhra estimates that Bhumi in Sanskrit which means "Mount of the set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue", is the original name of Borobudur. [13] Surroundings Located about 40 kilometers (25 miles) northwest of the city of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is located on a hill on the plains surrounded by mountains two pairs of twins; Mount Sundoro-cleft in northwest and Merbabu-Merapi in the northeast, to the north are the hills Tidar, closer to the south there is a range of hills Menoreh, and the temple is located near the confluence of two rivers namely Progo and Elo River in the east. According to Javanese legend, the area known as the plains Kedu is a belief held sacred in Java and hailed as the 'garden of Java' for its natural beauty and fertility of the soil. [14] Three temples triad Besides Borobudur, there are several Buddhist and Hindu temples in the region. At the time of discovery

and restoration in the early 20th century found that other Buddhist temples and Pawon Mendut who lay stretched in a straight line. [15] Initially thought to just a coincidence, but based on the local fairy tale inhabitants, first there is a paved road balustrade that fenced on both sides that connects the third temple. Not find any physical evidence of stone lined highway and fenced and maybe this is just a myth, but experts suspect there really is a symbol of the unity of the third temple. The three temples (Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut) have similar architectural style and variety hiasnya and is derived from the same period that reinforce the notion of a connection between the third temple rituals. Linkages must be holy, but how the pilgrimage rituals performed, it is not certain. [10] In addition Mendut and Pawon, around Borobudur also found several other ancient relics, including pottery findings such as pots and jugs which show that around Borobudur first there are some residential areas. Archaeological findings around Borobudur is now housed in the Museum Karmawibhangga Borobudur, which is located to the north of the temple is adjacent to the Museum of Ocean Mercury. Not how far north Pawon found the ruins of a Hindu temple called Candi Banon. At this temple was found a few statues of Hindu gods primary in a state that is good enough Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma and Ganesha. However, the original stone temple Banon found very little so it is not possible reconstruction. At the time of its discovery Banon statues transported to Batavia (now Jakarta) and is now kept in the National Museum of Indonesia. Ancient lake Unlike other temples built on flat ground, Borobudur was built on a hill with a height of 265 m (870 feet) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the ancient lakebed that has dried up. [16] The existence of this ancient lake the subject of heated debate among archaeologists in the 20th century, and led to speculation that Borobudur was built on the edge or even in the middle of the lake. In 1931, an artist and expert on Hindu and Buddhist architecture, WOJ Nieuwenkamp, proposed the theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur was built lotus flower symbolizes that floats on the surface of the lake. [11] both in the form of a lotus flower padma (lotus red), utpala (blue lotus), or kumuda (white lotus ) can be found in all the iconography of Buddhist religious art; often gripped by Boddhisatwa as like (symbol regalia), a cushion or a pedestal throne Buddhist stupa. Borobudur own architectural forms resemble lotus flowers, and the Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra, mostly found in the religious texts of Mahayana school of Buddhism (Buddhism which later spread to East Asia). Three circular courtyard at the top of Borobudur is also thought to symbolize the lotus petals. [16] However, the theory Nieuwenkamp which sounded amazing and fantastic rebuttal to reap many of the archaeologists: on land around the monument had been found archaeological evidence that proves that the region around Borobudur during the construction of this temple is the dry land, not the ancient lakebed. Meanwhile geologists actually supports the view Nieuwenkamp with evidence of sediment deposition in the mud near the site. [17] A study of stratigraphy, sediment and pollen analysis of samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of an ancient lake in the environment around Borobudur, [16] which reinforces the idea Nieuwenkamp. This ancient lake surface elevation heaving change from time to time, and the evidence suggests that the base of the hill near Borobudur never again be submerged in water and the banks of the lake around the 13th century and the 14th. River flows and volcanic activity is thought to have contributed helped change the landscape and topography of the surrounding environment, including the lake Borobudur. One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia is Mount

Merapi, which is located quite close to Borobudur and has been active since the Pleistocene. [18] History Development Paintings by G.B. Hooijer (made the period from 1916 to 1919) to reconstruct the atmosphere at Borobudur in its heyday Not found written evidence that explains who and what it does to build Borobudur. [19] When construction is expected based on the comparison between the types of characters are written in a closed toe Karmawibhangga with type characters commonly used in royal inscriptions 8th century and 9th. Estimated Borobudur was built around 800 AD. [19] This period of time in accordance with the period between 760 and 830 AD, the height of glory Sailendra dynasty in central Java, [20] which was then influenced Raj Sriwijaya. Borobudur construction is expected to spend 75-100 years and actually completed during the reign of king Samaratungga in the year 825. [21] [22] There is confusion as to whether the fact that the ruling king of Java at that time were Hindu or Buddhist. Sailendra dynasty known as Mahayana Buddhists are devout, but through inscriptions Sojomerto findings suggest that they may have originally Hindu Shiva. [21] In the period that built many Hindu and Buddhist temples in Plain Kedu. Based Canggal inscription, in the year 732 AD, the king ordered the construction of religious Sanjaya Shiva shrine Shiwalingga built in the hills of Mount Wukir, located only 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Borobudur. [23] Borobudur Buddhist temple built in the period of nearly along with the temples in Prambanan Plain, though Borobudur is expected to be completed around 825 AD, twenty-five years earlier before the commencement of the construction of Prambanan Shiva temples around the year 850 AD Construction of Buddhist temples - including Borobudur - when it is possible because Sanjaya heir, Rakai Panangkaran grant permission to Buddhists to build temples. [24] Even for tribute, Panangkaran confers Kalasan village to the sangha (Buddhist community), for maintenance and financing Kalasan built to glorify Bodhisattwadewi Tara, as mentioned in the inscription Kalasan to the year 778 AD. [24] These instructions understood by archaeologists, that the ancient Javanese society, religion was never an issue that can reap conflict, exemplified by religious king Hindu could support and fund the construction of a Buddhist temple, and vice versa. [25] However, there is a rivalry between the two alleged royal dynasty at that time - who embrace Buddhist Sailendra dynasty and Sanjaya dynasty who worshiped Shiva - who later won the battle Sanjaya dynasty in 856 in the hills Ratu Boko. [26] Ambiguity also arises regarding Lara Jonggrang at Prambanan temple, the magnificent temple built by the victors trusted Pikatan Rakai Sanjaya dynasty in response to rival the splendor of Borobudur owned dynasty dynasty, [26] but many people believe that there is atmosphere of tolerance and peaceful coexistence between the two is that the Sailendra dynasty also involved in the development Shiva temple at Prambanan. [27] Stages of development of Borobudur Archaeologists suspect that the initial design of Borobudur is a huge single stupa crowning peak. Suspected mass giant stupa unusually large and heavy bodily harm and legs Borobudur temple so the architect designer decided to dismantle the giant stupa and changed to three rows of small stupas and a main stupa as it is now. Here are the approximate stage of development of Borobudur: 1. The first phase: The construction of Borobudur is not known for sure (estimated period of 750 and 850 M). Borobudur was built on a natural hill, the top of the hill leveled and expanded flat yard. Indeed Borobudur is not entirely made of andesite stone, compacted the soil hill section and covered stone

structure that resembles a shell that encloses the hill land. The remaining parts of the hills covered stone structure layer by layer. Initially built storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid staircase, but was later changed. As there is evidence that demolished apartment layout. Built the first three steps of the original structure that closes pyramid staircase. 2. The second stage: The addition of two square steps, balustrades and one step circular stupa was built directly on top of a single, very large. 3. The third stage: There was change in the construction, railroad over the circle with a single large parent stupa dismantled and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built smaller circular line on the court these steps with a large stupa in the middle. For some reason the foundation widened, built extra leg that encloses the original foot relief well shut Karmawibhangga. Archaeologists suspect that Borobudur stupa was originally designed in the form of a single, very large terrace crowned see remains square. However, this large stupa too heavy so as to encourage the building structure skew shifted out. Keep in mind that the core Borobudur hill land just so that the pressure at the top will be propagated to the outer side of the lower part so that Borobudur is threatened landslide and collapse. That's why it was decided to dismantle a single large stupa, and replace it with a circular terraces are decorated with rows of small stupa stupa berterawang and only one parent. To shore up the walls of the temple so that no avalanche then added an additional foot structure that wraps the original foot. This structure is an amplifier and works like a belt that ties so that the temple did not collapse and fall out, as well as hide the relief on the part Kamadhatu Karmawibhangga 4. The fourth stage: There are minor changes such as improvement of relief, the addition of the outer balustrades, stairs and arch changes the wicket doors, as well as widening the toe. Borobudur abandoned Borobudur hidden and neglected for centuries buried under layers of soil and volcanic dust which is then overgrown trees and shrubs that Borobudur when it actually resembles a hill. Borobudur was abandoned cause actual reason is still unknown. Not known exactly since when the building is no longer a sacred Buddhist pilgrimage center. In the span of 928 and 1006, King moved the capital MPU Sindok royal Medang to East Java region after a series of volcanic eruptions; shall be ascertained whether the factors that led to Borobudur was abandoned, but some sources suspect that it might be start Borobudur was abandoned in this period. [3] [16] This sacred building mentioned vaguely about in 1365, by MPU prapanca in Nagarakretagama script written during the Majapahit kingdom. He mentions the "Monastery in Budur". Additionally Soekmono (1976) also argued that this temple began popular totally abandoned since residents about switching to Islamic belief in the 15th century. [3] This monument is not entirely forgotten, through folk tales Borobudur switch from the past as evidence of the triumph of a story that superstition is more associated with bad luck, misfortune and misery. Babad Jawa written two 18th century mention the bad luck associated with the monument. According to the Babad Tanah Jawi (History of Java), the monument was a fatal factor for Mas Dana, dissidents who rebelled against Pakubuwono I, king of Mataram Sultanate in 1709. [3] It is said that the hill "Redi Borobudur" besieged and the insurgents were defeated and sentenced to death by king. In the Babad Mataram (Mataram kingdom of History), the monument is associated with bad luck Monconagoro prince, crown prince of Yogyakarta Sultanate who visited this monument in 1757. [28] Despite the taboo that forbids people to visit this monument, "the Prince came and visited warrior imprisoned in a cage (a statue buddha stupa contained in berterawang) ". Upon returning to the palace, the Prince fell ill and

died a day later. In Javanese belief in the future of Islamic Mataram, rubble enshrinement regarded as the abode of spirits and considered wingit (armature) that is associated with bad luck or misfortune which may befall anyone who visits this site and disturbing. Although scientific thought, maybe after the site was neglected and covered in shrubs, this place was once a hive outbreaks of diseases such as dengue fever or malaria. Recovery After the Anglo-Dutch War in gaining the island of Java, Java under British rule (British) in the period 1811 to 1816. Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed as Governor-General, and he has a special interest in the history of Java. He collects antique artifacts of ancient Javanese art and make a note of the history and culture of Java gleaned from his encounter with the local people on his way around the Java. At the inspection visit in Semarang in 1814, he was informed about the existence of a large monument deep in the forest near the village Bumisegoro. [28] Because of absence and his duties as Governor-General, he can not go alone to look for the building and sent HC Cornelius, a Dutch engineer, to investigate the existence of this large building. In two months, Cornelius and their 200 subordinates to cut down the trees and shrubs that grow in the hills of Borobudur and clean the soil layer is buried temple. Because of the threat of landslides, he can not dig in and clean up all the hallways. He reported his findings to Raffles including various drawings sketches submit Borobudur temple. Although the discovery is only mentioned a few sentences, Raffles is credited to the rediscovery of this monument, as well as draw attention to the world of the existence of this monument is ever lost. [9] Hartmann, a Dutch government official to continue working in the Residency Kedu Cornelius in 1835 and eventually the entire building has been excavated and visible. His interest in Borobudur is more personal than his duty. Hartmann did not write a report on their activities, in particular, it was rumored that he had found a large buddha statue at the main stupa. [29] In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main stupa although what he discovered remains a mystery because the inside of the stupa is empty. Dutch government commissioned F.C. Wilsen, a Dutch engineer engineering officer, he studied the monument and drew hundreds of relief sketches. J.F.G. Brumund also appointed to conduct more detailed research on this monument, the completion of the 1859. The Government plans to publish an article based on the research that comes Brumund sketches Wilsen work, but Brumund refused to cooperate. Dutch East Indies government then commissioned another scientist, C. Leemans, who compiled a monograph based sources of Brumund and Wilsen. In 1873, the first monograph and more detailed research on Borobudur was published, followed by editions in French translation a year later. [29] The first photos of this monument was taken in 1873 by a Dutch engrafi, Isidore van Kinsbergen. [30] Award on this site is growing slowly. For quite a long time Borobudur has become a source of souvenirs and income for thieves, looters temple, and collectors' artifacts hunter ". Head of Buddha statue is the most often stolen. Buddha statues for stealing all too heavy and bulky, statues deliberately turned upside down and dropped by the thieves so that his head severed. Because it is now widely found in Borobudur Buddha statue without head. Borobudur Buddha head has long been a coveted collector of antiquities and museums around the world. In 1882, chief inspector of cultural artifacts recommended that Borobudur entirely dismantled and moved to the museum due to its reliefs unstable conditions, uncertainties and theft are rampant in the monument. [30] As a result, the government appointed Groenveldt, an archaeologist, to hold a thorough investigation of the site and take into account the

actual conditions of the complex; report states that this excessive concern and suggested that these buildings were left intact and not dismantled to be moved. Borobudur temple as part of the stolen souvenir objects, statues and carvings hunted antiques collector. This historic site looting action even one sanctioned colonial government. In 1896, the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn when visiting Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) expressed interest in having some parts of Borobudur. Dutch government permit and presented eight carts full of statues and the building parts of Borobudur. Artifacts are trafficked to Thailand, among others, five Buddha statues along with 30 stones with reliefs, two stone lions, some kala-shaped stone, stairs and gates, and guards Dwarapala statues that once stood in Bukit Dagi - a few hundred meters to the northwest of Borobudur. Some of these artifacts, the stone lions and Dwarapala, now on display at the National Museum in Bangkok. [31] Restoration Borobudur attention back in 1885, when Yzerman, the Chairman Archaeological Society in Yogyakarta, find the hidden foot. [32] The photos show the reliefs on the hidden foot were made in the period 18901891. [33] This discovery prompted the government to take the Dutch East Indies steps to preserve the monument. In 1900, the government set up a commission consisting of three officials to examine the monument: Brandes, an art historian, Theodoor van Erp, an engineer who is also a member of the Dutch army, and Van de Kamer, a construction engineer construction engineer from the Department of Public Works. In 1902, the commission proposed a three-step plan to the government Borobudur conservation. First, the immediate dangers should be addressed by adjusting the angles of the building, move the stone next to endanger another stone, strengthening the first balustrades and restoring several niches, gate, stupa and the main stupa. Second, fenced yard of the temple, maintaining and repairing the drainage system by repairing floors and showers. Third, all loose rock and loose should be removed, the monument cleared up to the first balustrades, stone removed and damaged the main stupa restored. The total cost required at the time were estimated at around 48,800 guilders. Restoration carried out during the period 1907 and 1911, using the principle anastilosis and led Theodor van Erp. [34] The first seven months spent digging around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones. Van Erp dismantle and rebuild three circular terraces and a stupa at the summit. In the process, Van Erp discovered more things that can be improved, and he put forward another proposal that was approved by the supplementary budget amounting to 34,600 guilders. Van Erp conduct further reconstruction, he even closely reconstructing chattra (umbrella stone stacking three) peaks crowning Borobudur. At first glance, Borobudur has recovered like in its heyday. But reconstruction chattra just use a bit of the original stones and simply imaginary approx. Because they are not able to be accounted for authenticity, Van Erp dismantle chattra section. Now mastaka or waterless Borobudur chattra stacking three stored at Borobudur Karmawibhangga Museum. Due to a limited budget, the restoration is only focused on cleaning the sculptures and stone, Van Erp did not solve the problem of drainage and water system. In 15 years, the gallery walls and sloping reliefs showing cracks and damage. [34] Van Erp use concrete which causes the formation of crystalline alkali salts and calcium hydroxide which spread to all parts of the building and damaging the stone temple. This causes a problem that required further renovations. Small-scale restoration done since then, but not enough to provide complete protection. In the late

1960s, the Government of Indonesia has submitted a request to the international community for a massive renovation to protect the monument. In 1973, a master plan to restore Borobudur was made. [35] The Indonesian government and UNESCO to take steps to repair the monument thoroughly in a large project between 1975 and 1982. [34] The foundation was strengthened and cleaned all 1,460 relief panels. The restoration was done by dismantling the entire five square terraces and repair drainage systems by embedding water channels into the monument. Filter and water-resistant layer is added. This colossal project involving 600 people to restore the monument and cost a total of 6,901,243 U.S. dollars. [36] After the renovation, UNESCO entered into the Borobudur World Heritage Site list in 1991. [4] Borobudur Culture in the criteria (i) "represent a masterpiece of human kretivitas genius", (ii) "featuring important exchange of human values over time within a cultural area of the world, in the development of architecture and technology, monumental arts, town planning and landscape design" and (vi) "is directly dab clearly linked with an event or living traditions, with ideas or with beliefs, with artistic works of art and literature that have outstanding universal value". [4] Contemporary events After a massive refurbishment in 1973 which is supported by UNESCO, [35] Borobudur back into religious and pilgrimage center of Buddhism. Once a year during the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak holy day, the day that commemorates the birth, death and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama, especially events that reaches the highest levels of the wisdom of the Buddha Shakyamuni. Vesak is a public holiday in Indonesia [37] and a memorial ceremony centered at three Buddhist temples with the main ritual of walking towards Pawon Mendut and procession ending at Borobudur. [38] On January 21, 1985, nine stupas were badly damaged due to nine bombs. [39] In 1991 an extreme wing Muslim preachers who are blind, Husein Ali Al Habsyie, sentenced to life imprisonment for his role as the mastermind a series of bomb attacks in the mid-1980s, including attack on Borobudur Temple. [40] Two members of the extreme right-wing group djatuhi sentenced to 20 years in prison in 1986 and the other received a sentence of 13 years in prison. This monument is a single tourist attraction most visited in Indonesia. In 1974 as many as 260,000 travelers were 36,000 of them are foreign tourists have visited the monument. [6] This figure increased to 2.5 million visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid-1990s, before the Asian financial crisis of 1997. [7] However, the development of tourism criticized for not involving local communities so that some local conflicts often occur. [6] In 2003, residents and small-scale entrepreneurs around Borobudur and held a protest meeting with poetry readings, rejected the provincial government's plan to redevelop the mall plans three-story called 'Java World'. [41] The efforts of local communities to earn a living from tourism Borobudur has increased the number of small businesses around Borobudur. But their efforts to earn a living is often even disturbing the comfort of visitors. For example, traders who interfere with souvenir peddlers insist on selling his wares; widespread shanties in the palm souvenir market so when they want to get out of the temple complex, visitors walk away instead herded into the maze rotate souvenir market. If not well then all this makes more chaotic Borobudur temple complex. On May 27, 2006, an earthquake measuring 6.2 on the scale rocked southern coast of Central Java. This natural disaster destroys the most casualties in the region of Yogyakarta, but Borobudur remained intact. [42] On August 28, 2006 symposium titled Trail of Civilizations (traces of civilization) was held at the initiative

of the Governor of Borobudur in Central Java and the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, were also present representatives of UNESCO and the Buddhist majority countries in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. This event is the culmination of ballet performances colossal "Borobudur Masterpiece" in front of the Borobudur Temple. This dance was created by dance style based on traditional Javanese gamelan music, and fashion, telling about the history of the construction of Borobudur. After this symposium, back Borobudur Masterpiece Ballet staged several times, especially on the eve of Vesak commemoration is usually attended by the President of the Republic of Indonesia. UNESCO identifies three important issues in conservation Borobudur: (i) the vandalism or destruction by visitors, (ii) soil erosion in the southeastern part of the site, (iii) analysis and restoration parts missing. [43] The soil loose, several times earthquakes, and torrential rains could destabilize the structure. The earthquake is the most serious factor, because not only can rock falls and arch collapsed, undulating land itself moves that can damage the structure of the building. [43] The increasing popularity of the stupa attracts many visitors who are mostly Indonesian. Although there are many warning signs not to touch anything, chant warnings over loudspeakers and the presence of guards, vandalism such as graffiti vandalism and pencorat-reliefs and statues often the case, it is clearly damaging the site. In 2009, there was no system to limit the number of tourists are allowed to visit per day, or apply each visit must be accompanied by a guide so that visitors always in control. [43] Rehabilitation Borobudur greatly affected by the eruption of Mount Merapi in October adan November 2010. Volcanic dust from Merapi covered within the temple complex 28 kilometers (17 miles) west-southwest of the crater of Merapi. Volcanic ash layer reaches a thickness of 2.5 cm (1 in) [44] cover the building of the temple when the eruption of 3 to 5 November 2010, the dust also kill plants around, and experts are concerned that volcanic dust is chemically acidic rocks can damage historic buildings Here you are. The temple complex was closed from 5 to 9 November 2010 to clean the dust luruhan. [45] [46] Observing rehabilitation Borobudur after Merapi eruption 2010, UNESCO has donated $ 3 million to fund rehabilitation efforts. Cleanse the temple of volcanic dust deposition will spend at least 6 months, followed by reforestation and tree planting in the surrounding environment to stabilize the temperature, and the last reviving the social and economic life of the local community. [47] More than 55,000 blocks of stone temples must be disassembled for repair water management and drainage systems are clogged with volcanic ash mixed dough rainwater. Restoration ended November 2011, earlier than previously thought. [48] Architecture Concept design In essence, Borobudur is a stupa which when viewed from above form a pattern of the Mandala. Mandala is a complex pattern composed of squares and concentric circles that symbolize the cosmos or universe is commonly found in streams Wajrayana-Mahayana Buddhism. Ten yard owned Borobudur illustrates clearly the Mahayana school of philosophy that simultaneously illustrates the concept of the universe cosmology, as well as the level of the mind in Buddhism. [49] Like a book, Borobudur described ten levels of Bodhisattva who must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha. Sketch of the square base measuring 123 m (400 feet) on each side. The building has nine terraces, six square bottom terraces and three circular top terrace. In 1885, accidentally discovered the hidden structure at the foot of Borobudur. [32] Foot hidden there is

a relief which is about 160 of them are Karmawibhangga. On this panel there is a relief carving script which is an indication for the engraver to make a scene in relief image. [50] The original Legs covered by the addition of a stone structure that forms a wide courtyard, the real function remains a mystery. Initially it was suspected that the addition of the foot to prevent sliding monument. [50] Other theories propose that the addition of this toe design error caused the original foot, and not in accordance with Wastu Literature, Indian books on architecture and urban planning. [32] Whatever the reason for adding this leg , and the addition of an extra foot manufacturing is done carefully with consideration for religious reasons, aesthetic, and technical. The three levels of the spiritual realm in Buddhist cosmology is: Kamadhatu The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. At the foot of the original closed this additional structure there are 160 panels Karmawibhangga story that is now hidden. Most small additional structure on the southeast corner set aside so people can still see some relief in this section. Andesite additional foot structure that covers the original legs has a volume of 13,000 cubic meters. [2] Rupadhatu Four railroad corridor that forms around the porch is on the gallery walls decorated with reliefs by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu consists of four hall with 1,300 relief image. 2.5 km long relief entirely with 1,212 carved decorative panels. Rupadhatu is the world that has been able to break free from lust but still bound manner and form. This level represents the nature between, between the subconscious and the universe. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues are in niches or niches in the wall above the balustrade or breezeway. Originally there were 432 Buddha statues in the niches open along the outer side on the balustrade. [2] At the balustrade there are slight differences in design that symbolizes the transition of the realm to the realm Rupadhatu Kamadhatu; most low balustrade crowned jewel, while the four levels of the fence ledge above crowned stupika (small stupas). Part of the square terraces rich decoration and carved reliefs. Arupadhatu Unlike the hallways Rupadhatu rich relief, starting the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. In the courtyard there are 72 circles berterawang two small stupas are arranged in three rows that surround a large stupa as the main stupa. The bell-shaped stupas are arranged in a circle 3 terraces amounted to 32, 24, and 16 (total 72 stupas). Stupanya bottom two larger terraces with rhombus-shaped hole, the top terrace stupanya bit smaller and square box-shaped hole. Statues of Buddha placed in a stupa covered with holes as in captivity. From outside the statues were still vaguely visible. This clever design by explaining the concept of transition to a state of disembodied, the Buddha statue is there but not visible. The highest level that describes the lack of perfect form is symbolized in the form of the largest and highest stupa. Stupa described plain without the holes. In the largest stupa is a Buddhist statue ever found imperfect or also known as Buddha is not completed, the disalahsangkakan as sculpture 'Adibuddha', but through further research there never was a statue at the main stupa, which was not

completed sculpture was a mistake pemahatnya in ancient times. According to the belief that one statue in the manufacturing process does not be tampered with. Archaeological excavations carried out in the courtyard of this temple found many statues like this. The main stupa is left blank suspected meaningful highest wisdom, which kasunyatan, perfect silence and the absence of which the human soul is not bound desires, wishes, and shape and free from the cycle of samsara. Building structure Approximately 55,000 cubic meters of andesite stone quarry and transported from place Penatahan to build this monument. [51] This stone is cut in a certain size, transported to the site and put together without using any cement. Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system (interlocking) are like Lego blocks that can be attached without adhesives. These stones are put together with the bulge and the right hole and fit one another, as well as the form of "pigeons" which locks the two blocks of stone. Relief made at the location after the structure of the building and the walls finished. The monument is equipped with a drainage system that is quite good for the area with high rainfall. In order to prevent inundation and flooding, 100 showers installed in every corner, each with a unique design shaped head of a giant scorpion or makara. Borobudur temple is very different from other designs, the temple was not built on a flat surface, but on top of a natural hill. However, construction techniques similar to other temples in Java. Borobudur has no worship spaces like other temples. That there are long hallways which is a narrow road. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In general design is similar to a pyramid terraces Borobudur. In the halls is expected to conduct Buddhist ceremonies walk around the temple to the right. Borobudur may initially serve more as a stupa, instead of shrine or temple. [51] The stupa is intended as a shrine to honor Buddha. Sometimes stupa was built as a symbol of honor and exaltation to the Buddha. While the shrine or temple functions as a house of worship. Intricate design of this monument shows that this building is a building places of worship. Shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of punden form, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia. According to local legend named Gunadharma architect designer of Borobudur, little is known about this mysterious architect. [52] His name is more based on fairy tales and legends of Java and not based on historic inscriptions. Gunadharma legends associated with the folklore of hills resembling Menoreh body lay. The local tales tell that the body is lying Gunadharma turned into hills Menoreh ranks, of course this is only fiction legends and fairy tales. Borobudur design using a tuning unit of measurement, namely human face length between the tip of the hairline on the forehead to the tip of the chin, or span the distance between the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger when the hand is fully developed. [53] Of course this unit are relative and vary slightly between individuals, but the unit is still on the monument. Research in 1977 revealed that the ratio of 4:6:9 was found in this monument. Architects use this formula to determine the exact dimensions of a fractal geometry of self-similar repetition in the design of Borobudur. [53] [54] The ratio was also found in mathematical engineering and Pawon Mendut nearby. Archaeologists believe that the ratio of 4:6:9 and a tuning unit has the function and meaning of the calendar, astronomy, and cosmology. The same thing applies in the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia. [52] Building structure can be divided into three parts: base (foot), body, and peak. [52] Basic measuring 123 123 m (403.5 403.5 ft) high and 4 m (13 ft). [51] The temple consists of five shelf terrace is getting

smaller squares on it. The first terrace retreat 7 m (23 feet) from the base of the terrace. Each subsequent terrace retreat 2 m (6.6 feet), leaving a narrow corridor at each stage. The upper part consists of three circular terraces, each level of the shore line of stupas berterawang arranged concentrically. There is a main stupa in the middle of the biggest; with shoots reaching a height of 35 m (110 feet) from the ground. Original high Borobudur including chattra (umbrella stacking three) which is now released is 42 m (140 feet). Stairs located at the center of the four sides of the wind that brought visitors to the peak part arch monument through a series of gates that guarded 32 lion statues. Wicket gate decorated with carved Kala vacant at the height of the center door and carved makara prominent on both sides. Kala-Makara motif commonly found in the door of the temple architecture in Java. The main entrance is located on the east side, as well as the starting point for reading the story of relief. The stairs continue straight connected by stairs on the hillside that connects the temple with the surrounding plains. On the temple walls at every level - except on the terraces Arupadhatu - carved panels of bas-reliefs made very carefully and delicate. [55] Relief and decorative patterns Borobudur naturalist style with ideal proportions and refined aesthetic taste. These reliefs are very beautiful, even considered as the most elegant and graceful Buddha in the art world. [56] Relief Borobudur also apply Indian art disciplines, such as various gestures that have a particular meaning or aesthetic value. Reliefs noble human form like a hermit, kings and noble woman, fairy creatures atapun achieve sainthood degrees like a god, like tara and Bodhisattva, is often depicted with the body position Tribhanga. The position of the body is called "three curves" that is curved or bent slightly at the neck, hips, and ankles with just body weight resting on one leg while the other leg is curved to rest. This flexible posture implies elegance, for example Surasundari angel figure who stood with Tribhanga posture while holding a longstemmed lotus. [57] Borobudur reliefs showing many images, such as human figures both nobles, commoners, or hermits, various plants and animals, as well as displays of traditional vernacular building forms the archipelago. Borobudur is like like books that record various aspects of ancient Javanese society. Many archaeologists researching past life in ancient Java and the archipelago centuries 8th and 9th with examining and referring relief carvings Borobudur. Form of stilt houses, barns, castles and temples, the form of jewelry, clothing and weaponry, a variety of plants and wildlife, as well as means of transportation, to be observed by the researchers. One of them is a relief depicting the famous Borobudur Ship. [58] Wooden boat show bercadik typical of the archipelago's ancient maritime culture. Ark replica made by reliefs of Borobudur stored at the Museum of Ocean Mercury is located to the north of Borobudur. [59] These reliefs read clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina the east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories. Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate in every level, starting at the left and right ends of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right. The composition and distribution of relief story on temple walls and balustrades are as follows. In sequence, the story on meaningful temple reliefs briefly as follows: Karmawibhangga Karmawibhangga one carving at Borobudur temple walls (0 floor southeast corner)

According to the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs which decorate the walls of a hidden shelf that illustrate the law of karma. Karmawibhangga is a script which describes the doctrine of karma, the cause and effect of good and evil. Rows of relief is not a story series (series), but in every frame illustrates a story that has a causal relationship. Relief is not only to provide an overview of the human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will be obtained, but also human and reward good deeds. An overall depiction of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and by Buddhism chain is exactly what will be terminated to perfection. Now only the southeastern part of the open and can be seen by the end. Photo Karmawibhangga complete relief can be seen in the Museum Karmawibhangga on the north side of the temple of Borobudur. Lalitawistara Prince Siddhartha Gautama shave her head and become a hermit History is a depiction of the Buddha in a row of reliefs (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from Tushita heaven, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. Reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the ladder. To-27 frames that depict busy, both in heaven and in the world, as a preparation to welcome the presence of the Bodhisattvas as the latest incarnation of the Buddha. The reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and queen Maya of Kapilavastu Affairs. The relief amount to 120 frames, which ends with the first sermon, which is symbolically expressed as a Screening Wheel of Dharma, the teachings of the Buddha is called dharma which also means "law", whereas dharma is represented as a wheel. Jataka and Awadana Jataka are stories about the Buddha before being born as Prince Siddhartha. Protrusion of contents is the subject of good works, such as self-sacrifice and helpful that distinguishes the Bodhisattvas of any other creature. Some Jataka tale story fable featuring the story involving animal characters who behave and think like humans. Indeed, the collection service or good deed is a step toward the preparation of the business to the level of Buddhahood. While Awadana, basically almost the same as the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and stories collected in the book which means noble deeds Diwyawadana godlike, and the book Awadana Awadanasataka or a hundred stories. At Borobudur temple reliefs and Awadana Jataka, treated equally, meaning they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most wellknown of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, Aryasura poet who lived in the 4th century AD. Gandawyuha A row of reliefs adorn the walls of the hall to-2, is a story that wanders Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for Top Knowledge of Truth by Sudhana. Description of the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the lid on the story of another Bhadracari. Buddha statue A statue of Buddha in the stupa berterawang In addition to the form of Buddha in Buddhist cosmology carved in the walls, there are many statues at Borobudur buddha sitting cross-legged in the lotus position and displays the symbolic hand mudras or a certain attitude. Buddha statue with a height of 1.5 meters is carved from andesite stone. [2]

Buddha statues in niches in Rupadhatu rate, set by the line on the outside of the balustrade. Dwindling on the side of it. Balustrade of the first row consists of 104 niches, the second 104 line niche, niche third row 88, row 72 niches fourth, and fifth rows 64 niches. There is a total number of 432 statues of Buddha in Rupadhatu level. [1] At the Arupadhatu (three circular courtyard), statues of Buddha placed in stupas berterawang (perforated). At first the circular courtyard there are 32 stupas, the second 24 stupa court, and the court there are 16 stupas third, all total 72 stupas. [1] From the original number as many as 504 Buddha statues, over 300 have been damaged (mostly headless) and 43 missing ( since the discovery of this monument, buddha head is often stolen as collector's item, mostly by foreign museums). [60] On the face of all these buddha statues look similar, but there are subtle differences between, namely the mudras or the position of the hand gesture. There are five groups of mudra: North, East, South, West, and Central, all based on five main directions of the compass according to Mahayana teachings. Fourth balustrade has four mudras: North, East, South, and West, where each buddha statues facing the direction of showing typical mudra. Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades and inside the 72 buddha statues in the courtyard of the stupa berterawang showing mudras: Middle or Center. Each mudra symbolize five Dhyani Buddhas, each with its own symbolic meaning. [61] Following the order of the movements surrounding Pradakshina clockwise starting from the East side, the mudra buddha statues at Borobudur is: Overview of the process of restoration of Borobudur temple time 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs. 1873 - The first monograph published about the temple. 1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur. 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911. 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and crisis of World War II. 1956 - The Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr.. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur. 1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the events of the G-30-S. 1968 - At the 15th conference in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur. 1971 - The Indonesian government established a body chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur. 1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. UNESCO-sponsored committees provide 5 million U.S. dollars from the cost of the restoration of 7,750 million U.S. dollars. The rest is covered Indonesia. August 10, 1973 - President Suharto inaugurated the commencement of restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984 January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple which was soon restored. Attacks carried out by the Islamic extremist group led by Husein Ali Al Ethiopia. 1991 - Borobudur designated as World Heritage by UNESCO.

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