Andy Hsu Chapter #39: The Stalemated Seventies Big Picture Themes Chapter #39 IDENTIFICATIONS Spiro Agnew

w Spiro Agnew was Vice President under President Nixon. Although he was not part of the Watergate Scandal, he was forced to resign due to investigation for corruption. Henry Kissinger Henry Kissinger served as Secretary of State and endorsed realpolitik in US foreign policy. Earl Warren Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and made many decisions that transformed positions on many controversial topics. Warren Burger Warren Burger succeeded Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Although he was expected by conservatives to change the direction of the Supreme Court, he maintained many of its prior decisions. George McGovern George McGovern ran against Nixon as the Democratic candidate. He lost due to the appeal of Nixon and the ongoing Vietnam War. John Dean John Dean was involved as one of the key figures in the Watergate Scandal and was responsible for the cover up in the FBI. Shah of Iran Shah of Iran was also known as Mohammad Pahlavi. He was the victim of a coup that removed him from the head of power in Iran. Aytollah Khomeini Ayatollah Khomeini was the Iranian leader who was in charge of the coup that overthrew Mohammad Pahlavi. He became Irans sole supreme leader. Dtente

Andy Hsu Dtente refers to the period of time in which the US was able to continue diplomatic relations with various countries and stay out of political turmoil for some time. Vietnamization Vietnamization was Nixons policy during the Vietnam War to train and aid the South Vietnamese forces in the war against the Viet Cong. Nixon Doctrine The Nixon Doctrine basically stated that the US would assist allies but could not help every country in the world. My Lai massacre The My Lai Massacre was the massacre of civilians in South Vietnam by US troops for suspicion of helping the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces. Kent State Killings The Kent State Killings resulted from the protests of students in response to American intervention in Cambodia Pentagon Papers The Pentagon Papers summarized the history of the US involvement in Vietnam, both politically and militarily. S.A.L.T S.A.L.T. stands for Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and refers to an effort by both the US and USSR to reduce the amount of arms contained by both countries. Watergate Scandal The Watergate Scandal was a scandal in which President Nixon was forced to resign when men he hired were caught trying to bug the Democratic headquarters. C.R.E.E.P The Committee for the Re-Election of the President was the center of the Watergate Scandal after it was discovered that Nixon had employed men to bug the Democrats. War Powers Act The War Powers Act ensured that Congress would be able to check the Presidents

Andy Hsu power to commit the US to an armed conflict. It was enacted as a result of conflict in Cambodia. OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries was created in order to ensure a substantial amount of return and supply to both investors and consumers. Iran Hostage Crisis The Iran Hostage Crisis was the low point of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. As a result of various conflicts with the Middle East, the US found its embassy occupants kidnapped and held hostage. Chapter #39 Guided Reading Questions Sources of Stagnation Know: Productivity, Inflation 1. Describe the economic problems faced by the United States in the 1970s. There was a slowdown in productivity in the 1970s that was due to either the increasing amount of women and teenagers in the work force or a declining investment in machinery, heavy costs of complying with government policies, and general shift of American economy to services instead of manufacturing. In addition, the Vietnam War took money from crucial improvements in education, unrecognized scientific skill, and manufacturing capacity. Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War Know: Liberal Establishment, Vietnamization, Silent Majority, Nattering Nabobs of Negativism, My Lai 2. What was President Nixons plan for getting the US out of Vietnam? President Nixons plan for getting the US out of Vietnam was known as Vietnamization. It planned to withdraw the 540,000 US troops in South Vietnam over a period of time. This would happen gradually as the South Vietnamese soldiers would receive training and aid from the American soldiers. This ensured that even after the absence of US troops, the South Vietnamese would be able to protect themselves. Cambodianizing the Vietnam War Know: Cambodia, Kent State University, Twenty-sixth Amendment, Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg 3. What developments caused many people to become even more critical of the war in 1970 and 1971? Nixon ordered American forces to join South Vietnamese raids in officially neutral Cambodia without Congress approval. Even though this was because of Cambodias aid to the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong, the public responded angrily. One infamous protest took place at Kent State University, at which four protestors were shot by the National Guard. Nixon quickly caught wind of the publics disposition toward his decision and drew troops out within two months.

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Nixon's Detente with Beijing (Peking) and Moscow Know: Henry Kissinger, Dtente, ABM Treaty, SALT Treaty, MIRVs 4. What was the China Card, and how did Nixon use it? The China card was a strategy in which the US appealed to Communist China in order to persuade the Soviets to start an era of dtente. The success of this strategy was largely due to Henry Kissinger. The US and Soviet Union then produced several agreements, including an ABM treaty and SALT treaty that were meant to decrease the amount of warheads possessed by either country. Regardless of the fact that MIRVs were used to bypass these treaties, it did aid the US in exiting the Vietnam War. A New Team on the Supreme Bench Know: Judicial Activism, Miranda, Engel v. Vitale, Warren Berger, Roe v. Wade 5. Why was Nixon unhappy with the Supreme Court? Nixon was unhappy with the Supreme Court because of the decisions that it made under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren. Nixon disliked the permissiveness and judicial activism in which the Supreme Court defended the individual no matter what. The Miranda case ensured various rights for the accused and have endured even today. Even after the replacement of much of the Warren Court, the Burger Court still maintained the liberal rulings. Nixon on the Home Front Know: Aid the Families with Dependent Children, Reverse Discrimination, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Silent Spring, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, Southern Strategy 6 How conservative was President Nixon? Explain. President Nixon was considered a conservative but did many things that would say otherwise. For example, he approved increased appropriations for programs such as Food Stamps, Medicaid, and AFDC. He implemented his Philadelphia Plan, which expanded the impact of affirmative action. One his greatest legacies was also one of the least conservative the creation of the EPA and OSHA in order to protect the environment. The Nixon Landslide of 1972 Know: George McGovern 7. How did the situation in Vietnam help Nixon win a landslide in the 1972 election? Nixons opponent, George McGovern, failed to pose a threat to Nixon from the beginning and faced problems later on during his campaign. Nixon was able to appeal to the public by advocating his success in removing most of the American troops from Vietnam and promising to end the war within a matter of days. The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act Know: Pol Pot, War Powers Act 8. What did Cambodia have to do with the War Powers Act? The War Powers Act was enacted as a part of New Isolationism in an attempt to be more cautionary in the nations foreign affairs. The destruction that occurred in Cambodia forced

Andy Hsu the act to be passed; it required the president to report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops or enlarging American troops in a foreign country. It ensured that what Nixon did in Cambodia would never occur again. Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table 9. "The shaky `peace' was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat." Explain. While it might have seemed that the peace secured between North and South Vietnam was the true intention of the US, it was merely a faade for the quiet retreat that they wished to make. By slowly drawing forces out of Vietnam and increasing attacks on the North Vietnamese, the US was able to close out of the war without troops to lose had negotiations failed. The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis Know: OPEC 10. Explain the cause and effects of the Arab Oil Embargo. The Arab Oil Embargo came as a result of American aid to the Israelis in their war against the Arab nations. Arab nations placed on embargo on oil for the US and all other countries that supported Israel. This embargo forced the US government to explore other areas for energy and signified the end of the era of cheap and abundant energy. It also showed the great addiction of America to oil. Watergate and the Unmaking of a President Know: Watergate, CREEP, Enemies List, Plumbers, John Dean, Executive Privilege, Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford, Saturday Night Massacre 11. Of what wrongdoing was the Nixon administration guilty? The Nixon administration was found guilty of obstruction of justice, abuse of powers of the presidential office, and contempt of Congress in the Watergate Scandal. Five men, working for CREEP, were caught attempting to place bugs in the Democratic partys headquarters and led to the discovery of a string of such crimes committed by the Nixon administration. Eventually, Nixon resigned to avoid as much incrimination as possible for the deed. The First Unelected President 12. Did President do the right thing when he pardoned Nixon? Explain. While the President might have done the right thing when he pardoned Nixon from a moral standpoint, it was not a wise thing to do for the sake of his career. There was already much doubt surrounding Ford and his abilities, and after his pardoning of Nixon, any suspicions suddenly became reasonable. Defeat in Vietnam 13. What was the cost (not in just money) of the Vietnam War? The Vietnam War cost the US an unbelievable sum of money 118 billion dollars and left 56,000 troops dead with 300,000 wounded. However, the US lost more than just the war. It lost its own self-esteem, confidence in its military prowess, and the economic power that had made it one of the most formidable powers after World War II. Most importantly, it had become weak in the eyes of foreigners.

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Feminist Victories and Defeats Know: Title IX, ERA, Roe v. Wade 15. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail? The Equal Rights Amendment was only three states short of success. For the most part, it was not a failure. Women gained the support of both Congress and the Supreme Court, through constant action. The new Title IX Generation was born, a result of the womens rights movement and the ERA proposed. Makers of America: The Vietnamese 16. What difficulties did Vietnamese immigrants experience when they came to America? Vietnamese immigrants were put into camps to assimilate them into American society, and yet they saw this attempt as unnecessary and resented the US for it. Furthermore, their extended families were separated as they were scattered across the country to various American sponsors. Few were educated and even fewer succeeded in finding work that would be economically stable. The Seventies in Black and White Know: Desegregation, white flight, affirmative action, United States v. Wheeler 17. Explain the significance of the Bakke case. The Bakke case is significant because the Supreme Court upheld the statement that preference in admissions could not be given to members of any group on the basis of ethnic or racial identity alone. This one decision might have destroyed the work of the civil rights movement, as Thurgood Marshall argued, but many conservatives supported the Supreme Court. The Bicentennial Campaign and the Carter Victory Know: Jimmy Carter 18. Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976? Jimmy Carter won because, like some of the presidents before him, his qualities stood out to the public and he was able to reach out to them. He was seen as a sincere, humble, and incorruptible man in the eyes of the people. He attracted voters by stating that he would not succumb to the corruption of Washington and never lie. Makers of America: The Feminists 19. Compare and contrast the first and second feminist waves. The first feminist wave viewed a radically different future for women and encountered more hostility and disappointment as a result. The first wave drew their ideas from abolitionism, while the second wave drew theirs from the civil rights movements. Similar to the first wave, there were members of the second wave that were equally radical in thought and action.. Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy Know: Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, Camp David Accords 20. Describe Carter's foreign policy achievements.

Andy Hsu Carters foreign policy achievements are far and wide. He and his UN ambassador Andrew Young championed the oppressed African majority in Rhodesia and South Africa. His most recognized achievement was the forging of an accord between President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin. He also resumed full diplomatic relations with China soon after to end a thirty year interruption. Finally, he was able to turn ownership and control of the Panama Canal to the Panamanians. Economic and Energy Woes Know: Shah of Iran 21. How did Carter react to the renewed energy crisis? Carter, seeing Americas economic failures as a result from the nations dependence on foreign oil, attempted to enact energy conservation but failed due to indifference from the American people. It looked as if Carter would take more action afterwards, but only a scolding of the US and some firings of government officials took place. Ultimately, Carter did nothing to mollify the issue at hand. Foreign Affairs and the Iranian Imbroglio Know: Leonid Brezhnev, SALT II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Afghanistan, Hostage Crisis 22. What foreign policy problems plagued the second half of Carter's presidency? Carter wished to sign long-needed SALT II agreements with the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, but conservatives stopped this proposal in the Senate. Political turmoil in the oil-rich Persian Gulf led to the kidnapping of occupants of the United States embassy in Tehran, Iran.