The Challenge in Higher Education

The Challenge
in Higher Education
ConfrontingandReducing SubstanceAbuseonCampus
O F F I C E O F N A T I O N A L D R U G C O N T R O L P O L I C Y
The
Challenge
in Higher Education
ConfrontingandReducing SubstanceAbuseonCampus
O F F I C E O F N AT I O N A L D R U G C O N T R O L P O L I C Y APRIL 2004
TableofContents
FOREWORD DirectorJohnP. Walters ..............................5
INTRODUCTION TheChallengeBeforeYou ............................9
NewThrills, NewThreats ............................10
AGuideforAdministrators ..........................11
SCOP E OFTHE DRUG PROBLEM TheLureandtheTrap .............................13
DrugsandYourInstitution ...........................14
ThePathtoAddiction...............................14
DrugsonCampus ..................................18
FA C I N G T H E C H A L L E N G E GettheFullPicture .................................27
LawandLeadership ................................28
SupportfromtheTop ...............................31
APolicywithaPunch ...............................32
BuildingaProgramthatWorks........................34
RememberThoseinRecovery.........................41
WorkwiththeCommunity ...........................42
HarnessingthePowerofPerceptions ...................44
CASE ST UDIES PartnersinPrevention ...............................16
APlaceofTheirOwn ...............................22
ADoseofReality ..................................32
AnInfusionofDrugAwareness .......................38
CONCLUSION TheRewardsofSuccess .............................49
Resources .........................................51
GuidetoCommonCampusDrugs .....................57
T H E C H A L L E N G E I N H I G H E R E D U C AT I O N 3
Foreword
Illegaldrugshavenoplaceinoursociety, leastofallatinstitutionsdedi catedtoimprovingthemindsofouryoungpeople. Andyet, druguseis aseriousproblemonmanycollegecampuses. Recognizingtheurgent needtoconfrontthisthreat, theOfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy isreachingouttocollegesanduniversitiesandseekingtheirsupportin thefightagainstillegaldrugs. AsDirectoroftheONDCP, Ihavetraveled toinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthe country, talkingtoofficialsandstudentsabout theirmethodsforriddingtheircampusesof drugs. Theirsisadifficult, frustrating, and sometimesconfusingtask. AndyetIhave beenimpressedbytheirdedicationand encouragedbytheinnovativeapproaches manyoftheseinstitutionshavedevelopedto keepthedrugthreatatbay. Someoftheir preventionstrategiesaredescribedinthis booklet.
JohnP.Walters
Althoughwehavemadegreatstridesandscoredsomeimportantvictories intheefforttocontroldruguseinAmerica, wehaveaconsiderableway togo. Illegaldrugsarestilldamagingthemindsandbodiesofouryoung people, andthedrugcultureremainsapowerfulinfluenceoncampuses fromcoasttocoast. Forthesakeofouryouthandourcountry, wecan dobetter. Researchhasshownthatdruguseimpairsmemoryandbrainfunctioning. Obviously, drugusebystudentscreatesamajorobstacletoacademic performance. Notonlydodrugsdisruptthelearningenvironment, they alsointerferewithnormalsocialinteractionandtheformationofnew relationships, activitiesthatareintegraltothecollegeexperience.
FOREWORD
Onmanyofourcampuses, studentscanpickandchoosefromanassort mentofmindalteringsubstancesmarijuana, MDMA(Ecstasy), GHB, Rohypnol, heroin, cocaine, andmethamphetamine, amongothersall readilyavailableandeasytoobtain. Tobesure, alcoholabuseisanenor mousproblemfacingcollegesanduniversitiestoday. Butnolessdisturb ingistheincreasinguseofotherharmfulsubstances. Morethanhalfof todayscollegestudentshaveatleasttriedanillegaldrugatsomepointin theirlives, andformostofthemthedrugofchoice, oncampusoroff, is marijuana. Oftenregardedasharmless, marijuanaposesagreaterdangerthanmany realize. Moreyoungpeopleareintreatmentformarijuanadependency thanforalcoholandforallotherillegaldrugscombined. Marijuanausers arefourtimesmorelikelytoreportsymptomsofdepressionandhave moresuicidalthoughtsthanthosewhoneverusedthedrug. Clearly, any substancethisharmfulhasnoplaceataninstitutionofhigherlearning. ThePresident's2002DrugControlStrategycalledforatenpercent reductioninyouthdrugusewithintwoyearsanda25percentdeclinein fiveyears. Thiswasnotjustwishfulthinking. Arecentsurveyshowingan 11percentdropbetween2001and2003inteenagers useofillicitdrugs isproofthat, bypushingback, wecan reducethedrugproblem. Butwe mustcontinueworkinghardandlookingforwaystostopdrugusebefore itstarts. Wemustalsointerveneearlytoencourageuserswhoarenotyet dependenttoquitnow, beforetheybecomecaughtinthedevastating cycleofaddiction. Thankstoscientificadvancesandnewtreatmentmethods, weareableto reachavarietyofpopulationsanddeliverassistancefasterandmoreeffec tivelythaneverbefore. Itisessentialthatweextendthatreachtocollege students, who, thoughtheyarenolongerchildren, havearguablynotyet reachedfullmaturity. Wemustrespectandatthesametimeprotectthem fromactionsandsubstancesthatwilldothemharm. Theyare, afterall,
6 T H E C H A L L E N G E I N H I G H E R E D U C AT I O N
FOREWORD
thefutureleadersofourcountry, theyoungmenandwomenwhowillset thenormsandestablishbehaviorpatternsforthenextgeneration. Institutionsofhighereducationplayanenormousroleinshapingminds andbuildingcharacter, andwiththisrolecomesaresponsibilitytopro videadrugfreeenvironmentforitsstudents. Campusesunencumbered bydrugsaresafer, cleaner, andmoreintellectuallystimulating. Theyare alsomorelikelytoattractprospectivestudentsandinspireconfidence amongalumni. Alongwithamoralobligation, collegesanduniversities thatreceivegovernmentfundingalsohavearesponsibilityunderthelaw. TheymustpayheedtoFederalregulationsthatlinkeffectivedrugpre ventionprogramstofinancialassistance. Pleasejoinmeinaddressingthisimportantissueonyourcampus. Stoppingstudentdrugusewillnotonlyboostacademicachievement andthequalityoflifeforstudentstoday, itwillbringhugedividends tomorrowintermsofcareeradvancementandpersonalsatisfaction. If everycollegedoesitsparttogetillegaldrugsoffcampus, wecandelivera seriousblowtooneofthebiggestthreatsfacingyoungpeopletoday. Withoutthedistractionofdrugsandthedamagetheyinflict, young adultsincollegecanspendmoretimedoingwhattheycametodo learn, makefriends, andbuildahealthyfoundationforthefuture. The collegeyearsareaprecioustimeinayoungpersonslife. Itisimperative thatwedoeverythinginourpowertokeepthemthatway.
JohnP. Walters Director OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy

Introduction
TheChallengeBeforeYou
Largeorsmall, urbanorrural, commuterorresidential, technicalor liberalarts, everycollegeanduniversityinAmericaiscommittedto providinganexperiencethatallowsstudentstorisetotheirfullpotential. Asakeymemberofthehighereducationcommunity, youworkhardto makethelearningexperienceapositiveone. Naturally, youstrive forexcellence. Youwantyourinstitutiontoturnoutthebestandthe brightest, thenationsnextgenerationofleaders. Thatchallengeisreflectedinthe faceofeverystudentonyour Therewardsofyourefforts campus. Fortheseyoungmenand areimmense. women, thecollegeyearsarea Andsotooisthechallenge. periodofgrowthandtransition. Theyareatimeforexamining beliefsanddevelopingnewpoints ofview, atimeforreflectionanddiscovery. Yourchallengeasacollegeoruniversityadministratoristopromotethat richnessofexperienceandatthesametimeeliminateobstaclesineach studentspathtosuccess. Parentsexpecttheuniversityorcollegenotonly toprovideintellectualopportunitiesfortheirsonsanddaughters, butalso toprotectthemfromharm. Fromthebeginning, theinstitutionenters intoacovenantwithstudentsandtheirparents. Theunderstandingis thattheexplorationofnewideaswilloccurunderconditionsflexible enoughtoallowfordiscovery, butwithsufficientcontrolstoensurearea sonablemeasureofsafety.
INTRODUCTION
NewThrills,NewThreats
Forsomestudents, collegeisatimetoexperimentnotonlywithnewideas, butwithnewthrills, includingalcoholanddrugs. Alcoholabuseincollege iswelldocumented. ThelatestresultsfromMonitoringtheFuture, an ongoingnationalsurveyofbehaviors, attitudes, andvaluesamongyoung people, indicatethatmorethanmorethantwothirds(68.9percent)of collegestudentsarecurrentdrinkersthatis, theyhavehadoneormore alcoholicdrinksintheprevious30days. Notallofthemareproblem drinkers, ofcourse. Still, alargenumberofstudents(40.1percent)saythey consumed5ormoredrinksinarowonatleastoneoccasionwithinthe previoustwoweeks. Withthishighrateofalcoholconsumptioncomeclear consequences. AsreportedbytheNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseand Alcoholism, some1,400peopleage18to24dieeachyearfrominjuries sufferedinalcoholrelatedaccidents, includingmotorvehiclecrashes. Equallytroublingisthewidespreaduseofillicitdrugsoncampus. Inthe 2002MonitoringtheFuturesurvey, morethanathird(37percent)of collegestudentsreportedtheyhadusedillegaldrugsinthepastyear, and nearlyaquarterofthem(21.5percent)reportedhavingdonesowithin thepastmonth. Adecadeearlier, bycontrast, justover16percenthad reportedpastmonthdruguse. Anotherimportantreport, the2002 NationalSurveyonDrugUseandHealth, showedthatwelloverhalf (59.8percent)ofall18to25yearoldshaveused, oratleasttried, an illegaldrugatsometimeduringtheirlives. Fortoomanyyoungpeople, casualexperimentationwithdrugsturnsto addiction. Evenfornondependentusers, drugusecreatesabarrierto achievementthatcanbeextremelydifficulttoovercome, evenlifethreat ening. Drugusingdropoutsareablotontheinstitutionsreputationand adisappointmenttotheirfamilies, theirfriends, andtothemselves. Users whomanagetograduateoftenfindtheyareunabletocompeteforthe bestjobs, andthetreatmentneedsofthosewhoareaddictedcanstrain familyandcommunityresources.
10 T H E C H A L L E N G E I N H I G H E R E D U C A T I O N
INTRODUCTION
Althoughsomepeoplelookatillegaldruguseasanaturalphaseora youthfulriteofpassage, thehardrealityisthatdrugscandestroylivesand undermineaschool'sbesteffortstoeducateandprotect. Collegeofficials mustunderstandhowdruguseontheircampusesevenbythosewho shownooutwardsignsofharmfulconsequencescaninterferewithstu dents'mental, social, andemotionalgrowth.
AGuideforAdministrators
TheOfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicyhasputtogetherthisguide togiveadministratorsatinstitutionsofhighereducationabasicunder standingofillegaldruguseamongthecollegepopulationandtourge theirsupportinriddingcampusesofthisthreat. Alongwithanoverview oftheproblem, thebookletexplainstherisksassociatedwithdruguse whenleftunchecked, andwhyitisimportanttodiscouragealldruguse bystudents. Casestudiesappearingthroughoutthebookletdescribetheinnovative approachessomeschoolshavedevelopedtocombatdruguse. Thepurposeoftheseexamplesistoillustratethevarietyofstrategies availabletocollegesanduniversitieshopingtodeveloporrefineprograms oftheirown. Thebookletoffersusefuladviceaswell, withsuggestionsonhow toassessthedrugproblematyourinstitutionandwhatyoucando aboutit. InthebackisaGuidetoCommonCampusDrugs, featuring photographsofproblemdrugsandrelatedparaphernalia, aswellasalist ofresourcestohelpyoukeepyourcampusdrugfree.
T H E C H A L L E N G E I N H I G H E R E D U C A T I O N 11
ScopeoftheDrugProblem
TheLureandtheTrap
Peoplestartusingdrugsforanynumberofreasons. Somegiveinto pressurefromdrugusingfriendsandacquaintances. Othersgetinvolved simplyforthethrillofit, orbecausetheyhavebeenledtobelievedrugs arethepathtoenlightenment. Whateverthereason, commontoalltheirexperiencesistheundeniable factthatdrugusebringspleasureatleastinitially. Noonetakesdrugs withthegoalofbecominganaddict. Rather, theydosobecausethe chemicallyinducedchangesinthebrainmakethemfeelbetter. Altering thebrain, however, canbehazardoustoyourhealth. Everyonehasheardstoriesaboutdeathbyheroinorcocaineoverdose. Buteventhesocalledclubdrugs, includingMDMA(Ecstasy), have beenknowntokill, sometimesonthefirst use. Certainclubdrugs, notablyGHBand Rohypnol, havebeendubbeddaterape Drugusebrings drugsbecausetheyaresometimesusedin pleasureatfirst. thecommissionofsexualassault. Colorless andodorless, theycanbeslippedunnoticed Butalteringthebrain canbehazardous intoadrink. Andbecausethedrugscausea toyourhealth. temporaryamnesia, theunsuspectingvictim willhavenomemoryofwhathappened.
SCOPEOFTHEDRUGPROBLEM
DrugsandYourInstitution
Deathsandassaultsoncampusgrabheadlinesandcastashadowoverthe school. Theyinvitelitigation, discouragedonorsaswellasprospective students, andcausealumnitolosefaithintheiralmamater. Andyet, druguseoncampusdoesnothavetoreachcrisisproportionstodamage aninstitutionandundermineitsmission. Anyamountofdruguseis unacceptable, foritcanspreadanddull theeducationalexperiencefor all, meanwhileinhibitingtheability oftheuniversityanditsstudents Anyamountofdruguse toperformattheirpeak.
candulltheeducational experienceforall. Drugusecanoccuronanycampus, but

itisbynomeansinevitable. Thechal lengeistostopitbeforeitgainsa footholdinthecampusculture, andit isuptoyoutoconfrontthischallengeheadon. Asaleaderofyourinsti tution, itisentirelywithinyourpowertosetstandardsonyour campusandcreateanenvironmentwheredruguseisnottolerated, and wherelearningandgrowthcantakeplaceunimpededbytheroadblocks ofdruguseandaddiction. Becausedrugsareabarriertoallthatacollege oruniversityaimstodoforitsstudents, maintainingadrugfreecampus isvitaltoachievingyourgoals.
ThePathtoAddiction
Drugusestartsinnocentlyenough. Anonuserisapproachedbyauser andpersuadedtotakeadrink, smokeajoint, orpopapill. Despitesome minorundesirableeffectsunpleasanttasteorcoughing, forexample thehigh isverypleasurable. Whenthehighwearsoff, lifegoesbackto normal, buttheexperiencecannotbeunlearned. Associalusecontinues, theunpleasanteffectsdiminish, althoughnew onesmayappear. Anewusermayexperienceahangoverandvownever
touseagain, butthehangoverdisappears, andlifeonceagainreturnsto normal. Theuserisnowinthecompanyoffriends, theeconomiccosts areminimal, andheorsheislearninghowmuchistoomuchallrein forcingthepleasurableaspectsofuse. Duringthisphase, drugusedoesnotinterferewiththeusersmajoractiv ities. Heorshestillattendsclasses, turnsinassignments, andenjoys socialevents. Itishardtoseedruguseasaseriousthreattoyourstudents wellbeingwhentheyshownooutwardsignsoftrouble. Itisharderstill fordrugusingstudentsandtheirfriendstoconnecttheirexperiencesto thehorrorofaddictionortheiractionstoanypotentialrisk. Theyre smart, andtheythinktheyknowwhattheyaredoing. Andyet, intoomanycases, alineiseventuallycrossed. Agivenamount ofdrugbringslesspleasurethanbefore, sotheusersincreasethedoseor thefrequencyofuse. Theymakebaddecisions, suchasdrivingwhile intoxicatedorhavingsexwithstrangers, therebydisappointingothersand themselves. Theconsequencesof theirdrugusebecomemoresevere, possiblyincludingfailureintheir classes. Theystarttodislikethem Itcanbehardfor selvesandhowtheyfeelwhennot drugusingstudentsto high. Nowtheymayusedrugsnotto connecttheirexperiences gethigh, butjusttofeelnormal. tothehorrorofaddiction. Themajorityofyourdrugusing studentswillprobablyexperienceno majorconsequences, possiblyleadingyoutoconclude, understandably, thatyourinstitutionhasnodrugproblem. Yetyoumustrealizethatdrug use, evenintheabsenceofclearsignsofharm, mustbecurtailedonyour campusfortwoimportantreasons: Theuserhimselfmaycrosstheline intoaddictionatsometimeinthefuture, andtheverylackofvisible negativeconsequencesluresothersintodruguse.
O N E S C H O O L S A P P R O A C H
PartnersinPrevention
TexasA&MUniversity CollegeStation,TX Organized by the Office of Alcohol and DrugEducationProgramsincollaboration with the Office of Greek Life, ARCHES linksnewmembersoftheGreekcommu nity with supportive older members who abstainfromdruguseandotherhighrisk behavior. The idea is to partner impres sionable newcomers with experienced studentswhocanhelpthemseparatethe myths from the realities of alcohol and druguseoncampusand,intheprocess, sidesteppotentialhazards. Studentsenteringcollegehaveallseenthe movie AnimalHouse andthinkthatswhat collegeisreallylike,saysDennisReardon, seniorcoordinatorforStudentLifeAlcohol andDrugEducationPrograms.Thenthey talktosuccessfulstudentsandseethat,no, itsnotthatway.
As part of a broadbased effort to curb alcohol and drug use on campus, Texas A&M invites new fraternity and sorority members to participate in ARCHES (Advocating Responsible Choices), a groupmentoringprogramfortheuniver sitys 3,200member Greek community. Advisors and student leaders in several fraternities developed the program as a way to ensure student ownership and responsibility in addressing alcohol and drug use in the college environment, says Carolyn Cox, coordinator of First YearPrograms.Todate,nearly40upper class students participate as mentors in theprogram.
Alldiseaseshaveoneormoretargetorgans, acausativeagent, and generallyarecognizedmethodofspread. Addictionis, primarily, a diseaseofthebrain, andtheagentofthatdiseaseisdrugs. Nondepend entusersthosewhousedrugsbutarenotyetaddictedarecarriers whospreadthediseaseofaddictiontoothers, andwhomaythemselves onedaybecomeaddicted. DatacollectedbyresearchersinMichiganfortheMonitoringtheFuture Studypointtoanunsettlingtrendaboutratesofdruguseincollege. Whilestillinhighschool, collegeboundseniorsarelesslikelytouse illicitdrugsthantheiragepeerswhodonotgotocollege. Aftergradua tion, however, collegestudentscatchup andexceedtheiragepeersin druguse.
ARCHES aimstodothefollowing:
Create a supportive network of Greek students who share similar attitudes and beliefs, and who choose to make lowrisk decisions aboutdrugsandalcohol. Provide new and current members with the opportunity to participate comfortablyinavarietyofsocialsit uationswithoutfeelingthepressure todrinkoruseotherdrugs. Reduce the misperception that all Greek students drink or engage in heavydrinking. Createasocialnormwithinthefra ternity and sorority system that counters the stereotypical image of men and women involved in Greek organizations.
Contact: Dr.DennisReardon, SeniorCoordinator StudentLifeAlcoholandDrug EducationPrograms 1257TexasA&MUniversity CollegeStation,TX778431257 Phone:9798450280 Email:Dennis@studentlife.tamu.edu Adep@tamu.edu
Theexplanation, accordingtoresearchconductedbytheUniversityof MichigansInstituteforSocialResearch, mayberootedinthefactthat collegestudentstypicallymoveawayfromhomeandremainsingle. Their noncollegepeers, bycontrast, aremoreinclinedtostayintheirparents homeorgetmarriedafterhighschooltwobehaviorsthatappearto haveaninhibitingeffectondruguse. Manystudentscometoyouwiththeexternalcontrolsoffamilylifted, so itisincumbentonyoutocreateanatmospherewheredruguseisinhibit ed. Yourbiggesttaskwillbetostopinitiationbeforeitstartstoreinforce anondrugnormfornonusers. Afterthat, youmustencouragethosestu dentswhohavebegunusingdrugstostopbeforetheyexperiencenegative
consequencesandbeforetheycanrecruitotherswhomaythemselves becomeaddicted. Thisisbestaccomplishedinanenvironmentwhere druguseisnottoleratedandpeopledonotlooktheotherway.
DrugsonCampus
Ifwedonotmakeanefforttostopdruguseinthecollegeagepopula tion, agroupthatconsistentlydemonstrateshighratesofuse, wewillbe allowingunnecessarybarrierstoblocktheseyoungpeoplefromachieving theirfullpotential. Moreover, societywillbeforcedtobearthehealthand socialcostsoftheirdrugdependenceforyearstocome. Anydrugcanshowuponanycampusatanytime(seetheGuideto CommonCampusDrugs, page57). Indeed, itwouldbenavetosuggest thatsocalledharddrugssuchascocaineandheroinarenotusedby collegestudents. Problemswiththese drugsinschoolhavebeenknownfor years. LenBiaswasanallAmerica basketballstarattheUniversityof Anydrugcanshow Marylandin1986whenhisoverdose uponanycampus deathinhisdormitorybroughtthe atanytime. dangersofcocaineabusetothenations attention. Thedrugsthatrepresentthe greatestthreatontodayscampuses, however, aremarijuanaandclubdrugs.
MARIJUANA
Ofallillicitdrugsfoundoncollegecampusestoday, marijuanaisbyfar themostubiquitous. Manystudentsandadultstaketheattitudethat marijuanausebyyoungpeopleisnormalthatthereisnothingtofear becausepot isbenign, itseffectstemporaryandharmless.
DrugTesting:AnOunceofPrevention
TheNationalDrugControlStrategyemphasizestheimportanceofpreventingdrugusebefore itstarts.Itisamatterofsimplelogicthatthebestwaytomakesurestudentsdonotbecome dependentondrugsistokeepthemfromtakingthatfirstpufforswallowingthatfirstpill. Andwhenitcomestodruguse,anounceofpreventionisworthmanypoundsofcure. Experimentationwithdrugsisoftentheresultofpeerpressureandcuriosity.Mostpeople whotrydrugsdonotcontinuetousethem.Forsome,however,simpleexperimentationis thefirststepontheroadtoaddiction.Adrugtestingprogramcanbeaneffectivewayto discourageexperimentationandstopdrugusebeforeitbegins. Thisdeterrencestrategyhasbeendemonstratedmanytimesoverinschoolsthatenthusiasti callysupportdrugtestingasamethodofprevention.Employershavealsofounddrug testinghelpfulinreducingabsenteeism,accidents,andhealthcarecosts.Employerswho havefollowedtheFederalgovernmentmodelfordrugtestinghaveseena67percentdrop inpositivedrugtestsjustbyhavingtestingprogramsinplace. Thepurposeofdrugtestingisnottopunishstudentswhousedrugs,althoughconse quencesofsomesortshouldbepartofanytestingprogram.Consequencesmayinclude suspensionfromsportsactivities,lossoffinancialaid,orlossofspecialprivileges,suchas drivingtheteamvan. Forstudentsfacingpeerpressuretododrugs,knowingthatatestingprogramisinplace canprovideagoodexcusetosayno.Thispolicyofrefusalwillservethemwellinyearsto come.Afterall,todaysstudentsaretheprofessionals,craftsmen,educators,andresearchers oftomorrow,andmanywillneedtopassadrugtesttogetajoboradvanceintheircareers. Allowingstudentstopursueselfdefeatingbehaviorssuchasdruguseistoenablethemto continuealongadangerousroadtodebilitating,chronicdrugdependence. BenefitsofDrugTesting Studentswhousedrugsarestatisticallymorelikelythannonuserstodropoutofcollege andtobeunemployedandunemployable. Classesarechallenginganddifficultevenforthemostintelligentstudents.Themorethey usedrugssuchasmarijuana,themorelikelytheywillbetocutclassandbeinvolvedin physicalattacks,destructionofproperty,stealing,lying,andruninswiththecollegediscipli narysystem.Studentsaresubjecttocollegeregulations,andtheycanalsobeexpelledfor violatinglocal,state,andFederallawsthatgovernillegaldrugsandthemisuseorabuseof alcohol. Safety,ofcourse,isofparamountimportanceoncampusandinthesurroundingcommuni ty.Studieshaveshownthatabuseofalcoholandillicitdrugsnotonlyinterfereswithlearn ing,italsodisruptstheorderlyenvironmentnecessaryforsafetyandsuccess.Forexample, studentswhousedrugsaremorelikelytobringgunsandknivestoschool. Everystudent,parent,andadministratorexpectstheinstitutiontoprovideprotectionfrom violence,racism,andotherformsofabuse.Certainly,then,theyhavetherighttoexpecta collegelearningenvironmentfreefromillegaldrugsandthedangerstheypose.
Thisissimplywrong. Manymarijuanausershavetroublestoppingon theirown. Ofallteenagersindrugtreatmentin2001, forexample, about 62percenthadaprimarymarijuanadiagnosis. Today, moreyoungpeople areintreatmentformarijuanadependencythanforalcoholorforallother illegaldrugscombined. Contrarytoprevailingmyths, marijuanadoes causeharm. Longtermuseofthedrugisassociatedwithstealing, aggres sion, cuttingclasses, anddestruction ofproperty. Marijuanauseoften occursincombinationwithalcohol, andthedrugmayactuallybe Ittakeslittleimagination responsibleformorecampusand toseethethreatposedby communityvandalismanddistur amindnumbingsubstance bancesofthepeacethanhasprevi onalearningenvironment. ouslyhasrecognized. Marijuana alsoposessignificanthealthrisks. Onejointcontainsasmuchcancer causingtarasfourtobaccocigarettes, andresearchprovidesstrong evidencethatsmokingmarijuanaincreasesthelikelihoodofdeveloping certaintypesofcancer. Astudypublishedin2002bytheJournaloftheAmericanMedical Associationsuggeststhatlongtermuseofmarijuanacausesmemoryloss andattentionproblems, effectsthatcanhaveanadverseimpactonaca demicachievement, interpersonalrelationships, anddailyfunctioning. It doesnottakemuchimaginationtovisualizethethreatposedbyamind dullingsubstanceonanenvironmentcreatedforlearning. Andthethreatisgrowing. Scientistshavedeterminedthattodays marijuanacontainsmoreoftheactivechemicalTHCandisthusmore potentthantheweed oftheWoodstockera. Inthe1960sand1970s, theamountofTHCinmostmarijuanaaveraged1or2percent. Today theaverageisabout7percent, withthepotencyofsomehydroponically
grownvarietiesclimbingto30percentorhigher. Meanwhile, the proportionofhigherpotencymarijuanaintheU.S. markethasbeen risingrapidly. Thesefactsareevenmorestartlingwhenyouconsiderthatmost youngpeoplethesedaysnolongersmokemarijuanainpencilthin joints, butinthick, hollowedoutcigarscalledblunts. Someusers evenlacetheirbluntswithPCPorembalmingfluidtoenhanceor prolongtheintoxicatingeffect. Althoughmostmarijuanausersstartedbeforeage18, athirdofcol legeageusersreporttheybegansmokingpotregularlywhentheywere 18orolder. Suchfindingsonlyunderscoretheneedtocreateanenvi ronmentthatforcesmarijuanaout and, whenthatfails, tointervenein themarijuanauseofcollegeage studentsbeforeitchangesthetra Drugsarenotonly jectoryoftheirlives. unnecessary,theyare Thecollegeexperience, atime distraction. whenyoungpeoplecometogether toseekknowledge, forgefriend ships, andpreparefortherestof theirlives, producesahighofitsown. Drugsarenotonlyunneces sary, theyareawasteful, dangerousdistraction. Wearesellingour studentsshortifweallowthemtobelievetheycanbecomeenlight ened, escapetheirproblems, orestablishmeaningfulrelationshipsby smoking, swallowing, orinjectinganillegalsubstancethatinterferes withlearning, enlightenment, andrelationshipsfromtheverystart.
awasteful,dangerous
CLUBDRUGS
Youngadultsarealsoatriskfromthosedrugsknowncollectivelyasclub drugs, sonamedbecausetheirusewasonceconfinedalmostexclusivelyto clubsandlatenightpartiescalledraves. Now, however, thesedrugsare oftenusedoncollegecampusesandatprivateparties. ProbablythemostwellknownamongtheclubdrugsisMDMA, more commonlyreferredtoasEcstasy, whichinrecentyearshasgainedan
APlaceofTheirOwn
RutgersUniversity Camden,Newark, NewBrunswick,NJ For students struggling to recover from alcohol or drug problems, pressure from friendsandclassmatestodrink,smoke,or poppillscanbeanenormousobstacleto success.OfficialsatRutgersUniversitytook thisfacttoheartandendorsedaninnova tive treatment strategy called Recovery Housing, which literally brings recovering studentstogetherunderoneroof. Developed in 1988 by the Alcohol and Other Drug Assistance Program for Students(ADAPS),RecoveryHousingputs recovering students in a building that is physically indistinguishable from other campus housing. This feature, requested by the residents themselves, protects the students anonymity and allows them to participate in the full breadth of campus activitieswithoutfearofstigma.Thoseliv ing in Recovery Housing are guaranteed complete privacy and confidentiality, so that others, even students living nearby, donotknowtheyareinrecovery. The living arrangement, which requires residents to be sober and drug free, is entirely verbal, and the absence of ResidentAdvisorsorstaffmonitorsinthe building fosters a sense of communal responsibility for sobriety. Students in RecoveryHousinghavethesameaccessto members of the Residence Life staff as studentsinotheroncampushousing.The only additional support they receive is from the ADAPS staff, located elsewhere oncampus. Residents are united not by special rules but by an honor system and a shared commitment.Thisisntjustaplacethats drug and alcohol free, says ADAPS DirectorLisaLaitman.Thisisasupportive environmentwhereeveryoneyoulivewith isapartnerinyourrecovery.
almostcultlikefollowing. Accordingtothe2002NationalSurveyon DrugUseandHealth, 4.3percentofpeopleage12andolderreported usingEcstasyintheirlifetime. Usersbetweentheagesof18and25 reportedthehighestlifetimeEcstasyuse, at15.1percent. In1997, MonitoringtheFutureshowedthatonly2.4percentofcollegestudents admittedusingEcstasywithinthepastyear. By2002, thatfigurehad jumpedto6.8percent.
At first, Recovery Housing was available onlytothosestudentsincounselingwith ADAPS staff. Eventually, it was expanded as more and more entering freshmen heard about the program through their local treatment providers. We actually have students who came to Rutgers because of this program, says Laitman. Recovery Housing currently accommo datesabout21students. Tobeeligible,studentsmusthaveattend eda12stepprogram,suchasAlcoholics Anonymous(AA)orNarcoticsAnonymous (NA), and they are expected to continue attending once they move into Recovery Housing.Althoughtherehasbeennofor mal evaluation to determine the pro gramssuccess,Laitmansaystheresponse fromformerparticipantsgivesherreason tobelieveitisworking. Every time they celebrate any kind of anniversary, she says, they write to thankmeforsavingtheirlives.
Contact: LisaLaitman,Director AlcoholandOtherDrugAssistance ProgramforStudents HurtadoHealthCenter 11BishopPlace RutgersUniversity NewBrunswick,NJ08901 Phone:7329327976(ext.233) Fax:7329321223 Email:llaitman@rci.rutgers.edu Website:health.rutgers.edu
YoungpeopletakeMDMAfortherushofenergyandeuphoria, and becausethecolorfullittlepillissaidtoofferPLURpeace, love, under standing, andrespect. Itiseasytounderstandtheallureofapillthat, for about$40, promisesameaningfulrelationshipin30minutes. ButEcstasyisamisnomer, anditspromiseisadangerousdeception. Thedrughastriggeredanumberofhighlypublicizeddeaths, some occurringonthefirstuse, anditislinkedtoahostofotherproblemsas well. TheNationalInstituteonDrugAbusenotesthat, inhighdoses, this neurotoxinisknowntocauseasharp increaseinbodytemperature(malignant hyperthermia), leadingtomusclebreak Ecstasyisamisnomer, down, kidneyandcardiovascularsystem anditspromiseof failure, andpossiblydeath. Animal PLURpeace,love, studieshaveshownthatMDMAcauses understanding,and memorylossthatcanlast7yearsor respectisadeception. longer. AndastudypublishedinScience magazinecautionsofthepossibilitythat evenasingleMDMAexperiencecan permanentlyalterbraincells. TheclubdrugsGHB(gammahydroxybutyrate), Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), andketamineareallcentralnervoussystemdepressants. Duringthe1980s, GHBwaswidelyavailableoverthecounterinhealth foodstores, purchasedlargelybybodybuilderstoaidinfatreductionand musclegrowth. UseofGHBcanresultincomaandseizures, andwhen mixedwithalcoholitcancausenauseaanddifficultybreathing. Thedrug canalsoproducewithdrawaleffects, includinginsomnia, anxiety, tremors, andsweating. Itisincreasinglylinkedtopoisonings, daterapes, overdoses, andfatalities. AlthoughbannedbytheFoodandDrugAdministrationin 1990, GHBisstillavailableovertheInternet, atsomegyms, nightclubs, andraves, andonsomecollegecampuses.
Rohypnol, whichisnotapprovedforuseintheUnitedStates, cancause musclerelaxationandproducegeneralsedativeeffects. Inhigherdoses, thedrugcausesalossofmusclecontrol, lossofconsciousness, andpartial amnesia, effectsthatinsomecaseslast12hoursormoreafterthedrugis taken. Mixedwithalcohol, Rohypnolcanincapacitatevictimsandrender themunabletoresistsexualassault. Ketamineisananestheticthathasbeenapprovedforbothhumanand animaluseinmedicalsettingssince1970. Certaindosescausedreamlike statesandhallucinations. Athighdoses, thedrugcancausedelirium, amnesia, impairedmotorfunction, highbloodpressure, depression, and potentiallyfatalrespiratoryproblems. Ketamineispopularontherave sceneandsomecollegecampuses, andhasbeenusedasadaterapedrug.
FacingtheChallenge
GettheFullPicture
Justascampusesdifferrangingfromsprawlingurbanuniversitiesto smalltownruralcommunitycollegessodoesthedrugsituationateach schoolandthechallengeitpresentstoadministrators. Regardlessofwho orwhereyouare, however, theprocessofeliminatingdrugsfromyour campusisthesame. Thefirststepistoassessyourcampustodetermine thedepthandseverityofthedrugproblem. Studentsurveysareagoodwaytocollectdataandgaugetheamountof druguseatyourschool. ThenonprofitCoreInstituteatSouthernIllinois UniversityandtheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociation(ACHA)both offersurveysthatcanhelpinstitutionsofhighereducationintheirdrug andalcoholpreventionefforts. TheCoreAlcoholandDrugSurveyisa 4pagequestionnairethatcanbeusefulinmeasuringtheeffectivenessof campusbasedpreventionprograms. Thesurveywasdesignedtoassess thenature, scope, andconsequencesofstudents drugandalcoholuse, as wellasstudents awarenessofrelevantpolicies. ACHAsNational CollegeHealthAssessmentsurveycanassistbymeasuringdruguse, perceptionsofdruguse, andtheselfreportedimpactofdruguseon academicperformance. Surveys, however, arejustonemeasurementtool. Youshouldalsopay attentiontothemanyotherindicatorsofdruguse. Forexample, lookat campusincidentandcrimestatisticsnotonlyforblatantincidentsof opendruguse, butalsoforincreasesinsexualassaults, thefts, vandalism, publicinebriation, andanyotherincidentsthatcouldbedrugoralcohol related. Listentocomplaintsfromthesurroundingcommunity. Areyourstudents havingpartiesoffcampusthataregettingoutofhandbecauseofdrugor alcoholuse?
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Conferwithlocallawenforcementauthorities. Isdrugtraffickingpreva lentinthesurroundingcommunity?Areyourstudentssuspectedof involvement, orhaveanybeenarrestedondrugoralcoholrelated charges? Lookatstudenthealthdata(intheaggregatetoavoidcompromising individualstudents rightstoprivacy). Trainthehealthstafftolook beneaththesurfaceofstudents healthcomplaints. Keepinmindthat depressionandsuicideareoften, thoughcertainlynotalways, drug related. Arestudentswhoseekincompletesintheircoursesassessedfor drugoralcoholuse?
LawandLeadership
Althoughmostcollegeagestudentsareadultsbylaw, thetruthisthat maturityisnotautomaticallyconferredonones18thbirthday. Your directionandguidancecanhelpstudentsstayawayfromdrugsandother harmfulactivities. Solid, consistent, andunambiguouspoliciesareamong themostimportanttoolsavailabletoyouforcontrollingdrugsandalco holonyourcampus. Infact, anycollegeoruniversitythatreceivesFederal fundingofanysortisrequiredtocertifyithasadoptedandimplemented apolicytopreventtheunlawfulpossession, use, ordistributionofillicit drugsandalcoholbystudentsandemployees. (SeeYourSchoolsLegal Obligation, page29.) Youhaveamoralresponsibilitytoyourstudentsaswell. Drugsaremade illegalnotasawaytolimitfreedom, buttoallowthefreedomtoachieve one'spotential. AsPresidentGeorgeW. Bushsaidwhenreleasingthe 2002NationalDrugControlStrategy: Wemustreducedruguseforone greatmoralreasonovertimedrugsrobmen, women, andchildrenof theirdignityandoftheircharacter.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
YourSchool'sLegalObligation
CertificationRequirements
TheDrugFreeSchoolsandCampusesregulationsrequirethat,asaconditionofreceiving fundsoranyotherformoffinancialassistanceunderanyfederalprogram,aninstitutionof highereducation(IHE)mustcertifyithasadoptedandimplementedaprogramtoprevent theunlawfulpossession,use,ordistributionofillicitdrugsandalcoholbystudentsand employees. CreatingaprogramthatcomplieswiththeRegulationsrequiresanIHEto 1.Prepareawrittenpolicyonalcoholandotherdrugs; 2.Developasoundmethodfordistributingthepolicytoeverystudent andIHEstaffmembereachyear;and 3.Prepareabiennialreportontheeffectivenessofitsalcoholandother drug(AOD)programsandtheconsistencyofpolicyenforcement. TheDrugFreeSchoolsandCampusesRegulationsalsorequireanIHEtosubmitawritten certificationtotheSecretaryofEducationthatithasadoptedandimplementedadrugpre ventionprogramasdescribedintheRegulations. TheDrugFreeSchoolsandCampusesRegulationsestablishaminimumsetofrequirements forcollegesubstanceusepolicies.Collegesmayalsohaveadditionalobligationsunderstate law.EquallyimportantmayberecentcourtdecisionsinlawsuitsbroughtagainstIHEsbycol legeanduniversitystudentsandemployees.Consultationwithanattorneyknowledgeable inthisareaishighlyrecommended.
FailuretoComplywiththeDrugFreeSchoolsandCampuses Regulations
IfanIHEfailstosubmitthenecessarycertificationorviolatesitscertification,theSecretary ofEducationmayterminateallformsoffinancialassistance,whetherfromtheDepartment ofEducationorotherfederalagencies,andmayrequirerepaymentofsuchassistance, includingindividualstudentsfederalgrants,suchasPellgrants.TheDepartmentof Educationmayalsoarrangetoprovidetechnicalassistancetowardthedevelopmentofa planandagreementthatbringstheIHEintofullcomplianceassoonasfeasible. ThepossibilityoflossoffederalfundingexistsintheprovisionthattheSecretaryannually reviewsarepresentativesampleofIHEdrugpreventionprograms.IftheSecretaryof EducationselectsanIHEforreview,theIHEshallprovidetheSecretaryaccesstopersonnel records,documents,andanyothernecessaryinformationrequestedforthisreview. (continuedonnextpage)
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
ContentoftheWrittenPolicy
TheDrugFreeSchoolsandCampusesRegulationsrequireIHEstodevelopawrittenpolicy thatdescribesstandardsofconductthatclearlyprohibit,ataminimum,theunlawfulpos session,use,ordistributionofillicitdrugsandalcoholbystudentsandemployeesonits propertyoraspartofanyofitsactivities. Thewrittenpolicymustalsoinclude: 1.Adescriptionoftheapplicablelegalsanctionsunderfederal,state,or locallawsfortheunlawfulpossessionordistributionofillicitdrugsand alcohol; 2.Adescriptionofthehealthrisksassociatedwiththeuseofillicitdrugs andtheabuseofalcohol; 3.Adescriptionofanydrugandalcoholprograms(counseling, treatment,rehabilitation,andreentry)thatareavailabletoemployees orstudents;and 4.AclearstatementthattheIHEwillimposedisciplinarysanctionsonstu dentsandemployeesforviolationsofthestandardsofconductanda descriptionofthosesanctions,uptoandincludingexpulsionortermina tionofemploymentandreferralforprosecution. Institutionsofhighereducationhavefulfilledtheserequirementsinanumberofdifferent ways,dependingontheircampusenvironment,availableresources,andcreativity.
Source:ExecutiveSummaryofComplyingwiththeDrugFreeSchools andCampusesRegulations,U.S.DepartmentofEducation
T H E R AV E A C T
In2003, CongresspassedtheIllicitDrugAntiProliferationAct, some timescalledtheRave Act, whichprohibitsindividualsfromknowingly opening, leasing, renting, ormaintaininganyplaceforthepurposeof using, distributing, ormanufacturinganycontrolledsubstance. Headsof collegesanduniversitiesshouldbeawareofthislawandunderstandhow itappliestotheirinstitutions.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Whileravestypicallyoccurinwarehousesandotherlargebuildingset tings, itistruethatanydormitory, collegeresidencehall, orothercampus buildingusedwiththeconsentorknowledgeofcampusemployeesto housearavecouldopentheinstitutionuptoexaminationandlegalaction underthestatute. Forexample, astudentworkingparttimeasadormito ryresidentassistantwhoreservedadormitorybasementforaraveevent couldbeliablenotmerelyinhisorherpersonalcapacity, butalsoasan agentoftheuniversity. Drugsarenotpartofeverystudentparty, ofcourse, andtheinstitutions liability(orlackthereof )ineachcasewoulddependonanumberofvari ables. Still, itisprudentforcollegeofficialstoconsiderthestatuteseri ously, andtotakepreventativeactionbyeducatingadministrators, faculty, andstudentleadersaboutthewisdomofbeingvigilanttowardanorave policyoncampus.
SupportFromtheTop
Thesinglemostimportantfactorinhavingaworkabledrugandalcohol policyissupportbythecollegeoruniversitypresidentandotherkeyoffi cials. Merepublicationanddistributionofapolicyisnotenough. Studentsandparentsneedtoknowthattheleadersoftheinstitutionare seriousaboutkeepingthecampusdrugfree. Makethispointandshowyoursupportwheneverpossible. Speakoutfre quentlyagainstalcoholanddrugs. Leteveryonewhoattendsoristhink ingofattendingyourschoolknowunequivocallythatyouwillnottol eratedruguseatyourschool. Printanoticeinalladmissionsmaterialsaboutyourstrongstanceagainst alcoholanddruguse. Insistthatrecruitersconveyyourcommitmenttoa drugfreeschoolintheirpresentationstoprospectivestudents, andclarify yourpolicytoparentsatstudentorientation.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
APolicyWithaPunch
Afterassessingthedrugsituationatyourschool, takeagoodlookatyour drugandalcoholpolicy. Isitaperfunctorydocumentthatmerelyskims thesurfaceoftheproblemorpayslipservicetotheDrugFreeSchools andCampusesregulationsorisitacomprehensivepolicythatactually protectsstudentsfromexposuretodrugusers?Isitadocumentthatis merelypublishedintheStudentHandbookandthenforgotten, orisita viable, uptodatepolicythatisfullysupportedandenforced?
ADoseofReality
EasternMichiganUniversity Ypsilanti,MI Afteryearsofconductingstudentsurveys andmonitoringtrendsinthecampusenvi ronment, officials at Eastern Michigan University determined they needed greater consistency between school alco holanddrugpoliciesandenforcementof thosepolicies.Measuresthatonlypunish, theuniversityrealized,donotoffereduca tional alternatives that support student growth and development. So about ten years ago, the school launched the CheckpointProgram,astrategythatcom plements enforcement efforts and seeks to change the attitudes and behavior of studentswhoviolatetheschoolspolicyon alcoholanddrugs. Theprogramisnotpreachy,notprohibi tionist, says Ellen Gold, Director of UniversityHealthServices.Itallowspeo pletolookintrospectivelyattheirbehavior andthinkaboutthechoicestheyvemade, thendecideforthemselvesiftheresarea sontochange. TheCheckpointProgramisaninteractive, facilitated workshop for groups of six or eight firsttime violators. In three 2hour sessions, participants are guided through discussions on topics such as impaired driving, genderspecific drug and alcohol use, and the effects of alcohol on the body, the mind, and academic achieve ment.Inonesession,participantsusetheir imaginations to recreate the events of a campus party, describing the revelers behavior as the evening progresses and discussing whats happening to their brainsinthefloodofalcoholanddrugs.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Whendevelopingapolicy, considerstudentsallalongthedruguse continuum. Thepolicyshouldtakeintoaccount: Studentswhohaveneveruseddrugsandwhodeserveacampus thatreinforcestheirvalues. Studentswhousedrugsbuthavenotyetexperiencedthe harmfulconsequencesoftheiruse; thesestudentsneedpressure tostopaswellasaccesstoeffectiveinterventions. Studentswhoareaddictedtodrugsandneedsupportto increasetheirresolvetostopusing, fixwhatiswrong, and participateineffectivetreatmentathomeoroncampuswith followupcareoncampus.
Studentfirsttimeviolatorsarerequiredto attendtheCheckpointProgram,whichis alsoavailabletothenoncollegecommu nity for youth ages 17 to 25 who have been cited for drug or alcohol offenses. The fees for the program are $75 for an oncampus referral and $100 for a court referral. Each year, some 200 people (most of themfreshmen)takepartintheprogram. Followup interviews help determine its longrange effectiveness. So far, says Gold, it seems to be making a positive impact.Wevehadpeoplewhovecom pletedtheprogramcomebackandvolun teertoworkforus,shesays.Thattells ussomethinghasreachedthem.
Contact: EllenGold,Director UniversityHealthServices EasternMichiganUniversity 315SnowHealthCenter Ypsilanti,MI48197 Phone:7344871107 Fax:7344810050 Email: Ellen.Gold@banyan.emich.edu
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Yourpolicyshouldencompasseveryaspectofalcoholanddruguse, includingmethodsofdetection, saleandpossession, andpenaltiesfor noncompliance. Anditshouldbedrawnuponlyafterconsultationwith allwhoaretouchedbyit: schooladministrators, faculty, students, repre sentativesofstudentlifeandGreeklife, healthofficials, campuspolice, parents, andalumni, amongothers. Thepolicyshouldbereviewedcare fullyandperiodicallytomakesureitissufficientforthetaskofreducing druguseonyourcampus.
BuildingaProgramThatWorks
Thereisnoperfect drugpreventionprogram. Everycollegeand universitymustadoptitsown, perhapsunique, strategiesforcombating druguse. However, themosteffectivedrugpreventionprogramstendtoshare certainkeycharacteristics. Afterconductingan8yearanalysisofdrug preventionprogramsat490collegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountry, Dr. AndrisZiemelisoftheUniversityofWisconsinLaCrosseidentified anumberofelementscommonlyfoundinprogramsthatweremost successfulinreducingalcoholmisuseanddruguse.
EnvironmentalChange. Programsthataresuccessfulatreducingthe
initiationofdruguseandconvincinguserstostoptypicallytakeinto accounttheimportanceofcampusenvironmentsphysical, social/cultur al, andregulatoryininfluencingstudentattitudesandactions. These programsstrivetocreateenvironmentsthatdiscouragesubstanceuse whilepromotingahealthierlifestyle. Eliminatingalcoholadvertisingfromthecampusnewspaper, forexample, contributestoahealthycampusenvironment. Asotherexamples, you couldhavecampuspolicesetupDUIstopsonweekendsandstrictly enforcethelawsregardingalcoholanddruguseoncampus.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
MythsandtheTruthAboutDrugsandAlcohol
Myth TheTruth
Marijuanauseasacauseforemergencyroomvisitshas dramaticallyincreased,surpassingheroinandrising176 percentsince1994.
Marijuanaisharmless.
Marijuanauseisnot addictive.
Moreyoungpeoplearenowintreatmentformarijuana dependencythanforallotherillegaldrugscombined. Studiesshowthatsmokingmarijuanaleadstochanges inthebrainsimilartothosecausedbytheuseofcocaine andheroin.Marijuanauseimpairstheabilitytoretain informationduringthepeaklearningyears,whenthe brainisstilldeveloping. Morethan60percentofyoungpeopleage1517 enteringdrugtreatmentaredoingsobecauseofmari juanause.Marijuanaisthemostwidelyusedillicitdrug inAmerica,withmorethan15millioncurrentusers. DesignerdrugssuchasGHB,MDMA(Ecstasy),andLSD arereadilyavailable,affordable,andimplicatedinhun dredsofdeaths.Theyaresometimesconfusedwithlook alikeherbalproducts,andtheyoftencontainotherillegal drugs(unknowntotheuser). Alcoholremainsamajorproblemoncampusdueto underageuse,misuse,andexcessiveuseaccounting forincreasedliabilitycostsfordamages,brokenrela tionships,pooracademicperformance,andinjuries anddeathsduetocarcrashesandotheraccidents. Womensweightandphysiologyaredifferentfrom thoseofmen.Thesameamountofalcoholordrugs hasagreaterimpactonwomen. AstudentconvictedforanyoffenseunderanyFederal orstatelawinvolvingthepossessionorsaleofa controlledsubstanceisnoteligibletoreceiveanygrant, beginningonthedateofconviction.
Marijuanausehelpsyourelax soyoucanlearn.
Marijuanaisnota harddrug.
Partydrugsareharmless.
Alcoholuseisculturally acceptable.
Alcoholanddruguseis primarilyaproblem amongmen.
Druguseisa personalfreedom.
Ifdrugswerelegalized,there wouldbenoconsequences.
Manydrugusersseekinterventionduetotheconcerns expressedbyfamilies,friends,faculty,andthe workplace.Legalizingdrugswouldremoveonlysome legalconsequences.Itwouldnotchangetheemotion al,physical,orsocialconsequencesofdruguse.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Educatingyourstudents, faculty, andstaffabouttherisksofdruguse shouldbethefoundationofallyourpreventionefforts. Asaleaderat yourinstitution, youshouldspeakoutfrequentlyagainstdruguseand alcoholmisuseinlanguagethatisunambiguousandstraightforward. Studentswhoarestrugglingtoresistpeerpressuretousedrugswillfind strengthinyourwordsofsupport. Lookforcreativevenuesforpresentingdrugeducation. Mosteffectiveare thoseprogramsthatofferinformationwithoutbeingcoercive, andthat encourageadialogbetweenthepresentersandtheiraudience.
ProactiveAlternatives. Themoresuccessfulprogramsgenerallywork
toprovideproactivehealthyalternativestoalcoholanddrugs. Makesureyourschooloffersplentyofdrugfreeactivitiesparties, dances, socials, coffeehouses, andmovies, forexamplesostudentscan gettogetherandhavefunwithoutthedisruptionanddangerofalcoholor drugs. Otheralternativesincludeeducationalactivitiessuchasseminars andfilmorvideopresentations.
StudentInvolvement/Empowerment. Themosteffectiveprograms
commonlyraiseawarenessorprovideinformationthroughinteractive ratherthanonesidedortopdowncommunication. Studentparticipation inworkshops, retreats, ortrainingactivities, forexample, ismorelikelyto producedesiredresultsthanaskingstudentstositthroughlecturesthat offerfewopportunitiesforparticipation. InvitestudentstoplaceantidrugmessagesonyourWebsite, orenlistthe supportofyourcommunicationsmajorstodevelopacampuswidemedia campaign. Havestudentswritepublicserviceannouncements. Usethe campusradioandTVstationsforinterviewswithresearchers. Stepup antidrugandalcoholmessagesbeforemajorholidaysandspringbreak.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Byencouragingparticipationinvolunteeractivities, youcanhelpstudents understandthattheircontributionstotheschoolandtosocietyareval ued. Studentswhoknowtheyaremakingadifferencebyhelpingothers arelesslikelytousedrugsthanthosewhodonotseetheirownworth.

Training. Manysuccessfuldrugpreventionprogramsprovidetraining
opportunitiesformembersoftheuniversitycommunity. Trainyourfaculty, staff, andresidentassistantstorecognizedruguseand alcoholmisuse, andtoknowhowandwheretoseekhelpforsomeone whomaybeusingthesesubstances. Besureeveryoneonyourhealth servicesstaffknowsthesignsofdruguseandunderstandsthatabrief interventionbyahealthcareprovidercanbeoneofthemosteffective waystohelpsomeonewhohasbegunusingdrugsbutisnotyetaddicted. Extendtrainingtostudentpeercounselorsandothers, includingcampus police, residentassistants, coaches, andotherfaculty. Helpthemunder standthatconfrontingsomeoneabouthisorherdruguseisnotan invasionofprivacy, andinfactmaybealifesavingstrategy.
SupportforthePolicy. Schoolswithsuccessfuldrugpreventionpro
gramstypicallysendanunequivocalmessagetotheuniversitycommunity throughtheamountofattentiontheygivetotheiralcoholanddrug policies, whetherbypromoting, clarifying, reviewing, changing, dissemi nating, orenforcingthem. Signalssuchastheserevealtheinstitutional stanceregardingsubstanceuse.
Cooperation/Teamwork. Successfulprogramsencouragecooperation
andteamwork, thusmakingpreventionofdruguseasharedresponsibili ty. Tothisend, administratorsmightformsteeringgroupsoradvisory boards; recruitstudent, staff, orfacultyvolunteers; orprovideappropriate trainingopportunitiesfortheuniversitycommunityactivitiesthatalso increaseprogramvisibility.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
AnInfusionofDrugAwareness
UniversityofCalifornia, SantaBarbara SantaBarbara,CA Inanefforttoengagestudentsinpreven tionactivities,UCSBusesthebroadbrush method of curriculum infusion to spread the word about the risks of drug use. Participating faculty in a variety of disci plines"infuse"theirregularcourseswith prevention information. As a result, hun dreds of students each year get valuable messagesfrompeopletheyrespectabout therisksofdrugsandalcohol. Whenafacultymembertheylookupto is willing to talk to them about drugs, students will listen, says Sabina White, DirectorofStudentHealth. Faculty participate in several ways. Some receive minigrants from the Division of StudentAffairstocoverthecostsofincor porating material about drug use into their courses. Professors are given total creativefreedom,sothedrugandalcohol messagesareoftenquiteimaginativeand go beyond the familiar warnings. In the course Popular Music in America, for example, students learn about the impactofdrugsandalcoholonmusicand musicians. Students in a marine science course observe the effects of alcohol on livingcells. Working with faculty in the Film and Art Departments,studentscompeteforfund ingtoproducefilmandphotographyproj ectswithpreventionmessagespertaining to alcohol and other drugs. Funds ear marked for curriculum infusion are also used to hire faculty in the Department of Dramatic Art to oversee student pro ductionsthatfocusondruguseandother healthissues.
Ofcourse, thisspiritofsharedresponsibilityshouldextendbeyondthe campus. Lawenforcementauthoritiesoccasionallyrequestthecoopera tionofcollegeofficialsregardingreportsofillegaldrugtraffickingon campus. Someadministrators, concernedabouttheadversepublicitythat willinevitablyaccompanyamajordrugbust, maybereluctanttohelp. Nocollegewantstoadvertisedrugtraffickingonitsgrounds. Butby cooperatingwithlawenforcement, youwilllearnagreatdealaboutyour schoolsdrugproblemand, consequently, whatneedstobedonetostop it. Andeveniftheinvestigationstirsupabitofcontroversy, parentswill respectyouforstandinguptotheproblem.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
In a class on Persuasion Theory, students develop social marketing products brochures, radio spots, videos, and the likewithmessagesaimedatpersuading theirfriendsandclassmatestoavoiddrugs and excessive drinking. Participating stu dents gain insight into beliefs regarding alcohol and drugs, and they also learn aboutactuallevelsofuseoncampus. One goal of this strategy, besides changing attitudes among the intended audience,istopromoteselfdiscoveryand greater awareness among the students who create the messages. The value of these socalled stealth education class es, says White, is that while students learnaboutcommunications,theyrealso gainingvaluableknowledgeaboutthings thatcanaffecttheirhealth.
Contact: SabinaWhite,Director HealthEducation StudentHealthServiceBuilding588 UniversityofCalifornia SantaBarbara,CA93106 Phone:8058932479 Email:whites@sa.ucsb.edu
CurriculumInfusion. Oneofthemosteffectivemethodsofspreading
theantidrugmessageistoencouragefacultytoinfuse regularcourses withfactsabouttherealityofalcoholanddruguse. Studentslookatthe facultymemberasanagentofsocialinfluence, saysZiemelis. As thepurportedexpert, heorshehasasortofbuiltincredibility. Soifthe professorinfusesmaterialintothecurriculum, itslikelytohavemoreof aneffect. Antidruginformationiswidelyavailable, butinformationaloneisnot alwaysenoughtoengageormotivateyoungpeople, saysRonGlick, a sociologyprofessoratNortheasternIllinoisUniversityinChicago. As directoroftheNetworkfortheDisseminationofCurriculumInfusion, Glickworkswithfacultyatinstitutionsacrossthecountryonwaysto
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
integratethecurriculumwithfactsaboutalcoholanddrugs. Theidea, hesays, istobringpreventionstrategiesintotheclassroomandseamless lyfitthemintothecoursesbeingtaught. Curriculuminfusionlendsitself tojustaboutanysubjectarea, hepointsout, itsscopeandeffectiveness limitedonlybytheinstructorsimagination. Andtheresponsefromstu dentsisoverwhelminglypositive. Theypayattention, saysGlick, becauseforthem, thisisreallife. Considerworkingwithfacultyatyourcollegeoruniversityonwaysto integrateinformationaboutsubstanceabuseintothecurriculum. Abiolo gycourse, forexample, providesanaturalsettingforexaminingtheeffects ofdruguseonorganisms. Inanthropologyclass, studentscandiscussthe roleofdruguseamongdifferentcultures. Studentsinabusinessand managementcoursecanlearnaboutproductivitylostasaresultofsub stanceabuse, andaboutthedevastatingimpactofdruguseonjobsand careers. Socialscienceprofessorscaninfusetheircourseswithinformation abouthowdrugusedamagesthecommunity. Economicsstudentscan estimatethecostsoflegalizingmarijuanaandotherillicitdrugs. Math teacherscandevelopcurriculausingdrugusesurveysanddataonlevels ofuse. Factsaboutdrugsandalcoholcanbewovenintoteachereducation classes; forexample, studentscanbeaskedtostudylearningproblems thatresultfromamothersuseofcocaineorotherdrugs. Englishprofes sorsmightaskstudentstoexaminetheroleofsubstanceabuseinlitera tureperhapswithanassignmenttowriteabouthowacharactersbehav iororeventheoutcomeofastorywasinfluencedbydrugsoralcohol.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Thinkalsoaboutexpandingyourcourselistwithclassesthatfocusspecif icallyondrugsanddruguse. Youcouldofferelectivecoursessuchasthe HealthEffectsofIllicitDrugs, ortheTruthAboutAddiction. Youmight considerrequiringallincomingfreshmentotakean8weekcourseon alcoholmisuseanddruguse, perhapsinconjunctionwithawellnessclass. Incorporatedruginformationfromcrediblesourceswhereverandwhen everpossibleinvideopresentations, seminars, workshops, retreats, and peereducation/counselorassistantprograms. Themoreyougettheword out, thebetteryourchancesofkeepingdrugsandtheproblemsassociated withthemoffyourcampus.
RememberThoseinRecovery
Themajorityofyourstudentsdonotusedrugs. Someareusingbutare notaddicted. Asmallnumbermayalreadybeintreatmentorneedrefer raltotreatment. Haveyourschoolsetupadrughotlineforstudentswho needtreatmentorwanttohelpafriendintrouble. Iftherearenodrugandalcoholcounselorsoncampus, makeitclear wherestudentscanbereferrediftheyhaveaproblemorneedintense treatment. CheckforTwelveStepsupportgroupsinthelocalcommunity, orconsiderstartingoneoncampus. Keepalistofstudentfriendly AlcoholicsAnonymousorNarcoticsAnonymousmeetingsforreferrals. Considerthosestudentswhoareindrugtreatmentorinrecovery. They havemadeadecisiontolivewithoutdrugsandwillneedyoursupport. Itisespeciallyimportantfortheinstitutiontoprovidesubstancefree activitiesandtonormalizethecleanandsoberexperiencetohelpthese studentsstayclean.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
WorkWiththeCommunity
Inrecentyears, severalthousandcommunityantidrugcoalitions have sprungupintowns, cities, andcountiesthroughouttheUnitedStates. Thesecoalitionstypicallyinvolvevarioussectorsofthecommunityand employarangeofstrategiestoaddressdrugproblemsofalltypes. Communitycoalitionsoftenseektoformcloseworkingrelationships withlocalcollegesanduniversities, whichinsomecasesactashost organizationsforcoalitionoperations. Sucharrangementsgoalongway towardreducingtownandgown conflicts. Theyalsocanprovideinstitu tionsofhighereducationwithvaluableopportunitiestotapintoa wealthofresources. Throughcoalitions, schoolscanoffertheirstudents opportunitiestogetinvolvedinvolunteeractivities, perhapsastutors workingwithareayoungstersinafterschoolprograms. Linkingwiththe communitycanexpandtheinstitutionsresearchpossibilities, allowing graduatestudents, forexample, tohelpareayouthprogramsevaluatethe effectsofdifferentdrugpreventiontechniquesamongyouthfuloffenders. Alliancesformedthroughcoalitionscanalsocreateopportunitiesforsen iorscholarsandadministratorstotakealeadershiproleinthecommuni ty, perhapsbyservingonthegroupsboardofdirectors. InMichiganduringthelate1990s, sevencoalitionsrepresenting17cities cametogethertoformwhatwascalledaCoalitionofHealthy Communities. Aspartofonecampaign, thegroupexhortedlocalresi dentsandstudentsatOaklandUniversitytoDoYourPart inpreventing problemswithalcoholanddrugs. Nearly500volunteersandscoresof areaorganizationsincludingchurches, schools, thecourts, andpolice departmentsjoinedintheeffort, alongwithstudentsandfacultyfrom theuniversity. Thegroupsprimaryfocuswasalcohol, butitsprevention messageappliedequallywelltodruguse.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Usingmaterialssuppliedbythecoalition, supermarketsdisplayedtheDo YourPart messageonthousandsofgrocerybags. Barownersprinted safedrinkingguidelinesoncocktailnapkins, andsomeofthemwentso farastocancelhappyhour. InaprogramsponsoredinpartbytheTroy ChamberofCommerce, localcabcompaniesgavefreerideshometobar patronswhoddrunktoomuchwithanadditionaloffertobringthem backthenextdaytofetchtheircars. Elementaryschoolsranpostermak ingcontestswithapreventiontheme. Businessesthroughouttheareadis playedDoYourPart postersintheirwindowsandflashedthecoalitions messageonelectronicsignsalongmajorhighways. Coalitionsandthecommunitiestheyservearegreatlyenrichedbytheir associationwithcollegesanduniversities, which, aswellspringsofenergy andnewideas, canserveascatalystsforpositivechange. Inmanycases, facultyfromareauniversitiesarehiredtoprovideimportantevaluation servicesforcoalitions, helpingthemdetermineiftheirmethodsareeffec tiveandachievingtheirgoals. Findoutiftherearecoalitionsinyourcommunity, thenworkwiththese groupstoaddressdrugandalcoholproblemsbothonoffyourcampus.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
HarnessingthePowerofPerceptions
Youngpeoplearestronglyinfluencedbytheirpeersandthedesiretofit in. Theycareaboutwhattheirfriendsthinkofthemandstrivetoadopt thenorms, orsharedbehavior, ofthesocialgroup. Asresearchershave found, perceptionsofgroupbehaviorplayahugeroleinshapinganindi vidualsbehaviorevenwhenthoseperceptionsarewrong. Manycollegestudents, forinstance, believetheirpeersholdpermissive attitudestowarddruguse. Therealityisthatmoststudentsdonotuse illegaldrugs. Butifastudentisconvincedthateveryonedoesit, heor shemaybemoreinclinedtousedrugsinordertobepartofthegroup. Theperceptionofusecreatesasubtlekindofpressureforapersonto becomeauser, explainsDr. AlanBerkowitz, codeveloperofthesocial norms approachtoprevention. Socialnormsprogramsattempttoinflu encebehaviorbyharnessingthepersuasivepowerofperceptions. Theidea istodispelmythsaboutprevailingattitudesandconcentrateontruths thatareoftenoverlooked. Illegaldruguseismarkedlyoverperceived, nomatterhowcommonthe actualuseis, saysBerkowitz. Whenyougivepeoplefeedbackaboutthe actualratesofuse, peoplestartusingless. Althoughthesocialnorms approachhasbeenusedmostlytopreventsmokingandalcoholmisuse, researchsuggestsitholdspromiseasadrugpreventiontechnique.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Socialnormstheorycallsattentionnottotheratesofuse, buttothe actualratesofnonusethemuchgreaterpercentageofpeoplewho behaveresponsiblyordonotindulgeinaparticularbehavior, suchas illegaldruguseorexcessiveorunderagedrinking. Theresultisamore accurate, andoftenmorehopeful, pictureofoveralluse. Ifyoungpeople formperceptionsofgroupbehaviorbasedonreality, thetheorygoes, moreofthemwilladapttothenormofnonuse. Thesocialnorms approach, saysBerkowitz, preventstheselffulfillingprophesybysimply tellingpeoplethetruthandfreeingthemajorityofstudentstofollow theirnaturalinclinationtowardgoodhealth. Freespeechandopenexpressionaretimehonoredinstitutionsonthe collegecampus. Unfortunately, thesameopennessthatfostersintellectual growthcanalsomakestudentsmorevulnerabletothemisguidedand destructivemessagesofgroupspushingforrelaxeddruglaws. These advocatesarguethatdruguseisanaturalpartofthecollegeexperience. Theybelieveinlittleornosanctionsfordrugoffenders, onlythatstu dentsshoulduseresponsibly. Theytrumpetthemindalteringeffectsof drugsanddownplaytheseverityoftherisks. Campusleadershaveanobligationtochallengefalseandunhealthymes sagesfromadvocasygroupsthatwishtoseeantidrugeffortsfail. Those inpositionsofauthorityatcollegesanduniversitiescannotmakedruguse aseriousmatteriftheydonotbehaveasthoughitwereiftheydonot activelyresistthedrugcultureandstanduptoorganizationsadvancinga prodrugagenda.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
Aspresidentoradministratorofyourinstitution, youcanimplementthe socialnormsapproachbydocumentingactualpatternsofuseonyour campusandbyfindingwaystopromotethefactthatmoststudentsdo notusedrugs. PerceptionrelatedquestionsinACHAsNationalCollege HealthAssessmentcanyieldvaluableinformationabouttheoverpercep tionofactualdruguse. Ifsocialnormstechniquesarealreadyinplaceon yourcampustotargetbehaviorssuchasdrinkingorsmoking, seeifthose effortscanbeexpandedtoincludeillegaldrugs. Campuswideadvertisingcampaignsfeaturingposters, mediabroadcasts, andfactspostedonyourWebsitecanhelpdrivehomethepointthat nonuseisthenorm. Anumberofinstitutionshavetakenthistackto changeperceptionsaboutdrinkingoncampus. TheUniversityof Arizona, forexample, recentlyranasocialnormscampaignthatfeatured postersbasedonastudentsurvey. MostUAstudentsgetinvolvedand drinklessthanyouthink, declaredoneposter. ItpointedoutthatUA studentsaverage3drinksperweek, addingthat1outof3didnotdrink alcoholinthelast30days. Thereiseveryreasontobelievethesameapproachcanworkforeliminat ingdruguse. Bydrawingattentiontothelargerpopulationofstudents whoarenonusers, youcanchangeinaccurateperceptionsofdruguseon yourcampus. Thesetruerperceptionswill, inturn, helpsteerstudents awayfromharmfulbehaviorandtowardahappier, healthierlifestyle.
FACINGTHECHALLENGE
ActionStepstoEffectiveness
Acommonmessagefromcollegepresidents,administrators,andseniorfacultyisthatschools needtotakeacomprehensive,bigpictureapproachtodruguseontheircampuses.Instead of relying on strategies that target individual students, institutions of higher learning must bringtogetherabroaderrangeofresourcesandmakebasicchangesattheinstitutional,com munity,andpublicpolicylevels. The Presidents Leadership Group, created by the Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, has issued a report urging college presidents to acknowledge the threatofdruguseandtakeanactiveroleinconfrontingit.Thereport,entitledBeVocal,Be Visible,BeVisionary,alsorecommendsthatcollegepresidentstakethefollowingactionsteps: Ensurethatschoolofficialsroutinelycollectdataontheextentofthealcoholor drugproblemoncampusandmakethisinformationavailable. Framediscussionsofsubstanceabusepreventioninacontextthatothersenior administrators,faculty,students,alumni,andtrusteescareaboutexcellencein education. Definealcoholanddrugusenotasaproblemofthecampusalone,butofthe entirecommunity,whichwillrequirecommunitylevelactiontosolve. Useeveryopportunitytospeakoutandwriteaboutdrugusetoreinforceitasa priorityconcern. Ensurethatallelementsofthecollegecommunityavoidsendingmixedmessages thatmightencouragedruguse. Budgetsufficientresourcestoaddresstheproblem. Appointacampuswidetaskforcethatincludesothersenioradministrators, faculty,andstudents;hascommunityrepresentation;andreportsdirectly tothepresident. Offernewinitiativestohelpstudentsbecomebetterintegratedintotheintellectual lifeoftheschool,changestudentnormsawayfromdrugsandalcohol,andmake iteasiertoidentifyandhelpstudentsintroublewithsubstanceuse. Seekpolicychangeatthestateandlocallevel,workingfornewlawsand regulationsthatwillaffectthecommunityasawhole. Participateinstate,regional,andnationalassociationstobuildsupportfor appropriatechangesinpublicpolicy.
Conclusion
TheRewardsofSuccess
Througheducation, peopleacquirenotonlyknowledge, butvaluesas well. Educationimpartsskillsthatallowgraduatestoperformcertain tasksandexcelintheprofessionstheychoose. Buteducationismorethan justasetofskills. Agoodeducationdrawspeopleclosertoashared appreciationfortheirculturalheritage. Itmovesthemtowardabetter understandingoftheworld, andhelpsthemappreciateandenjoythelives theylead. Druguseistheantithesisofthesegoals. Drugsimpedelearning, isolate individuals, andnarrowratherthanexpandhorizons. Becausethese substancesworktodefeateverythingyourschoolhopestoachieve, you mustmakeeveryefforttoconfrontthethreatandkeepthedangerto aminimum. Beginbymakingitaprioritytoworktowardadrugfreecampus. Assess yourschoolsdrugusesituationwithsurveysandothertools. Through yourwordsandactionslettherebenodoubtthatyouwillnottolerate drugsatyourinstitution. Engageyourstudentsindevelopingaviable drugandalcoholpolicy. Sethighstandardsandsticktothem. Infuse yourcurriculumwithfactsaboutdruguseanditsconsequences, and involvestudentsingettingthemessageoutinotherways. Createdrugfreealternativesforstudents. Putteethinyourdrugand alcoholpolicy. Cooperatewithcampussecurityaswellaslocalpolice, and confrontyourschoolsdrugproblemsheadon. Buildcoalitionswiththe localcommunitytoworkontheproblemtogether. Aboveall, dontloseheart. Workingtoeliminatedruguseisanongoing, dif ficultprocess. Butasmoreandmoreofyourgraduatesentertheworldwith fewerbarrierstoachievingtheirpotential, youwillknowthatrisingtothe challengeofmaintainingacampuswithoutdrugswaswellworththeeffort.
Resources
GovernmentAgenciesandServices
SafeandDrugFreeSchoolsProgram U.S.DepartmentofEducation www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS AdministeredbytheU.S.DepartmentofEducation,thisprogramistheFederalgovern ment'sprimaryvehicleforreducingsubstanceabuseandviolencethrougheducationand preventionactivitiesinschoolsandinstitutionsofhighereducation.
GrantInformation U.S.DepartmentofEducation GrantstoReduceAlcoholAbuse:

www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS/dgraa.html
GrantCompetitiontoPreventHighRiskDrinking
andViolentBehaviorAmongCollegeStudents:
www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS/gcphdvb.html
SafeSchools/HealthyStudentsDiscretionaryGrants:
www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS/sshsdg.html
AlcoholandOtherDrugPreventionModelsonCollegeCampuses:
www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS/aodpm.html
StateFormulaGrants(84.186A):
www.ed.gov/offices/OSDFS/sfgsg.html
HigherEducationCenterforAlcoholandOtherDrugPrevention U.S.DepartmentofEducation Phone:18006761730 Fax:6179281537 Email:HigherEdCtr@edc.org Forgeneralinformation:www.edc.org/hec Forinformationaboutcurrentorupcominggrantopportunities:www.edc.org/hec/ed Thecenterworkswithcollegesanduniversitiestodevelopstrategiesforchangingcampus culture,tofosterenvironmentsthatpromotehealthylifestyles,andtopreventillegaluseof alcoholandotherdrugsamongstudents.
RESOURCES
SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration(SAMHSA) U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices www.samhsa.gov SAMHSAoffersinformationonprevention,treatment,andmentalhealthservices,aswellas freeliterature,topicalsearches,andidentificationofmodelprogramsandapproachesfor preventingandtreatingsubstanceabuse.
NationalClearinghouseforAlcoholandDrugInformation U.S.DepartmentofHumanServices/SAMHSA Phone:18007296686 TDD(HearingImpaired):18004874889 Fax: 3014686433 SpanishLine:18777678432 Email: info@health.org http://ncadi.samhsa.gov Theclearinghouseisaonestopresourceforthemostcurrentandcomprehensiveinforma tionaboutsubstanceabusepreventionandtreatment.
TheDrugFreeCommunitiesProgram http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/dfcs AprogramoftheOfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicyandtheOfficeofJuvenileJustice andDelinquencyPrevention,DrugFreeCommunitiesisdesignedtostrengthencommunity basedcoalitioneffortstoreduceyouthsubstanceabuse.Thesiteprovidesadatabaseof fundedcoalitionsnationwide.
RESOURCES
SubstanceAbuseTreatmentFacilityLocator www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/ DrugEnforcementAdministration www.dea.gov NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse www.nida.nih.gov/ NationalCriminalJusticeReferenceService www.ncjrs.org/ NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol NationalInstituteofAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism www.niaaa.nih.gov CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention www.cdc.gov U.S.GeneralAccountingOffice www.gao.gov
RESOURCES
PreventionandTreatment
CommunityAntiDrugCoalitionsofAmerica Phone:180054CADCA(18005422322)or7037060560 Fax:7037060565 Email:webmaster@cadca.org,orinfo@cadca.org www.cadca.org CADCAisanationalorganizationofmorethan5,000coalitionsworkingtocreatesafe, healthy,anddrugfreecommunities.Thegrouppublishestechnicalassistancedocuments, includingStrategizer:WorkinginPartnershipwithLocalCollegesandUniversities,which showshowcoalitionscanplayaroleinhelpingcollegeofficialsplanandimplementeffec tivedrugpreventionapproaches.
TheCoreInstitute CenterforAlcoholandOtherDrugStudies Phone:6184534366 Fax:6184534449 Email:coreinst@siu.edu www.siu.edu/~coreinst TheCoreInstituteisanonprofitorganizationthathelpsinstitutionsofhighereducationin theirdrugandalcoholpreventionefforts.Itoffersbothstudentandfaculty/staffsurveys, includingtheCoreAlcoholandDrugSurvey,aquestionnairethatcanbeusedasapretest posttestmeasureoftheeffectivenessofcampusbasedpreventionprograms.
NetworkfortheDisseminationofCurriculumInfusion RonGlick,Director NortheasternIllinoisUniversity 5500N.St.LouisAvenue RoomSCI217A Chicago,IL 60625 Phone:7734424908 Email:rglick@neiu.edu http://www.neiu.edu/~cinfusi/
AndrisZiemelis,Ed.D. ProfessorEmeritus CounselingandTestingCenter UniversityofWisconsinLaCrosse Phone:6087858073 Email:Ziemelis.andr@uwlax.edu
RESOURCES
CenterforPreventionResearch UniversityofKentucky Phone:8592575588 Fax:8592575592 Email:JeffJonesatJajone00@uky.edu www.uky.edu/RGS/PreventionResearch FoundedbytheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse,thecenterexaminestheinteractionof biological,psychological,andsocialfactorsastheyrelatetodruguseanddevelopspreven tionstrategies.
BACCHUS&GAMMAPeerEducationNetwork Phone:3038710901 Fax:3038710907 Email:admin@bacchusgamma.org www.bacchusgamma.org TheBACCHUS&GAMMAPeerEducationNetworkisaninternationalorganizationofcol legeanduniversitybasedpeereducationprogramsthatfocusesonsubstanceabusepre ventionandotherrelatedstudenthealthandsafetyissues.
InterAssociationTaskForceonAlcoholandOtherSubstanceAbuseIssues Phone:3038710901 Fax:3038710907 Email:dhunter@du.edu www.iatf.org Thetaskforceisacoalitionof22highereducationorganizationscommittedtoeradicating substanceabuseamongcollegestudents.Thegroupsupportsteachingstudentslifeskills thatwillenablethemtosucceedincollegeandafterward.
TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociation Phone:4108591500 Fax:4108591510 Email:evl@acha.org www.acha.org Theassociationistheprincipaladvocateandleadershiporganizationforcollegeanduniver sityhealth,providingadvocacy,education,communications,products,andservices.Oneof itsprincipalsurveyinginstrumentsistheNationalCollegeHealthAssessment(NCHA),which measuresabroadrangeofhealth,risk,andprotectivebehaviors,consequencesofbehavior, andperceptionsamongstudents.Thesurveyalsoassessesillnessandeffectsofselected healthconditionsonacademicperformance.
RESOURCES
WebSitesofOtherOrganizations
FactsonTap www.factsontap.org AcollegealcoholandotherdrugpreventionandeducationprogramofPhoenixHousepre ventionaffiliates,theChildrenofAlcoholicsFoundation,andtheAmericanCouncilforDrug Education. JoinTogether TakeActionAgainstSubstanceAbuseandGunViolence www.jointogether.org AddictionTechnologyTransferCenter www.nattc.org AmericanMedicalAssociation www.amaassn.org AmericanSocietyofAddictionMedicine www.asam.org AmericanPublicHealthAssociation www.apha.org MonitoringtheFuture www.isr.umich.edu/src/mtf BrownUniversityCenterforAlcoholandAddictionStudies http://center.butler.brown.edu TheNationalCenteronAddictionandSubstanceAbuse atColumbiaUniversity www.casacolumbia.org
A Guide to
COMMON CAMPUS DRUGS

MARIJUANA
Marijuana is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the plant Cannabis sativa. It is typically smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints), cigars (blunts), pipes, or water pipes (bongs). Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the United States. Some of the health effects of marijuana use include: respiratory infections, impaired memory and learning, increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks.
Street names
Aunt Mary, BC bud, Boom, Chronic, Dope, Ganja, Gangster, Grass, Harsh, Herb, Kiff, Mary Jane, Pot, Reefer, Sinsemilla, Skunk, Weed
College use
Nearly half (49.5 percent) of the U.S. college students surveyed in 2002 as part of the Monitoring the Future Study reported using marijuana at least once during their lifetimes. Approximately 35 percent (34.7 percent) of college students had used marijuana at least one time during the past year, and 19.7 percent were current users of marijuana (meaning they used marijuana at least once during the month prior to being surveyed).
Many people smoke marijuana in a hollowed-out cigar, or blunt (above). Others might use a pipe (below) or roll the dried leaves into a joint. A hemostat sometimes serves as a roach clip, used to hold the joint and protect the fingers.
MDMA (ECSTASY)
MDMA (Ecstasy), a synthetic drug with both psychedelic and stimulant effects, is typically consumed orally in pill form. Although MDMA is predominantly known as a club drug due to the prevalence of its use at nightclubs and parties called raves, it is also being used increasingly in other settings, such as college dorms. The effects of MDMA last between four and six hours and can include: confusion, depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, and paranoia. Physical effects of MDMA include muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching (which is why some users suck on pacifiers), nausea, blurred vision, feeling of faintness, tremors, rapid eye movement, and sweating or chills. Rave attendees who use MDMA also risk dehydration, hyperthermia, and heart or kidney failure. MDMA use also damages parts of the brain that are critical to thought and memory.
Street names
Adam, Beans, E, Hug drug, Love drug, M, Rolling, X, XTC
MDMA tablets (above) come in hundreds of colors, sizes, and imprints. Popular items among those who use the drug include mouth guards, baby pacifers, and light sticks, such as those below. Vapor rub smeared inside a dust mask is said to intensify the MDMA experience.
College use
Nearly 13 percent (12.7 percent) of U.S. college students surveyed in 2002 as part of the Monitoring the Future Study reported using MDMA at least once during their lifetimes. (A decade earlier, only 3 percent of college students reported lifetime MDMA use.) Approximately 7 percent (6.8 percent) of college students used MDMA in the year before being surveyed, and 0.7 percent used the drug within the past month.
Drug Identification Bible
GHBANDROHYPNOL (DATERAPEDRUGS)
DrugIdentificationBible
Theclubdrugsgammahydroxybutyrate(GHB)and flunitrazepam(Rohypnol)arebothcentralnervoussystem depressantsthataresometimesusedinthecommissionof drugfacilitatedrapesandsexualassaults. GHBistypicallyingestedorally.Itcanbepurchasedinliquid formorasapowderthateasilydissolvesinliquids.Thedrugis tasteless,odorless,oftenclear,andisusuallyundetectable whenmixedinadrink. Rohypnolcanbeingestedorally,snorted,orinjected.This drugisalsotastelessandodorless,anduntilrecentlyit dissolvedinvisiblyinliquids.Newerformulationscontaina dyethatmakesthedrugvisibleifslippedintoadrink. Theeffectsofbothsubstances,whichusuallybeginwithin 15minutesofingestion,includemusclerelaxation,decreased bloodpressure,lessening/lossofmotorcoordination,lossof consciousness,andamnesia.
GHBissometimessoldasawhite powder(above),whichdissolves invisiblywhenstirredintoa drink.Rohypnol(shownbelow infrontandbackphotosoffoil packaging)isavailablelegallyby prescriptioninMexico.Mostof theRohypnolontheU.S.market issmuggledfromMexicoor Colombia.
Streetnames
GHB:G,Georgiahomeboy,Grievousbodilyharm,Liquidecstasy
Rohypnol:Forgetpill,LaRocha,R2,Rib,Roaches,Roofenol, Roofies,Rope,Rophies,Ruffies,
METHAMPHETAMINE
Methisoftenpackagedinsmall plasticbags(above)orglassvials likethismethbullet(below), whichdispensesthepowderin metereddoses.Userssmokethe druginapipeorjustabout anythingelsethatdoesthejob, includinganordinarylightbulb withthebaseandfilament removed(bottom).
Methamphetamineisahighlyaddictivecentralnervous systemstimulantthatcanbeinjected,snorted,smoked,or ingestedorally.Itisavailableindifferentformsandcanbe identifiedbycolor,whichrangesfromwhiteoryellowto darkercolors,suchasredorbrown.Methamphetamine comesinapowderformresemblinggranulatedcrystalsand inarockformknownasice. Whenthedrugisadministered,usersinitiallyfeelanintense rush.Someoftheeffectsofmethamphetamineuseinclude aggression,anxiety,confusion,insomnia,hallucinations,mood disturbances,delusions,paranoia,andbraindamage.The braindamagesometimescausedbymethisdetectablemonths afterthedrugsuseandissimilartothedamagecausedby Alzheimers,stroke,andepilepsy.
Streetnames
Chalk,Crank,Croak,Crypto,Crystal,Fire,Glass,Meth,Speed, Whitecross
Collegeuse
Fivepercentofcollegestudentssurveyedin2002aspartof theMonitoringtheFutureStudyreportedusingmethamphet amineatleastonceduringtheirlifetimes.Morethan1percent (1.2percent)reportedusingmethamphetamineintheyear priortobeingsurveyed,and0.2percentusedmethampheta mineinthemonthbeforebeingsurveyed.
COCAINE
Cocaineisahighlyaddictivecentralnervoussystemstimulant thatcanbesnorted,smoked,orinjected.Cocainecomesin twoforms:awhitecrystallinepowderandanoffwhitechunky material(crack). Physicaleffectsofcocaineuseincludeconstrictedbloodvessels andincreasedtemperature,heartrate,andbloodpressure. Usersmayalsoexperiencefeelingsofrestlessness,irritability, andanxiety.Userswhosmokethedrugalsomaysufferfrom acuterespiratoryproblems,includingcoughing,shortnessof breath,andseverechestpainswithlungtraumaandbleeding.
Streetnames
BigC,Blow,Coke,Flake,Freebase,Lady,Nosecandy,Rock, Snow,Whitepowder
Cocaineparaphernalia(above) includesmaterialsforwashing thepowderandcuttingitfor snorting.Agramofcoke(below) yieldsabout20snortinglines.
Collegeuse
AmongU.S.collegestudentssurveyedin2002aspartofthe MonitoringtheFutureStudy,8.2percentreportedtheyhave usedcocaineduringtheirlifetimes,4.8percentreportedpastyear cocaineuse,and1.6percentreportedpastmonthcocaineuse.
HEROIN
Heroin,ahighlyaddictivedrug,isthemostcommonandmost rapidlyactingoftheopiates.Itcanbeinjected,smoked,or snorted.Pureheroin,whichisrarelyseenonthestreet,isa whitepowderwithabittertaste. Mostoftheheroinfoundonthestreetisinpowderformand variesincolorfromwhitetodarkbrown.Anotherformofthe drug,blacktarheroin,canbestickylikeroofingtarorhard likecoal,anditscolorvariesfromdarkbrowntoblack. Theshorttermeffectsofheroinoccursoonafterthedrugis ingestedandincludedrymouth,heavyextremities,aflushing oftheskin,andanalternatelywakeful/drowsystate.Additional longtermeffectsincludecollapsedveins,respiratoryfailure, impairedmentalfunctioning,pneumonia,andoverdose.
Heroinissometimessoldin gelatincapsules(above),which preventspillageandalloweasy visualexamination.Thephoto belowshowsparaphernaliaused forinjectingheroin,includinga tourniquet,hypodermicneedles, andaspoonforcookingthedrug.
Streetnames
BigH,Blacktar,Brownsugar,Horse,Junk,Mud,Skag,Smack
Collegeuse
AmongU.S.collegestudentssurveyedin2002aspartofthe MonitoringtheFutureStudy,1.0percentreportedlifetime heroinuse,and0.1percentreportedpastyearheroinuse.
KETAMINE
Theabuseofketamine,atranquilizermostoftenusedon animals,becamepopularinthe1980swhenitwasrealized thatlargedosescausereactionssimilartothoseassociatedwith theuseofPCP,suchasdreamlikestatesandhallucinations. Theliquidformofketaminecanbeinjected,consumedin drinks,oraddedtosmokablematerials.Thepowderformcan alsobeaddedtodrinks,smoked,ordissolvedandtheninject ed.Insomecases,ketamineisinjectedintramuscularly.
Streetnames
Catvalium,Ket,Kitkat,Purple,SpecialK,VitaminK
Ketamineisavailableasaliquid forveterinaryuseaswellasfor humanuse.Theliquidmayvary incolorfromcleartoyellow.
MOREINFORMATION
GeneralDrugFacts
OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy,DrugFactssection www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/index.html OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy,StreetTerms:DrugsandtheDrugTrade www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/streetterms/default.asp DrugEnforcementAdministration,DrugDescriptionssection www.dea.gov/concern/concern.htm NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse www.nida.nih.gov NationalCriminalJusticeReferenceService,IntheSpotlight:ClubDrugs www.ncjrs.org/club_drugs/summary.html
DrugFacilitatedRapeResources
DepartmentofJusticeOfficeofCommunityOrientedPolicingServices,AcquaintanceRapeof CollegeStudents,March2002 www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/e03021472.pdf OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicyClearinghouse,GammaHydroxybutyrate(GHB)
FactSheet,November2002
www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/pdf/gamma_hb.pdf OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicyClearinghouse,RohypnolFactSheet,
December2002
www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/
publications/factsht/rohypnol/rohypnol.pdf
Additionalphotocredits: DrugEnforcementAdministration(MDMA)
OrangeCounty,Florida,Sheriff'sOffice(marijuana,methamphetamine,cocaine)
CaliforniaDepartmentofJustice(heroin)
OrderingInformation Thisdocumentisavailableonlineatwww.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. AdditionalcopiesmaybeobtainedfromtheONDCPDrugPolicyInformation Clearinghousebycalling18006663332,orbysendinganemailtoondcp@ncjrs.org.

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The Challenge

JohnP. Walters Director OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy

candulltheeducational experienceforall. Drugusecanoccuronanycampus, but

consequencesandbeforetheycanrecruitotherswhomaythemselves becomeaddicted. Thisisbestaccomplishedinanenvironmentwhere druguseisnottoleratedandpeopledonotlooktheotherway.

Ofallillicitdrugsfoundoncollegecampusestoday, marijuanaisbyfar themostubiquitous. Manystudentsandadultstaketheattitudethat marijuanausebyyoungpeopleisnormalthatthereisnothingtofear becausepot isbenign, itseffectstemporaryandharmless.

Alcoholanddruguseis primarilyaproblem amongmen.

Manydrugusersseekinterventionduetotheconcerns expressedbyfamilies,friends,faculty,andthe workplace.Legalizingdrugswouldremoveonlysome legalconsequences.Itwouldnotchangetheemotion al,physical,orsocialconsequencesofdruguse.

Byencouragingparticipationinvolunteeractivities, youcanhelpstudents understandthattheircontributionstotheschoolandtosocietyareval ued. Studentswhoknowtheyaremakingadifferencebyhelpingothers arelesslikelytousedrugsthanthosewhodonotseetheirownworth.

Contact: SabinaWhite,Director HealthEducation StudentHealthServiceBuilding588 UniversityofCalifornia SantaBarbara,CA93106 Phone:8058932479 Email:whites@sa.ucsb.edu

GrantInformation U.S.DepartmentofEducation GrantstoReduceAlcoholAbuse:

AndrisZiemelis,Ed.D. ProfessorEmeritus CounselingandTestingCenter UniversityofWisconsinLaCrosse Phone:6087858073 Email:Ziemelis.andr@uwlax.edu

COMMON CAMPUS DRUGS

Drug Identification Bible

Cocaineparaphernalia(above) includesmaterialsforwashing thepowderandcuttingitfor snorting.Agramofcoke(below) yieldsabout20snortinglines.

Heroinissometimessoldin gelatincapsules(above),which preventspillageandalloweasy visualexamination.Thephoto belowshowsparaphernaliaused forinjectingheroin,includinga tourniquet,hypodermicneedles, andaspoonforcookingthedrug.

Ketamineisavailableasaliquid forveterinaryuseaswellasfor humanuse.Theliquidmayvary incolorfromcleartoyellow.

OrderingInformation Thisdocumentisavailableonlineatwww.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. AdditionalcopiesmaybeobtainedfromtheONDCPDrugPolicyInformation Clearinghousebycalling18006663332,orbysendinganemailtoondcp@ncjrs.org.

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