Rolling-Contact Bearings

Design II Mechanical Engineering Faculty Engineering Division Universidad Santo Toms

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initial test
1. Describe two differences between ball and roller bearings

2. In a bearing mount with two bearings of same reference (L10) what is reliability in this mount?
Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.
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Ball Bearing Nomenclature

Rotary ball bearings are defined through geometry and performance. Geometry: Outside diameter

Inside diameter
Width
Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.
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Ball Bearing Nomenclature

Performance:
Load capacity (radial, axial, moment)

Stiffness moment)
Runout Bearing life

(radial,

axial,

Allowable speed
Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.

Lubrication, etc.
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Ball Bearing Types

Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.

Roller Bearing Types

Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.

Bearing Seals

Adopted from Juvinall RC, Marshek KM, Fundamentals Of Machine Component Design
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Ball and Roller Bearing Types

Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines

Ball and Roller Bearing Types

Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines

Ball vs. Roller Bearings

Roller bearings are stiffer and have a higher load capacity than comparably sized ball bearings This is due to the type of contact, line contact for rollers vs. point contact for balls Ball bearings have a lower friction This also is a function of contact type. Ball bearings can often be operated at higher speeds Most ball bearings can take modest axial loads for free Only tapered rollers can take axial loads Ball bearings are less expensive than roller bearings
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Ball vs. Roller Bearings

Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines

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Bearing Failure Modes Surface Fatigue

Surface fatigue is the dominant failure mode The cyclic subsurface Hertzian shear stresses produced by the curved surfaces in rolling contact may initiate and propagate cracks that ultimately dislodge particles and generate surface pits Typically, the raceways pit first, resulting in noise, vibration, and heat
Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines
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Bearing Failure Modes Brinelling

Static loads on stationary bearings may cause brinelling of the races The resulting local discontinuities cause vibration, noise, and heat

Adopted from http://www.ejsong.com/mdme/memmods/MEM30009A/Bearings/Bearings.html

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Bearing Selection Criteria

When selecting bearings, both failure modes need to be considered. As such, we need to examine:

Resistance to surface fatigue, expressed as basic dynamic load rating Cd Resistance to brinelling, expressed as basic static load rating C0

Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines

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Basic Load Ratings

Basic load ratings are a standardized measure provided by the bearing industry to quantify the rolling element bearings ability to resist surface fatigue and brinelling The basic static load rating C0 is a measure of the resistance to failure by brinelling The basic dynamic load rating (C)Cd is a measure of resistance to failure due to surface fatigue

Adopted from SKF.com

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Bearing Life

Two identical bearings tested under different loads F1 and F2 will have respective lives L1 and L2 according to:

Where: a = 3 for ball bearings; a = 10/3 for roller bearings

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Example 1: Timken Bearing

SKF ball bearing is rated as follows: At a rated load of 2140 lb, the bearing has a life of 3000 hr at 500 rpm

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Basic Dynamic Load Rating

The basic dynamic load rating Cd is defined to be the largest stationary radial load that 90 percent of a group of apparently identical bearings will survive for 1 million revolutions (inner race rotating, outer race fixed) with no evidence of failure by surface fatigue..

Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines

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Basic Dynamic Load Rating

The bearing life L for a given load P can be determined as follows:

Where: L = bearing life (revolutions to failure); Cd = basic dynamic load rating (90% reliability); P = applied bearing load a = exponent (a = 3 for ball bearings and a = 10/3 for roller bearings)
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Reliability Adjustments

Reliability adjustment factors, based on actual failure rate data, allows a designer to select bearings for reliabilities higher than 90%

LR = reliability-adjusted bearing life KR = reliability lifeadjustment factor L = bearing life

Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines
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Adjustments for Impact Loads

Rated load ratings are basic on static, continuous loading. Time-varying loads reduce the bearing life and need to be considered when selecting bearings.
The applied equivalent dynamic load Fe is modified by the estimated impact factor IF:

F = IF Fe
Adopted from Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines
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Adjustments for Impact Loads

You can also use.

Adopted from Urugal, A.C. Mechanical Design. 2004.

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Bearing Selection Procedure

1. From free-body diagram, determine the radial load Fr and axial thrust load Fa 2. Determine the design life requirement Ld for the bearing (calculate or use table of recommended design life for bearings)

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Bearing Selection Procedure

Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.

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Bearing Selection Procedure

3. Determine the reliability R appropriate to the application and select the corresponding lifeadjustment factor KR 4. Assess the severity of any shock or impact associated with the application and select an appropriate Impact Factor IF 5. Select the type of bearing

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Bearing Selection Procedure

6. Calculate the dynamic equivalent radial load Pe

Where: V = 1 when the inner ring rotates, and V = 1.2 when the outer ring rotates. In Self-aligning bearings V = 1 for rotation of either ring. In the first iteration use following table

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Bearing Selection Procedure

Others bearings: Check suppliers engineering catalog

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Bearing Selection Procedure

7. Calculate the basic dynamic load rating requirement:

Fe
Cd = required dynamic load rating to give a bearing reliability of R percent L = life (revolutions) KR = reliability adjustment factor IF = application impact factor Fe = equivalent radial load a = exponent equal to 3 for ball bearings or 10/3 for roller bearings

8. With Cd enter a basic load rating table and find the smallest bearing with a load rating of at least Cd

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Bearing Selection Procedure

9. Note C0 , f0 and other design parameter. 10. To obtain a new value of Y2 11. Find Cd 12. If the same bearing is obtained, stop. 13. If not, take next bearing and go to step 7.
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Example 2: Rolling Element Bearing Selection

A support shaft for a new product has been designed with a diameter of 1.6 inches. The force analysis shows that: Radial bearing load Fr = 370 lb Axial bearing load Fa = 130 lb Shaft speed n = 350 rpm Design life specification is 10 years of operation, 50 days/year, 20hr/day Design reliability specification is R = 95% The shaft is V-belt driven
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Example 3: Rolling Element Bearing Selection

The shaft shown in Figure is to be supported by two bearings, one at location A and the other at location B. The shaft is loaded by a commercial-quality driven helical gear mounted as shown. The gear imposes a radial load of 7000 lb and a thrust load of 2500 lb applied at a pitch radius of 3 inches. The thrust load is to be fully supported by bearing A(bearing B takes no thrust load). It is being proposed to use a single-row tapered roller bearing at location A, and another one at location B.

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Example 3: Rolling Element Bearing Selection

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Example 3: Rolling Element Bearing Selection

The device is to operate at 350 rpm, 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 3 years before bearing replacement is necessary. Standard strength-based analysis has shown that the minimum shaft diameter must be 1.375 inches at both bearing sites. Select suitable bearings for both location A and location B

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Bearing Mount for Thrust

WARNING!!!!! Thermal expansion of the shaft creates thrust force, possibly overloading the bearings..
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Bearing Mount for Thrust

RECOMMENDED!!!!
The thrust force is provided by a single bearing. The second bearing only takes radial loads because it is allowed to slide axially.
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Bearing Mounting

Shaft/bearing bore has a light interference fit. Housing/outer race has a slight clearance fit. Check manufacturers catalog Match maximum permissible fillet radius. Shaft or housing shoulders not to exceed 20% of diameter.

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Permissible misalignment

Cylindrical and tapered roller bearings is limited to 0.001 rad. For spherical ball bearings, the misalignment should not exceed 0.0087 rad.

But for deep-groove ball bearings, the allowable range of misalignment is 0.0035 to 0.0047 rad.
Adapted from Budynas-Nisbett, 8ed.
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References
Norton, R.L. Machine Design: an integrated approach. 3rd ed, 2006. Budynas and Nisbett. Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design. 8th ed, 2006. Mott, R.L. Machine Elements in Mechanical Design. 4th ed, 2004. Urugal, A.C. Mechanical Design. 2004. Collins JA, Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machine, 2009.

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References

http:// www.skf.com

http://www.fag.com http://www.timken.com/eses/Knowledge/students/Pages/default.aspx

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any questions?

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