DEVELOPMENT OF A (GREEN) ROOF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND METEOROLOGICAL NETWORK IN NEW YORK CITY

2nd International Conference on COUNTERMEASURES TO Urban Heat Islands Sept 22 2009 Berkeley, California Stuart R. Gaffin 1, Reza Khanbilvardi 2 , Cynthia Rosenzweig 1 and Tiziana Susca 3
1 Center

for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA; E-Mail: crr2@columbia.edu
2 Department

of Civil Engineering & Earth and Environmental Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA; E-Mail: rk@ce.ccny.cuny.edu for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA; E-Mail: crosenzweig@giss.nasa.gov
3 Department 1 Center

of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, Italy; E-Mail: ts2553@columbia.edu

NewYorksUrbanHeatIsland
AirTemperatureAugust14,2002, 6:00AM NWS Observed Temperatures August 14th, 2002
! (
! ( ! 76.5 ! ( (

SurfaceTemperatureAugust14,2002,
6 AM

NWS Observed Temperatures August 14th, 2002 6 AM

! (
KPOU KOXC ! ( ! KOXC ! ( ( 78.2 ( ! KDXR 78.7 78.2 (KDXR 78.7 !
KHVN

10:30AM 1 km Satellite Skin Temperature

August 14th, 2002, 10:30 am

( KSWF ! KMGJ ( 77.6 !

(77.6 ! KMGJKSWF

KPOU

76.5 79.8
KFWN KFWN

79.8
! (

77.6 77.6
KHPN KHPN

KHVN

75.9 75.9
76.5 76.5
( KMMU ! ! ! ( (
K12N K12N KCDW KCDW KTEB

( ! ! (

( ! ! ( 79.8 79.8

( (! ! 80.9 80.9

KBDR78.2 KBDR 78.2

( !! (

KISP ! KNYC ( ( ! KISP ! ( KNYC ( ! 82 ! ( ! KLGA KFRG ( ( 80.4 ! ! ( KEWR 82 ( ! KLGA KFRG ( ! 82 76.5 ( ! 83.7 84.3 KEWR ( ! KJFK 82 76.5 ( ! KSMQ 83.7 84.3 ( ! KJFK 81.5 ( ! 82.6 KSMQ ( ! 81.5 ( ! 81.5 82.6 ( 77 !

( ! KMMU ( 80.4 !

! (

KTEB

77

81.5

80.4 KTTN ( !

! (

KTTN

80.4

KWRI78.7

! (

80.4 KBLM NASA/GISSClimateImpactsGroup ( !

! (

KBLM

KWRI78.7

80.4

NASA/GISSClimateImpactsGroup
NASA/GISS Climate Impacts Group

NASA/GISS Climate Impacts Group

! (

NASA/GISS Climate Impacts Group

77 77.5

78

78.5

79

79.5 80 80.5 Temperature (F)

81

81.5

82

82.5

77 77.5

78

78.5

79

79.5 80 80.5 Temperature (F)

81

81.5

82

82.5

<7582.489.696.8104111.2118.4125.6 Temperature(F) < 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 Temperature (C)

NYCsHeatBurden Past,PresentandProjected:
ColumbiaUniversity&GISS GW

~7 C/13 F GW

UHI

2C

UHI

UHI

1900
7daysabove90oF

2000
14daysabove90oF 34daysabove95oF

2080
MostofSummerabove90oF 1750daysabove95oF

NYCIsAnUrbanRunoffIslandToo
NYCitysWaterQualityClassifications

Mayors2030PlaNYCGoal#10:Open90%ofourwaterwaysforrecreationby reducingwaterpollution

Columbia University Green Roof Met Net

Surface Energy Balance

Longwave down (the greenhouse effect) Sensible heat loss (air convection) Longwave up Latent heat loss (evapoTranspiration Only if H20 Present) re-emitted Shortwave reflected Shortwave down (solar + diffuse)

Heat conduction downward or upward (into/from room interior)

Surface Water Balance

EVAPORATION

PRECIPITATION Rainfall, Snow, Dew, Frost, Fog, etc

(Only if H20 Present)

RUNOFF

GreenRoofMonitoringStands
Setsoftheinstrumentationaredeployedatdifferentlocations onthegreenroof

3buriedthermistors attop,middleandbottom ofmedium. 1heatflowplate

1mountednarrowview IRsensorforplanttemperatures filledwithgrowth medium

plants

1TDRsoilmoistureprobe, buriedatanangleforintegrated volumetricwatercontent

Ethical Culture Fieldston School, Bronx, New York

Columbia University, New York

Queens Botanical Garden, New York

Con Edison Building, LIC, New York

Con Edison Building, LIC, New York

Web link: ccsr.columbia.edu/cig/greenroofs/index.html

WaterRunoffBeingMeasuredWithScaleModel

WeHaveSuccessfullyEstablishedEndangeredNative GrasslandsOnARoofInBronxin6inchesofmedium

GreenRoofAlbedo
average=0.20

ComparativeWhiteSurfaceandGreenLeafTemperatures

Black,White,GreenRoofHeatingEnergyCosts
for1000m2roofwithR20InsulationBoard

WINTER (DJF) HEAT ENERGY ANALYSIS

Avg Heat Flux Loss (W/m^2)
Northern Green (unshaded) Southern Green (shaded) White Roof (lower green model) Black Roof (lower green model) White Roof (fixed lower model) Black Roof (fixed lower model) -4.16 -5.21 -5.73 -5.90 -6.34 -6.56

Heating Energy & Costs for 1000 m2 Roof

Natural Gas (kWh) 13838.45 17316.53 19042.85 19611.51 21233.31 21801.97 Heating Oil (kWh) 10106.73 12646.90 13907.70 14323.01 15507.50 15922.79

Energy Cost $600.11 $750.93 $825.80 $850.50 $920.79 $945.45

Energy Cost $555.62 $695.27 $764.58 $787.41 $852.53 $875.34

HeatSavings: $330/yr

Caveat:thisgreenroofislessthat1yroldandisatraysystem older&/orlayeredgreenroofswillprobablydobetter.

Black,White,GreenRoofCoolingEnergyCosts
for1000m2roofwithR20InsulationBoard
Cooling Energy & Costs for 1000 m2 Roof
Cooling Energy (kWh) 234.57 104.55 402.55 1232.87 657.84 1488.16

SUMMER (JJA) COOLING ENERGY ANALYSIS

Avg. Heat Flux Gain (W/m^2)
Northern Green (unshaded) Southern Green (shaded) White Roof (Lower Green Model) Black Roof (Lower Green Model) White Roof (Fixed Lower Model) Black Roof (Fixed Lower Model)

Energy Cost $42.193 $18.80 $72.40 $221.74 $118.32 $267.66

+0.41 +0.18 +0.70 +2.13 +1.14 +2.57

CoolingSavings: $225/yr

AnnualRoofEnergySavingsBySwitchfromBlacktoGreenis<$1,000.00

Air Temperature Difference Between Bronx and Columbia Weather Stations (only ~10 km separation between sites)

Vegetation map for New York Metropolitan area

Source: Christopher Small Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University NYC USA http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~small/Urban.html

Hours

Conclusions
-Greenroof MetNet has become a versatile outdoor laboratory: safe, secure, restoring endangered habitat, doing insect surveys, testing sample temps and albedos, superior site for urban rooftop weather stations Green and white roof temperature reductions are dramatic in summer Not seeing any winter-heat penalty for white TPO roofs. Energy savings from green and white roofs with good insulation are modest. (However if airintake for cooling exists on rooftop, additional savings will occur.) MetNet is revealing small scale variations in UHI that correlate well with urban vegetation.