EXPERIMENT NO. 3 LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE CO, MARGARET FRANCINE LABAO JOREM PAULO AB2, GROUP 3, MR.

JULIUS NUEZ APRIL 26, 2013

I. ABSTRACT The main objective of the experiment is to determine the changes that occur when a system in equilibrium when subjected to stress. A solution consisting of copper nitrate and ammonium hydroxide was prepared as the equilibrium reaction. The solution was them transferred to spot plate depressions dropped with different reagents, observing the changes in colour. The solution was also cooled in an ice bath. The changes were recorded. Part B of the experiment consisted recording changes in a stressed potassium chromate solution in a base dominating and acid dominating solutions. The potassium chromate solution was reacted with lead nitrate until precipitation was observed. The results of the experiment were explained by the use of Le Chateliers principle. After the experiment, it was concluded that changes in experimental condition of an equilibrated system undergoes changes to re attain equilibrium. II. KEYWORDS: Le Chateliers Principle, equilibrium, forward and backward shift M Pb(NO3)2 was dropped until precipitation occured. 5 drops 6.0 M HCl was added until another change III. INTRODUCTION was observed. Equilibrium is defined as having the rates of V. RESULTS the formation of the products and the formation of the reactants equal in a reversible reaction. Table 1. Results of Part A Equilibrium is a dynamic process, which means that System (Reagent) Observation the products and the reactants are continually being S (H O) Light blue 2 formed but at the same rate. The concentration of A (0.1M Cu(NO ) ) Darker blue than S 3 2 the products and reactants remains unchanged in B (0.1M NH4OH) Darker blue than S an equilibrated system. Certain factors affect the C (0.1M K4Fe(CN)6) Dark brown concentration of a system in equilibrium, such as D (0.1M HCl) Lighter blue than S change in concentration of the products and E (0.1M NaOH) Lighter blue than S reactants, changes in pressure, and changes in F (0.1M NaNO3) Same as S temperature. Results of these changes can be Lighter blue than S explained by using Le Chateliers Principle, which G (1mL of solution + states that when stress is applied in a system at (Theoretical: Darker 0.5mL water in cold bath) blue than S) equilibrium, the equilibrium tends to shift to the direction which relieves the stress (Chang, 2005). The objective of the experiment was to Table1 contd. predict the changes that will happen to a stressed Direction of Sys. Explanation system in equilibrium and to explain the said Shift changes using Le Chateliers principle. S A Forward To consume added reactants IV. METHODOLOGY B Forward To consume added reactants The brown color is the result of C Backward 2+ PART A. 1 mL of 2.0 M Cu(NO3)2, 1 ml of 2 Cu reacting with Fe(CN)6 M NH4OH and 5 ml of distilled was mixed with a HCl neutralized NH3, lessening stirrer. Drops of the solution were then transferred D Backward the concentration of the to spot plate depressions labelled S, and A-F. To reactant. 2+ each depression, 5 drops of 0.1 M reagents were OH reacted with Cu , lessening dropped to the assigned depression. 1 mL of the E Backward the concentration of the solution was mixed with .5 mL water in a 10 ml test reactant. tube. It was then immersed in an ice bath. 10 drops NaNO3 did not participate in the F was then transferred to depression H. reaction PART B. 5 drops of 0.1 M K2CrO4 and 5 Backward Since it was an exothermic drops 6.0 M HCl was placed in position H. The G (Theoretical: solution, decreasing the heat mixture was stirred after every drop until color Forward) would result in a forward shift. change was observed. 5 drops 3.0 M NaOH was added until another color change occurred. In position I, 5 drops of 0.1 M K2CrO4 and 5 drops 0.1 CHEM 18.1, Le Chateliers Principle Page 1 of 3

Table 2, Results of Part B

Reaction 2K2CrO4 + 4HCl H2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + H2O H2Cr2O7 + 4NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 3H2O K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbCrO4 2PbCrO4 + 4HCl H2Cr2O7 + 2PbCl2 + H2O

Observation Yellow to orange Orange to yellow Yellow precipitate Less precipitate, orange color

In position H, the addition of HCl turned K2CrO4 from yellow to orange, due to the formation of H2Cr2O7, which is orange. When NaOH was added, CrO4 was formed again. The color changed from orange back to yellow. In position I, the presence of a yellow precipitate was observed in the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 and K2CrO4. This is PbCrO4. The addition of HCl lessened the precipitate. The color of the solution also darkened to orange. The new products were PbCl2, H2O, and H2Cr2O7. The first two are colorless, while the latter is orange. VII. GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Part A. 1. What is the color of the resulting solution? The color of the solution was light blue. 2. Write the equation: 2+ 2+ Cu + 4NH3 = Cu(NH3)4 3. Which species is responsible for the color of the solution? 2+ The copper ion (Cu ) was responsible for the blue color. Part B. 1. What is the change in color? The color changed from yellow to orange. 2. Indicate the change in color: The color changed from orange to yellow. 3. Write the equation for the equilibrium: H2Cr2O7 + 4NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 3H2O 4. Which species predominates in acid solution? Cr2O7 5. In basic solution? CrO4 6. Write the equation for the reaction: K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbCrO4 7. Which is the precipitate? PbCrO4 8. What is its color? Yellow 9. Observation: The solution turned from yellow to orange, and the precipitate lessened. 10. Explain your observation: + 2The H ions reacted with CrO4 , therefore the concentration of the reactants lessened, causing a shift forward. VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS It can now be concluded that when a system in equilibrium is stressed, may it be by change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system will shift the equilibrium such that the system will retain equilibrium. The system Page 2 of 3

VI. DISCUSSION The addition of Cu(NO3)2 and NH4OH resulted in the following reaction in equilibrium: 2+ 2+ Cu + 4NH3 = Cu(NH3)4 2+ Where the Cu ion is light blue, the ammonia is 2+ colorless, and the Cu(NH3)4 is a darker blue. This means that when a reagent is added to the solution, a resulting darker color means a shift forward, while a lighter color suggests a shift backward. In positions A and B, 0.1M of the original reactants, Cu(NO3)2 and NH4OH, respectively, were added to the above solution. A darker color was observed in both positions. This is because the equilibrium had to shift forward in order to consume the additional reactants. In position C, the dark brown color was due to the formation of copper (II) ferricyanide. A shift 4backward was observed because the Fe(CN)6 2+ reacted with the Cu , lessening the concentration of the reactant. In position D, HCl, a strong acid, + dissociated in the solution. Its H ions reacted with NH3. The equilibrium shifted backwards because the concentration of the reaction lessened. In position E, NaOH dissociated, as well, 2+ since it is a strong base. The OH reacted with Cu . Similar to position D, the equilibrium shifted backwards, resulting in a lighter color than the standard, because of the lesser concentration of reactants. In position F, NaNO3 was added, but since NO3 is only a spectator ion and does not participate in the reaction, the equilibrium did not shift. In position G, the solution observed was lighter than the one in position S. However, theoretically, since the reaction is exothermic, a forward shift should have occurred. The heat can be treated like part of the reaction in the products side. Therefore, a decrease in heat should result in a darker color.

CHEM 18.1, Le Chateliers Principle

consumes the added substance, or it produces the removed components. It is recommended to handle the reagents properly so as to avoid contamination that would affect the set ups and cause error in the results. VIII. REFERENCES Chang, Raymond. (2005). Chemistry. NY, New York: McGraw-Hill

I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report. ____________________________ Margaret Francine Co

____________________________ Jorem Paulo Labao

CHEM 18.1, Le Chateliers Principle

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