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Introduction
• The cardiovascular system or sometimes that have also been known a as the
blood vascular system or the simply circulatory is composed by :
1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels @ Vasculature
3. Cells and Plasma that make up the blood for our body.
• The blood vessels of the body represents a closed delivery system that have
functions to :
1. Transports blood around the body.
2. Circulating substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
hormones and waste products.
• There are 3 mains types of blood vessels such as veins, arteries, and
capillaries.
• The principles function of the heart is to continuously pump blood around the
cardiovascular system and body. It receives the both of sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerve fiber which alter the rate of the beat.
The vital sign of the cardiovascular system is to maintaining homeostasis which
depends on the continuous and controlled movement of blood through the thousand
of miles capillaries that penetrate every tissue and reach every cell in the body.
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Objectives
⇒ Describe the size and location of the heart, including its base and apex.
⇒ Describe the vessels that supply blood to cardiac muscle.
⇒ Describe the valves and its functions.
⇒ What is the function of the conduction system of the heart?
⇒ Starting with SA node, describe the route taken by an action as it goes
through the conducting system of the heart.
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4. Alternately, it can be found about 4 cm. below and 2 mm. to the medial side
of the left mammary papilla.
5. Its function is to pump blood to left atrium.
Heart Valves
Heart valves are valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood by
opening and closing depending on the difference in pressure on each side.
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Mitral Valve
1. The mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve or left
atrioventricular valve), is a dual flap (bi = 2) valve in the heart that lies
between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV).
2. In Latin, the term mitral means shaped like a miter, or bishop's cap.
3. The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known collectively as the
atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles
of the heart and control flow.
Tricuspid Valve
1. The tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart, between the right
atrium and the right ventricle.
2. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary
muscles.
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3. Tricuspid valves may also occur with two or four leaflets, and the number
may change during life.
Aortic Valve
1. The aortic valve is one of the valves of the heart.
2. It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.
3. The aortic valve has three cusps.
4. These cusps are half moon shaped hence also called aortic semi lunar valve.
5. Each cusp has a small swelling in the center called the nodule.
6. Dilatation of the wall of the aorta behind these cusps is called aortic sinus.
7. When the aortic valve is open, the normal size of the orifice is 3-4 cm² in
adults.
8. During ventricular systole, pressure rises in the left ventricle.
9. When the pressure in the left ventricle rises above the pressure in the aorta,
the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta.
10.When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops.
11.When the pressure in the left ventricle decreases, the aortic pressure forces
the aortic valve to close.
12.The closure of the aortic valve contributes the component of the second
heart sound (S2).
Pulmonic Valve
1. Pulmonic valve is the semi lunar valve of the heart that lies between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps.
2. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve opens in ventricular systole,
when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the
pulmonary artery.
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3. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls
rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonic valve.
4. The closure of the pulmonic valve contributes the component of the second
heart sound (S2).
5. The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the component of the second
heart sound is usually softer than the component of the second heart sound.
6. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both
components separated during inhalation.
Generation of the
Heartbeat
1. Unlike most muscles, which rely on nerve impulses to cause them to contract,
heart muscle can contract of its own accord.
2. Certain heart muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, and
these cells generate electrical signals that spread to the rest of the heart and
cause it to contract with a regular, steady beat.
3. The heartbeat begins with a small group of specialized muscle cells located in
the upper right-hand corner of the right atrium.
4. This area is known as the sinoatrial (SA) node.
5. Cells in the SA node generate their electrical signals more frequently than
cells elsewhere in the heart, so the electrical signals generated by the SA
node synchronize the electrical signals traveling to the rest of the heart.
6. For this reason, the SA node is also known as the heart’s pacemaker.
7. Impulses generated by the SA node spread rapidly throughout the atria, so
that all the muscle cells of the atria contract virtually in unison.
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Conclusion
As a nurse, we must know anything related to the functions of body systems that
appear to be a big factor in their health maintainence. Their organization of body
system must well corporated in performing functions to be a well-health human
being.
As a Pacemaker of our life, cardiac system may be the most important in
many people’s thought. As for the heart, it is the main criteria that involves in
determining “is this people healthy enough?”.
We, as a professional nurses must enrich ourselves in getting deeper into this
contribution – aiming at people awareness of their heart importance to their life. Is it
difficult to handle that responsible? Think about it, you’ll save dozens of life if you
improve your readings and enrich your beautiful knowledge if you search for more
about our heart.
After then, we can conduct our instrument and well known about their usage
especially reading the ecg (electrocardiograph) and get used to the steps using the
electrocardiogram machine. Also, we can identify the different sounds of the heart
by using stethoscope or only by using our bare hands by doing palpation.
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References:
Allison, T. G., D. E. Williams, et al. (1995). Medical and economic costs of
psychologic distress in patients with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clinic
Proceedings 70(8): 734-742.
Beale, N. and S. Nethercott (1986) Job loss and health – the influence of age
and previous morbidity. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
36:261-264.
Lewis, T. (1918). The Soldier’s Heart and the Effort Syndrome. London, Shaw.
Umetani, K., D. H. Singer, et al. (1998). Twenty-four hour time domain heart
rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine
decades. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31(3): 593-601.
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