Assessed work for ES912: Turbulent Flows: Term 1, 2003

Week 1
1. Show that if P = P (u) and = (u) t t P 1 = const and = P 1

that

= P (u) t This is the way the heat equation is usually written.

2. Let a one-dimensional velocity eld be u(x, t). The density varies as = (2 cos t). Find an expression for u(x, t) if u(0, t) = U . Hint: use the mass conservation equation to nd u rst. 3. A rectangular tank is place on wheels and is given a constant horizontal acceleration a. Show that at steady-state, the angle made by the free surface with the horizontal is given by tan = a/g . Hint: use hydrostatic equilibrium in a new reference frame.

Week 2
1. This uses mixing length theory and the statistical theory of turbulence to be considered next week. A certain amount of hot uid is released in a turbulent ow with characteristic velocity u and characteristic length . The temperature of the patch is higher than the ambient temperature, but the density dierence and the eects of buoyancy may be neglected. Estimate the rate of spreading of the patch of hot uid and the rate at which the maximum temperature dierence decreases. Assume that the size of the patch at the time of release is much smaller than and much larger than the Kolmogorov microscale . The use of an eddy diusivity is appropriate, but the choice of the velocity and length scales that are needed to form an eddy diusivity requires careful thought, in particular as long as the size of the patch remains smaller than the length scale . Hint: Assume the length scale in the eddy diusivity is the size of the patch and the velocity scale is the velocity scale for that length scale in the Kolmogorov prediction for the 2nd order structure function, that is u2 r2/3 .

Week 3
1. Solve (1) to get CU and C in terms of RT . Given RT = 12.5, what are the numerical values of 1 CU and C ? One condition to satisfy is 2 RT U0 B/A = 1, where A and B are the coecients in Us (x) = Ax1/2 Which can also be written Us /U0 = CU (x/)1/2 where A = CU U0 1/2 and B = C 1/2 . (f + f ) + f = 0 whose solution is exp( 1 2 ). 2 Use 1 exp( 2 )d = (2 )1/2 2

(x) = Bx1/2

and

/ = C (x/)1/2

(1)

and the momentum length to x the scaling of A and B . The other condition to use is the scaling within the square brackets in U0
2 Us

dUs 1 d 1 f + U0 f = g = f dx Us dx RT

2. Experiments show that for an axisymmetric wake RT = 14.1. In that case we still need:
2 Us

dUs 1 d = dx Us dx

But the momentum integral is cylindrical: U0 Us

2 2 f ( )(2 )d = U0 2

Example problem: if (1/Us )(d /dx) =constant and Us on x1 ?

=constant, how will Us and

depend

3. A very long cylinder (diameter 1mm) is placed perpendicular to a steady airstream whose velocity is 10 m/sec. The cylinder is heated electrically at 100 watts/meter span. At what distance downstream is the rms temperature uctuation in the wake of the cylinder reduced to 1 C? Assume that the distribution of the mean temperature dierence in the wake is similar to the distribution of the mean velocity defect. For air at room temperature and pressure, = 1.25kg/m3 , cp = 103 joule/kg C. Hint: the dimension of the heating is joules/sec/meter. The dimension of the heat ux through position x is (cp )T times the velocity times the integrated prole in y , which will have a dimension of length. The dimensions of the heating and the dimensions of this heat ux are the same.

Week 4
1. Take as the prole of a plane wake U1 = f ( ) = exp( 1 2 ). 2 (a) For what is |uv | greatest? And what is its value? Use T = 1. (b) In a shear ow, the maximum Reynolds stress is |uv | 0.4 u2 , where u is a typical value for u in the wake and is relatively constant out to = 1.5. Assume that u2 = v 2 = w2 . 2 What is typical value of 1 q 2 ,the turbulent kinetic energy in terms of Us ? 2 2. In the budget for the turbulent kinetic energy for a wake with the prole above assume that the 4 2 advection term = 0.7(1 ( )2 2 ) exp( 2 ) 7 7 2 6 and transport = (1 + ( + 2 ) exp( 2 )) advection 3 7 (a) Sketch the Reynolds stress and production of turbulent kinetic energy. (b) Sketch the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, . (c) Explain where the positive part of the advection term comes from and where the negative part is going to. Explain the role of transport in balancing these terms. 2 ). Sketch the Reynolds 3. Take as the prole of an axisymmetric wake f ( ) = (1 + 2 ) exp( 3 2 stress as a function of r. Then sketch the production of turbulent kinetic energy. You need to identify where the maxima are. To nd the Reynolds stress we must consider the 2nd derivative 2 2 2 of r in a cylindrical geometry. x + y = (1/r)r + r . 4. In direct numerical simulations, one typically wants the mesh size to be equal to the Kolmogorov scale. The simulation is in a (2 )3 box with 128 mesh points in each direction. Assume that the large-scale velocity U 10 and the dissipation rate goes as U 3 /L, where L is the size of the periodic domain. (a) What should the viscosity be so that the Kolmogorov microscale equals the mesh size? (b) For this , what is the Taylor microscale and the Taylor microscale Reynolds number U / ? 5. The 2nd order longitudinal structure function has 3 regimes: Ar2 , 0.5 2/3 r2/3 , where = u3 0 /L 2 and S11 (r) 2u2 . The 2nd order correlation function at large r is R ( r ) = 2 u exp( r/L ). 11 0 0 (a) Assume the rst two regimes match at r = , what is A? (b) Find the r where the 2nd and 3rd regimes match. (c) Sketch S11 (r).

Week 5
1. Law of the wall 1 u y + a) Uy 0 Ux = u ( log For this velocity prole, show that the following are solutions of the k - equations: k u2 C
1/2

u3 y+

2. For a large civil aircraft assume that the ight speed is 300 m/s and the kinematic viscosity of the air is about 15106 m2 /s. estimate the friction velocity and the wall-unit length scale at 1m from the leading edge. Use cf = (2 log10 Rex 0.65)2.3 , where cf is the skin-friction coecient and by denition cf w 1 2 U 2
2 where w = uv = u2 and U = 300m/s

From this u can be calculated and y+ (given in the law of the wall above).
1 2 3. Rewrite the pressure equation (i uj )(j ui ) = P in terms of central dierences. In central dierences,

aj (xi ) aj (xi+1 ) aj (xi1 ) = x 2x

2 aj (xi ) aj (xi+1 ) 2aj (xi ) + aj (xi1 ) = 2 x x2

where the subscript i refers to the position i on a mesh and aj is one component of an arbitrary vector a. 4. Neglecting density, assume that the dissipation is = 100m2 /s3 , = 1.5 106 m2 /s and the mesh size in an LES designed to represent this atmospheric ow is 1 meter. Calculate the eddy viscosity predicted by the Smagorinsky model with Cs = 0.2 and compare it to the physical viscosity. You will need to estimate the strain modulus |eij |. Do this by estimating the velocity at the mesh scale from the second-order structure function: S2 (r) = 0.5 2/3 r2/3 where r =1 meter. Then estimate |eij | as this velocity scale divided by r. 5. Use the experimental relationship between the stress and the uctuating velocity, together with the k - relation for the eddy viscosity, to derive a relationship between the large-scale estimate of the dissipation rate and the actual dissipation rate. That is nd C where Cu3 /L The steps will be as follows. Consider that the stress typically is 0.4u2 where k = (3/2)u2 . In the k - , uv = T (u/y ) where T = C (k 2 / ) and C = 0.09. Replace (u/y ) by u/L.