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Lubricating Oils.

*
Derivation: Mineral oils obtained by fractional distillation from petroleum, coal-tar, etc., by removal of the lighter constituents. Vegetable and animal oils are also used for lubricating purposes, but are not generally known as lubricating oils. Classification: Cylinder stocks, neutral oil, paraffin oil, engine oil, machine oils, spindle oils, transformer oil, etc. Grades: In accordance with their viscosity and specific gravity. Containers: Vooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Lubrication. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label.

Kerosene*(Astral oil. Crude oil, Coal oil, sometimes called Paraffin oil.)
Color and properties: A white, mobile liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons; free of gasoline, naphtha and heavy oils. Constants: Specific gravity: About 1.440; Boiling-point: About 230-235C.

Derivation: By fractional distillation from petroleum. Grades: I50C. flash-point, water-white. Containers: Barrels; tank cars; tank ships. Uses: Fuel; illuminant. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label.

Petroleum* (Mineral oil; Naphtha;Rock oil; Crude oil).


Color and properties: A thick, heavy, inflammable liquid, varying in color from yellow to dark reddish-brown or black according to its place of origin. It has a peculiar distinct heavy odor also varying with its place of origin and composition. It usually shows a distinct greenish fluorescence. Constants: Specific gravity 0.780-0.970. Derivation: All petroleums are mixtures of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the paraffin series, as many as one hundred and fifty different hydrocarbons having been found in the different crude oils. The important constituents are: benzine, gasoline, kerosene (solar oil), paraffin, petrolatum (vaseline), petroleum ether, ligrain, petrolene, heavy lubricating oils, etc. Crude petroleum is separated into its constituents by fractional distillation with subsequent chemical purification of the individual fractions, followed by redistillation. Containers: Tank cars; barrels. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label.

Petrolatum* (Vaseline; Mineral fat; Petroleum Cosmoline; Petroleum ointment; Saxoline).

jelly;

Color and properties: The more or less purified residue from the distillation cof petroleum; light yellow to amber colored gelatinous, oily, translucent, semi-solid, amorphous mass whose consistency varies with the temperature, consisting of a mixture of various hydrocarbons, chiefly of the methane series; tasteless and odorless when pure. Constants: Specific gravity 0.820-0.850; Melting-point45-48C.

Soluble in chloroform, ether, benzine, carbon bisulfide, benzol and oils; very slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation of still residues from the steam distillation of paraffin-base petroleum, or from steam-reduced amber crudes (oils from which the light fractions have been removed). Method of purification: Filtration

Asphalt (Asphaltum, Bitumen, Judean pitch, Jews' pitch. Mineral pitch).


Derivation: A bituminous mixture, solid or semi-solid, either native or composed of residues from petroleum refining, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons and complex derivatives thereof, vifhich melts when heated. Natural asphalt is related in origin to petroleum, is brown or brownish-black in color; melts at 32 to 38C.; and is mostly or wholly soluble in turpentine. See also Albertite, Elaterite, Gilsonite, Grahamite, Impsonite, Nigrite and Wurtzilite. Asphalt occurs in Trinidad, Cuba, Venezuela, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Canada, and in many European countries. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Paving material; insulation; black varnish. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None.

Coke.
Coal from which the volatile constituents have been driven off by heat, air or oxygen being excluded, so that the fixed carbon and the ash are fused together and remain as coke. Commonly artificial, but natural coke is also known. New Mexico and Virginia.

Gas Oil.
Color and properties: Yellow to brown oily liquid; kerosene-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.3063 to 1.4078; boiling-point 3I5-343C. Derivation: From petroleum by distillation. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Gas manufacture. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label.

Gasol.
Color and properties: Yellowish, mobile liquid; gas-like odor. Derivation: Condensed from casing head gas by pressure. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Fuel-gas manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None.

Gasoline* (Petrol, Motor spirit).


Derivation: a. From the distillation of petroleum, the products ranging in gravity from 50 Be to 90 Be and over, which are extracted from the still gases by the compression method.

There are two general grades of gasoline: The normal gasoline which exists naturally in petroleum and the "cracked" gasoline formed by the decomposition of the heavier products. b. From natural gas, by compression and fractionation. Grades: 60, 62, 63, 64, 68 and 72Be Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Fuel for internal combustion engines; solvent; cleansing clothing, etc.; paint mixing; rubber cements. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label.

Petroleum Ether* (Canadol).(Benzine)(Naptha Oil)


Color and properties: A mixture of several of the lighter constituents ot petroleum (cymogene, rhigoline and gasoline). Constants: Specific gravity 0.635-0.660; boiling-point 40-70C. Derivation: By fractional distillation of petroleum. Method of purification: Washing with sulfuric acid, then with soda and redistilling. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Tin cans; iron drums. Uses: Solvent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label.

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