RBM 2530 Neuropathology Tutorial 2 1.

Spinal cord injury

Using key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate term in the spaces provided. KEY CHOICES: Paralysis Cord contusion Incomplete Transection Paraplegia Laceration Paresis Haemorrhage Cord concussion Quadriplegia 1) Spinal cord injury causing temporary disruption of cord-mediated functions is __________________________. 2) Bruising of the neural tissue causing swelling and temporary loss of cord-mediated functions is __________________________. 3) ________________________ is a spinal cord injury due to pressure on cord causing ischemia to tissues. 4) _____________________is tearing of neural tissues of the spinal cord; may be reversible or result into permanent loss of cord-mediated functions if spinal tracts are disrupted. 5) Bleeding into the neural tissue because of blood vessel damage is called __________________ usually does not result into major loss of function. 6) Spinal cord injury causing disruption of all tracts in the spinal cord leading to complete and permanent loss of all functions below the injury level is _______________________. 7) Spinal cord injury causing disruption of tracts in the spinal cord when some tracts in the spinal cord remain intact resulting into intact functions mediated by these tracts (eg. partial loss of sensory and motor function below injury level) is ____________________. 8) __________________ is a loss of motor functions below the lesion. Complete Transection Cord compression Paraestesia Hemiplegia

9) ___________________is partial loss of movement, or impaired movement. 10) __________________ is an abnormal sensation or combination of sensations (described as
numbness, prickling, or tingling).

11) __________________ is the loss of motor and sensory functions in the lower part of the body caused by spinal cord injury below T1.
1

12) Paralysis of one side of the body is called ___________________. 13) __________________ is the loss of motor and sensory functions of all four limbs or of the entire body below the neck caused by spinal cord injury above C4.

2.

Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia/ hyperreflexia are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

3.

Tumours in the Central Nervous System Types of tumours

Pathophysiology

Symptoms

4.

Stroke, Aneurism, Edema

Using key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate term in the spaces provided. arterial hypertension edema lacunar stroke (lacunar infarct) cardiac dysfunctions thrombotic stroke stroke ischemia embolic stroke smoking aneurism atherosclerosis obesity haemorrhage hydrocephalus thrombocythemia haemorrhagic stroke diabetes

1.

_____________________is a localized, blood-filled dilation of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall.

2.

__________________ is a rapidly developing loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain, caused by either loss of blood supply due to vascular occlusion - ______________________; or bleeding due to ruptured blood vessel _____________________________.

3.

Risk factors for stroke include the following: __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.

4.

Arterial occlusions caused by a blood clot formed in arteries supplying the brain or in the intracranial vessels is ________________________________.

5.

Arterial occlusions by a travelling blood clot, particle or debris in the arterial blood stream formed outside the brain is ______________________________.

6.

Spontaneous primary stroke due to hypertension (56-80%) or ruptured aneurisms is ________________________________.

7.

__________________________is a microinfarct caused by lipid and fibrinoid cells that thicken arterial walls.

8. 9.

Increase in the fluid content of brain tissue after brain insult is called ____________. ____________________ is a condition due to 1) impaired absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the subarachnoid space; 2) increased fluid production; 3) obstruction of the CSF flow through the subarachnoid space.
3

5.

Brain Inflammation

Meningitis Tissues affected

Encephalitis

Caused by

Symptoms

Pathophysiology

6.

Pain

1. Type of receptors responding to mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch) _____________________________. 2. Type of receptors responding to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain__________________________. 3. Receptors responding to stimuli within the body (from internal organs and blood vessels) _____________________________. 4. Type of receptors responding to stimuli in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and ligaments_____________________. 5. Nociceptive (transmitting pain) fibers are __________________________. 6. _______________________are lightly myelinated, so conduct "fast" or "early" pain signals. These fibers are associated with acute (sharp) pain. 7. Myelinated non-nociceptive fibers innervating skin are _________________ fibers. 8. _______________ are unmyelinated, therefore they transmit information slowly, they mediate "slow" or "second" pain consisting of a duller, longer lasting aching or burning sensation. 9. Muscles and associated sensory receptors are innervated by heavily myelinated _____________________type of sensory fibers. 10. According to the gate theory of pain activation of _____________________ opens the gate leading to pain sensation; activation of _____________________ closes the gate leading to pain inhibition. 11. Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge and synapse in the part of the brain called __________________________. 12. ________________________ is inability to feel pain while still conscious. 13. Increased response to stimuli with lower threshold to induce pain sensation is called _______________________. 14. Neurotransmitters that mediate responses to painful stimuli are: ________________, ___________________ and ______________________. 15. Endogenous analgesic (pain-suppressing) neuropeptides called __________________; They are: ________________________________________________________________.

7. Migrane and depression

Migrane Pathophysiology

Depression