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2 Marks Questions and Answers

2.120 Process of landscape planning. '].':'. ;.-V '-"Understand- the natural factors and processes that constitutes and have formed-the landscape Understand the interaction and effect of these factors on the landscape ~ Access the possible consequences of changes on the

UNIT I
1. What is meant by surveying? Surveying is the art of making measurements necessary to -determine the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the surface of the earth or to establish such points. 2. What is the object of survey?

landscape * Proposals and recommendations, so that the changes may. either be.absorbed into the existing ecological! situation: Form the basis of a new ecological situation related to human demands I ''' , I n addition to the landscape architect, the process usually involves a team of specialists such as soilf scientists, geologists, economists. Result of this process is A l:andscape~P-lati or-Pol icy recommending the distribution and type of development. For example housing industry, agriculture, highway alignment and recreation. This process is also used to find impact of single major use on the environment Identification of "land suitable for one major use.

The object of surveying is to collect precise information and useful data for the preparation of a map or plan, 3. What are the principles of surveying?

Principle 1 : The survey work should be carried out from-4he-4vhc4e~to the part and not from the part to whole. Principle 2 : The length oFany line and the position of important survey stations should be ascertained by at least, two independent measurements. 4. How will you instruments? classify surveying based on

Based on instruments used the survey is classified as chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying and theodolite surveying. 5. What are the instruments bob. 6. What is the use of cross staff? used for chain surveying?

Chain, pegs, arrows, ranging rods, cross staff and plumb '

Cross staff is used for setting out right angles in chain ..surveying. 7. What is meant by ranging? ;'

Ranging is the process of establishing a number of intermediate points on a survey line joining,two stations in the field, so as to measure the horizontal distance between them.

2 Mark;; Questions n n d A n s w o r S

H. What

is compass

surveying?

15. -When
;:

do adopt

differential

leveling?

Compass s u r v e y i n g is used to measure bearing of any survey line w i t h reference to the magnetic north line. 9. Distinguish bearing. The angle between any sur-vey line and the magnetic meridian is called the magnetic bearing. The angle between any Survey:.line a n d t h e t r u e m e r i d i a n is called t r u e bearing. 10. Distinguish reduced The whole between bearing. circle bearing is measured only from, the whole circle bearing and between magnetic bearing and true

?v^;vThis rtiethpd s u i t a b l e w h e n the points are situated far away from each other "and there are obstacles between them. 16. Match the Metamorphic following - Marble. rocks: Igneous, Granite, Shale. rock Sedimentary,

Marble Metamorphfc Granite - Igneous rock Shale ^ Sedimentary 17. Define quarrying.

rock

north i n the clockwise d i r e c t i o n whereas the reduced bearing . is measured eitherfrom north....jQjcj ^ojJtJT ^hjcJTej^ is nearer in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. 11. State The the purpose purpose of of leveling leveling. is to determine the relative

The process of t a k i n g out stone from natural rock beds is known as q u a r r y i n g . T h i s may be done using hand tools, channeling machine or by blasting. 18. What is meant by dressing of stones?

The process of c u t t i n g the stones into required shape and size is known as dressing of stones. 19. What are the significant qualities of stones?

heights or elevation of points on the surface of the earth. 12. What It is mean is the sea level? height of the surface of the sea,

(i) A good b u i l d i n g stone should be hard and durable. .] (ii) For a good b u i l d i n g stone, crushing strength should be greater t h a n 100 N / m m
2

average

measured over a complete cycle of high and low tides over a period of time: 13. Define and the terms: sight. mark: It is a fixed reference point of known bench mark, elevation, back sight 20.

(iii) A good b u i l d i n g stone s h o u l d be of uniform colour. (iv) A good b u i l d i n g stone should be fire resistant. What are the uses of stones?

fore

Bench elevation.

(i) Used in foundation, walls, floors, etc. (ii) Used as aggregate i n concrete. (iii) Used as ballast i n r a i l w a y s . (iv) Used i n the construction of 21. What is the standard size of roadways. the brick?

Back sight: I t is a staff reading taken on a point of known elevation Fore sight: I t is a staff reading taken on a point of unknown elevafion. 14. What are the Instruments used for leveling?

T h e - i n s t r u m e n t s used i n leveling are the level and fhe leveling staff.

The standard size of a brick is 190 1 1 1 1 1 1 K 90 Mil X Si) mm.

4 22.

. What are the constituents of good

Basic Civil Engineering


. 2 Murkti Question! and Antwtrt , 5

brick

clay?
.'{/. LlSl out (lie uses of i u r n i c f c

The composition of brick earth by weight: clay - 20 to30%. silt -- 20 to 35% and sand-- 30 to 35%.. ." 23. What is frpg in bricks? Frog is an indentation or depression made on the face of a brick for grip during laying with mortar; 24. State the general properties of cement

; (i) .Concreie is used l<n io,ul < misti u< lion (ii) Concrete is used foi found.u inn, columns in buildings. T :

sl.ili.-i,

beams .mil

(iii) Concrete is used bridges, etc.

in (he construction ol dams,

Cement possesses adequate plasticity, 'easily workable, resistant to weathering and gives strength to masonry. 25. What are the uses of cement? . .Cement is used in the construction of bridges, dams, roadways, water tanks,, etc. Cement is used for making cement concrete, pre-cast pipes, tiles, etc. .' j 26. What is the initial and final setting time of cement?

(iv) Concrete is used for. the construction of retaining walls. 32. How is steel classified based on carbon content?

Based on carbon content, steel is classified into: (i) low carbon steel - carbon upto 0.25% . (ii) medium carbon steel - 0.25 to 0.7% "'.' CfiOHiigh carbon sneel - u.i to I . D % 33. State any two properties of mild steel.

The initial setting time of cement should not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time should not. be grater than 10 hours. 27. What is~meant by concrete? .Concrete is the mixture of cement or lime, sand, gravel or crushed stone and water in definite proportion. 28. What is meant by workability of concrete?

Mild steel possesses excellent ductility property. It is an elastic material and can be easily cut, machined, punched or drilled, welded, forged and rolled. 34. What are the uses of steel? Mild steel is used for all kinds of structural steelworks such as bolts, rivets, channels, angles, etc. Medium hard steel is used to make boiler plates, rails, hammers, etc. Hard steel is used to make hammers, springs, >etc. 35. Mention the applications of commercial steel available in the market. forms of

.Workability, of concrete is defined as the ease or. difficulty with which the concrete can be handled, transported and placed in position so that concrete remains homogeneous. 29. What is water-cement ratio?
I

The weight, of water used to that of cement is .called water-cement . ratio. For a good quality concrete, the water-cement ratio should be between 0.45 to 0.6. ' 30. What is the advantage of R.C.C?
1

Structural steel sections are used for the construction ...of steel bridges, railways, transmission towers, chimneys, water tanks, pile foundations, etc.

R.C.C has the property of both concrete and steel. Therefore it is used for the construction of structural elements which are subjected to compressive as well as tensile stresses.
" .

2 Marks Questions and Answers

7. When combined . ..

footing is used?

Combined footings are used wheri two columns are so is preferred?

close that isolated footings, would overlap or nearly overlap

S. When pile foundation J? Define foundation. Foundation is that part of a structure which is In direct contact with the ground and transmitting the load of the super structure to the soil'below. . ' ' ' 2. State the functions of foundation.

When heavy loads have to he carried out through soil strata of low bearing capacity ( < > deeper soil or rock having high bearing capacity, the load is transmitted through pile 'foundation. 9. What is a under-reamed pile?

(i) Foundation transfers the load of superstructure to., large areaof the soil, so that the intensfty of load at its- base does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil..- (ii) It prevents the differential loading the substrata settlement by evenly

Under-reamed piles are short bored piles with a bulb at the base. They are suitable for clayey and Mack cot ton soil. 10/What is meant by masonry?

Masonry is the art of the construction in brick or-stoneThere are two types of masonry, namely, brick masonry and stone masonry. 11. Mention the different types of bricks.

(iii) It provides-a-level surface for building operations (iv) It increases the stability of structure.
o - ..

The different types of bricks are traditional bricks and modular bricks. 12. What you mean by mortar? Mortar is a pasty material formed by the addition of water to a mixture of an aggregate (sand or surkhi) and a binding agent (cement or lime)? It is used as binding material in masonry work. 13. Write down the types of mortar.

3. Mention the types of foundation. Different types of foundation are shallow foundation and -deep foundation. ' ' '. "
:

4. Write Rankine's formula foundation.

to determine,
,2

the depth of

1 - sin (p 1 + sin (p of soil.

Mud mortar, cement mortar, lime mortar, cement lirrie mortar and lime surkhi mortar. 14. Define the following arid quoin. terms: header, stretcher, closer

5. Define Safe Bearing Capacity

Safe bearing capacity of a soil is the maximum load that the soil can carry safely without any risk of shear failure. 6. What do you mean by isolated footing?
single

Header: I t is a brick which fies with its length at right angles to the face of the masonry work. Stretcher: I t is a brick which lies with its length parallel to the face of the masonry work.

Isolated footing is used to transfer load from a column to the soil below.

Basic Civil Engineering

2 Marks Questions and Answers

Quoin: It is.the external corner of $ wall surface. 15. Mention masonry. The different types of bonds are stretcher bond; header
1

21. brick

Differentiate

singly

a z l

doubly

loinfoictui

(Mi/||

the

different

types

of

bonds,

iti

bond, English bond, F l e m i s h bond, diagonal bond and zig-zag bond.

sections. <>il'cv?':-*'-A-;-.:"'-<'' If the main r e i n f o r c e n ' placed o n l y o n o n e - nli ,,i the beam (tension zone), it is. called, singly reinforced I M M I I I I f the beam is reinforced QJI: both ^ sides (compi ev.ion U I K I tension zone), then the bean is .called doubly reinforced beam
ient s n e 1

22. 16. Distinguish bond. I n English bond alternate courses of stretchers and headers are laid, and is the strongest bond. In Flemish bond stretchers-and headers are laid alternately i n each course and it presents more pleasing appearance t h a n the English bond. 17. What are the different types of stone masonry? stone masonry are ' between English bond and Flemish

Distinguish

between r^

ear

s p a n and

effective

Span,

Clear span is the d i < two consecutive supports v \ ' centre to centre distance b e 23. Define lintel.

t a n c e

h e r e a s

t w e e n

between the pinner faces ul effective span is the consecutive supports.


t n e w 0

A lintel is a h o r i z o i s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r ' which la placed across the openings ]ike doors, windows, etc to support t h e structure over the o p e n 8 l t a l in s

The different types of masonry and ashlar masonry. 18. What are the' uses of

rubble .'

24.

List

the various

type

l i n t e l

plastering?

Timber linte^^stone / R.C.C lintel. 25. Define column.

i n t e I

b r

i c k l i n t e l , steel lintel a n d

(i) Plastering provides an even, smooth, clean and durable finished surface. ' (ii) Plastering protects the surfaces from atmospheric changes. (iii) Plastering protects /', dust a'nd v e r m i n . beam. is a horizontal s t r u c t u r a l member \fhich the .; .'. against :

...'lca i o a c

-^
f r o

A column is a v e r ; f ' structure. I t transfer the foundation. 26. How will length? you

carrying
m t h e

l o a c l s

member. in a beams to the

i n t e r n a l surfaces

classcolumns

based

on

effective

'19. Define A

Short column - effective l e i 8


n

t n

'

l e a s t

l a t e r a l dimension < 12

beam

Long column- effective length /. least l a t e r a l , d i m e n s i o n > 12 27. Mention the- reinforf
emient

transfers the load to the columns. ^


o r

columns.

.'it

Wtuu .ire the different ll ,im ni

types of beams? are .simply supported continuous beam and

types D I beams be. mi, i . u i i i l e v e i b e . u n , llxed l i e . u i i , nvei Ii,tiicing beam.

M a i n reinforcement jis provided i n the vertical direction to take up major load c o m 8 columns and the lateral reinforcement is provided i n d i v i d u a l ties or helix to give lateral supp"o/ column.
lin o n t n e i n t n e f o r m o f rt t 0 t h e

10

Basic Civil Engineering

2 Marks Questions and Answers Two distinct components of a floor are sub-floor arid floor covering. 38. List the different types of flooring. -Mud flooring. 'Brick flooring, stone flooring, timber flooring, cement concrete flooring, granolithic flooring, terrazzo flooring, mosaic flooring, marble flooring and tile flooring. 39. Mention the types of flooring used in industrial buildings. Stone flooring, cement concrete flooring and granolithic flooring. 40: Define stress and strain. The internal resistance per unit area of cross section is called the stress and the strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension of the member. 41./State Hooke's law. Hooke's law states, that within the elastic limit the stress induced in a material is proportional to strain. 42. Define modulus of The ratio of axial strain within elastic limit 43. Give the. relationship elasticity. stress to the corresponding axial is called modulus of elasticity. between E, G, K.
9GK
37. What are the distinct components of a floor?

28. What is-thd'tninimuin clear cover provided in beams and columns? , .. The minimum clear cover used in beams is 25 mm and 40 mm in columns. 29. Define roof. A roof is the uppermost structural member of a building w hich protects the building from weathering agents. 2Q. What are the main classifications of roofs? Roofs are classified into three types namely, flat roof, sloping roof and curved roof. 2\. What are the different types of sloping roof? 22. Define the following terms: purlins, battens and rafters. Purlins are the intermediate supports to rafters; battens are the placed over common rafters to support roof covering material; rafters are the inclined members in a trussed roof. 23. What are the various types of steel roof truss? King post trussed roof, howe trussed roof, fan-fink trussed roof, pratt trussed roof, etc. 34, What are the materials used for covering roofs? ' . Thatch, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, etc. 35, What do you mean by flooring? Floor may be defined as a building component that? divides a building into different levels for the purpose of] creating accommodation within a restricted space, one abovej the other. . j 36, What are the characteristics of a good floor?
SirTglB"Torjf,^OTbfe--i^

E = 3K+G

44. Give the relationship between E, G, 1/m. E = 2G ( 1 +


rn

45. What is Poisson's ratio?

2 Marks Questions and Ans 12 Basic Civil Engineering

wers

13 straight bridge and skew

55. 46. Define shear strain. Shear s t r a i n is defined ^ . i t h e - ' ^ g l e ^ i r i ^ c l l u s / t h i - p u g h which a body is distorted by a shear force. 47. Explain The factor of safety. to the r a t i o of yield stress or ultimate stress

Distinguish bridge,

between ''/w'

Straight Bridges- bridges constructed at right angles to the axis of the river . ' ? ' = . " Skew Bridges~^^Tidges constructed at some angle other than 90 .
;

w o r k i p g stress is called the factor of safety. ^gf What is a bridge?

56. ...

Write^any two points while selesting the site

that should for bridges.

be

considered

A bridge is a structure that facilitates, passageover, low ground or o b s t r u c t i o n such as river, stream, channel, roadway or railway. 49. What are the various of components ' abutment? of a bridge? Piers, abutments, wing walls, decking, bearings, parapet walls and g u a r d stones. 50. What is meant by

(i) The stream at the bridge site should be as narrow as possible. (ii) Good soil for f o u n d a t i o n and materials ^ / ' c o n s t r u c t i o n , s h o u l d be available near the site. What are the purposes of dams? for

The dams are constructed for irrigation, to generate ni hydro-electric power, to c o n t r o l flood, for navigation, for industrial use, etc. 58. What is meant dam? by upstream and downstream of a

A b u t m e n t s are the end supports of a bridge. 51. Define the terms: afflux, causeway and culvert.

A f f l u x is the rise i n water level above its normal level - due to t h e construction of bridge. Causeway is a submersible-bridge w h i c h allows fold to pass over i t . C u l v e r t is a small bridge used for c a r r y i n g water from one side to other side of roadway or railway. 52. How will you classify . classify of floor? . bridges according . bridges according to relative to function? H i g h w a y bridges, railway bridges, foot bridges, viaduct .mil aqueduct. 'i.l How will you position

The side on w h i c h w a t e r gets collected is the upstream side and the other side is called downstream side. 59. Define the spillway. terms: ayacut, catchment area and

Ayacut- This is the area to be irrigated by a dam. Catchment Area- T h i s is a r a i n f a l l area which always feeds to a reservoir or lake. Spillway- This is the overflow portion of a dam which discharges surplus water. 60. What are the points should selecting the site for a dam? be considered while

I I n I' In i 1 j ** * . I In 'oiijjli bridges and semi-through bridges. 51. What me the materials used for the bridge

" T h e ' r i v e r valley at the d a m site should-he as narrow as possible; good soil s h o u l d be available for foundation; suitable location of s p i l l w a y s h o u l d be available; the value of

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