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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP

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Introduction
An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifiable boundary, a normative order (rules), ranks of authority (hierarchy), communications system, and membership coordinating systems on a relatively continuous basis in an environment, and engages in activities that are usually related to set of goals. Employees are important asset to the organization. They serve as human capital to the organization. Organizations make use of their employees skills, knowledge and abilities in carrying out and fulfilling their objectives. Organizational Structure is a firms formal role configuration, procedures, governance, and control mechanisms, and authority and decision-making processes. The purpose of structure is divisions of work among members in organization also coordination of their activities so that people in the organization are directed towards the goal and objectives. Culture is the environment that surrounds employees at work all of the time. The culture of the organization should be developed to support continuous improvement, improve employees style of performing their job and thus develop quality awareness. Organizational culture has influenced employee work behavior as a result of the acceptable behaviors and attitudes to various jobs in the organization. Organizational culture is a major determinant of an employees efficiency and effectiveness in carrying out their jobs. That is, organizational culture is one of the major key determinants of how employees perform or behaves in their job. With a researches team which carries out surveys and compiles statistics on a wide range of employment issues. The objectives is to conduct an investigation into how a sample of organization approaches the management of Ipoh Bakery and Brabantia Pharmaceuticals

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TASK ONE : Critically examine these two organizations (Ipoh Bakery and Brabantia Pharmaceuticals) by comparing and contrasting their different structures and cultures.

Organizational Structure Is the specification of the jobs within an organization and the ways they relate to one another. As organizations grow, it becomes increasingly important for managers to have a clear understanding of how responsibility and authority are distributed across different people and jobs. The mechanism used to establish these understandings is organizational structure. Organizational Cultures A system of shared meaning and belief held by organizational members that determines, in large degree or how they act. Other else, organization culture refers to the general culture within an organization or a company and it is also referred to as corporate culture, organization Culture is about how the organization organizes itself, its rules, procedures and beliefs make up the culture of the company.

Ipoh Bakery Organizational Structures Simple Structures Ipoh Bakery used Simple Structure because the simple organizational structure is most widely practiced in small businesses. Ipoh Bakery is a small business and traditional company that engaged in the production of breads and cakes. Ipoh Bakery coordination work can be effectively structured around a narrow set of activities and decision makers, who are able to coordinate activities quickly and effectively. The structure focuses around the owner, and the owner of Ipoh Bakery is Mr Mahboob who is responsible to make decisions about business operations. Ipoh Bakery was the business with the work of specialization. Job specialization is a growth and it has advantages and disadvantages. Specialized jobs can be learned and filled more easily and performed more efficiently than non-specialized job. However, jobs at lower levels of the organization are especially susceptible to becoming too narrowly defined and overspecialized which can cause employees to become bored and careless, to derive less

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satisfaction from their jobs and to lose sight of their roles in the organization. The simplicity of a simple organizational structure makes it responsive to new challenges for Ipoh Bakery, and makes it easy to coordinate activities within the company. However, this structure becomes inadequate when the organization grows in size, and when the surrounding environment of the company grows in complexity. In a simple organizational structure of Ipoh Bakery, decisions often occur quickly because Mr Mahboob have knowledge about the entire business. Mr Mahboob as manager can also choose what products to produce or the business relationships that will best advance the companys mission. Sometimes Ipoh Bakery that operating under a simple organizational structure may find it difficult to run operations if the owner plans to retire and gave to his son to take over the business. This is because the impact of Mr Mahboob and he is the central figure of the company. Every workers will listen to his direction and it will be difficult if Ipoh Bakery have a new Manager . Complex operations may also find it difficult to get timely feedback on decisions with this structure. Ipoh Bakery Organizational Cultures Power Culture Ipoh Bakery use power cultures because company control is the key element, decisions are made by one or a small number of people. Ipoh Bakery only a small business that approximately 10 workers. The decision made by Manager to give the direction to workers. The workers in Ipoh Bakery will work as given similar and repetitive task daily as they told to do. Power cultures are usually found within small organizations because it would be difficult to run a large organization where only a small number of people were allowed to make decisions. In Ipoh Bakery power culture, decisions can be made quickly as there is little consultation. However lack of consultation could mean that company is not able to take advantage of the skills and experience of its workforce, it could even lead to employees feeling unsatisfied. Ultimately the success of a power culture company will depend on the strength of the decisions made by its decision makers or owner. Besides that for Ipoh Bakery using this culture can help the organization to become strong, dynamic and fast to respond to external demand. This proved that Ipoh Bakery has strongly been running for over three generations.

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Brabantia Pharmaceuticals Organizational Structures Divisional Structure A divisional structure relies on product departmentalization. Brabantia Pharmaceuticals is a company that produced a chemicals for wide range of application such as plastics, pharmaceuticals, fibers and specialty chemicals. Each division contains all necessary resources and functions within it to support that product line. The manager of Brabantia Pharmaceuticals, Mr Buck was made up a four directors who are in charge of particular product division such as plastic, pharmaceuticals, fibers and specialty. These directors are each responsible for all aspects of the research and development, production and marketing of their particular products range. By using divisions, Brabantia Pharmaceuticals workers will work well because they allow a team to focus upon a single product or service, with a leadership structure that supports its major strategic objectives. Having its own president or vice president makes it more likely the division will receive the resources it needs from the company. Also, Brabantia Pharmaceuticals division's focus allows activities control within the organization and coordinate the operations between different departments by application of clear policies and procedures. This is far preferable to saving its product or service dispersed among multiple departments through the organization. To be successful, divisions must be well managed. As a top leader, Mr Buck need to understand what each division is doing and provide leadership to the division chiefs on how to accommodate new strategic directions or more effectively partner across divisions. In addition, the executives should have a solid grasp of resource use. Having a shared pool of centrally-managed resources like administrative support or office equipment can reduce costs and organizational complexity. Refer Appendix 1 to see example of Divisional Structure

Brabantia Pharmaceuticals Organizational Cultures Task Culture Brabantia Pharmaceutical using task culture which exist in an organization in the form of network organization or project-oriented matrix organization. Matrix organization is combination of two separates structures. This task culture is all about getting the right people together and

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then letting them get on with the task in hand. Each of them will separate into a level and be responsible to the task. This type of culture is all about team work and because of this is lead by expert power, the people with more knowledge and experience will tend to be the people who lead this type of culture in an organisation and bring the teams together to work towards the common goal. However, due to the team aspect ranks and such are normally ignored in favour of reaching the common goal. And for Brabantia Pharmaceuticals using this type of culture is easy to change within, they tend to be able to be adaptable when it comes with keeping up with competitors and the market they are in. The different market environment for the various types of Brabantia Pharmaceuticals product can create different challenges the case with plastics which has operated in highly dynamic and hostile environtment.

IPOH BAKERY STRUCTURES Simple Structure : simple organizational structure is most widely practiced in small businesses. coordination work can be effectively structured around a narrow set of activities and decision makers easy to coordinate activities within the company manager can also choose what products to produce or the business relationships that will best advance the companys mission.

BRABANTIA PHARMACEUTICALS Divisional Structure : A divisional structure relies on product departmentalization division contains all necessary resources and functions within it to support that product line. workers will work well because they allow a team to focus upon service, structure a single with that a product supports or its leadership

major strategic objectives allows activities control within the organization and coordinate the operations between by different procedures. departments

application of clear policies and

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Differences CULTURES

IPOH BAKERY Power Culture : use power cultures because company control is the key element, decisions are made by one or a small number of people. The decision made by Manager to give the direction to workers. Power cultures are usually found within small organizations because it would be difficult to run a large organization where only a small number of people were allowed to make decisions. using this culture can help the organization to become strong, dynamic and fast to respond to external demand

BRABANTIA PHARMACEUTICALS Task Culture : all about getting the right people together and then letting them get on with the task in hand. Each of them will separate into a level and be responsible to the task. This type of culture is all about team work and because of this is lead by expert power. the people with more knowledge and experience will tend to be the people who lead this type of culture to work towards the common goal.

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TASK TWO : Analyse the relationship between an organizations structure and culture and the effects on business performance (Refers to Ipoh Bakery)

Logical fit between Simple Structure and Power Culture to Ipoh Bakery There are logical for Ipoh Bakery with relation between simple structure and power culture. Simple structure are related to Ipoh Bakery because the simple organizational structure is most widely practiced in small businesses and Ipoh Bakery is a small business and traditional company. The simple structure is not elaborate. This is because, it easy to handle for small business like Ipoh Bakery. The simple structure is most widely practiced in small business in which the manager and the owner are one and the same. This is related to Ipoh Bakery because the Manager of Ipoh Bakery are the same person owner to the company. The strength of the simple structure lies in its simplicity. Its fast, flexible, and inexpensive to maintain and accountability is clear. It is clearly show at Ipoh Bakery, that was a simple business with few of workers handle the business has the work specialization. The simple structure in Ipoh Bakery relies and revolves around the owner-manager who makes all important decisions regarding goals, strategies and the long-term direction of the company. The culture and companys image become an extension of the personality of the owner-manager. There is little delegation of authority and participation by employees is limited to very simple decisions. This is related to Ipoh Bakery when Mr Mahboob as a manager also the owner, has had the lasting impact to the company. So for many years, all the important business decisions were made by him and he is the central figure of the company. Relation of power culture to Ipoh Bakery also logic as the company decision are made by Manager to give the direction to workers. Power Culture is a business culture in which few (and in some cases just one person) makes most all decisions in the business. The few that make the decisions are strict, unsatisfied and decisions that are made are done quickly with very little red tape generally. This is related to Ipoh Bakery because their employees seem to doing their work as they are told and going home. But sometimes they not find their current work unsatisfying. The benefits of power culture that related to the business is when leverage the knowledge, wisdom and talent of the leader. This shown in Ipoh Bakery when Mr Mahboob as a leader has a strong character and had a lasting impact to the company. But sometimes the disadvantages of power culture also are truly related to Ipoh Bakery which workers do not question the leaders even when they seen to be wrong. As

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example at Ipoh Bakery when the staff will be expected to be adaptable but they can also expect the boss to make more notice of their ideas but suddenly they cannot give the ideas or ask something that unsatisfied in their work just because of the power culture.

How far are the current structure and culture likely to assist business success and efficiency in the future. Organization need a structure or culture are so important because it gives a clear picture of the reporting lines and helps you understand who you should report to. Also, by having clear reporting lines it makes it easy for you to have more control over the resources. Organization structure is more like the backbone of an organizations culture, it therefore can directly affect employee behaviour, performance and motivation. Therefore, having a structure in an organization is important rather than leaving it carelessly managed with no clear structure. This giving more efficient to the business. The simple structure that currently uses in Ipoh Bakery run the organizational by the personal control of an individual. It is commonly the way in which very small businesses operate. There may be an owner who undertakes most of the responsibilities of management, perhaps with a partner or an assistant. However, there is little division of responsibility, and probably little clear definition of who is responsible for what if there is more than one person involved. This responsibilities will make the company strong and success. Otherwise because one individual is responsible for mission, goals and strategy formulation, there seems to be a strong sense of mission. The owner-manager who is motivated by desire to succeed seems to know where the firm is going and controls the destiny of the firm. Simple structure allows the company to be flexible and readily adaptable since only one individual has to make all strategic decisions. While the company remains small, simple structure enables the firm to avoid the intricacies of extensive bureaucracies that are associated with elaborate structure. Simple structure by its nature, is not elaborate, and has few support staffers; has loose division of labor and minimal differentiation among its units. There are no positions that are consciously designed to relate the organization to its external environments. This did not seem to affect the effectiveness of the small business that operated with the simple structure when the operating environment of the small business was stable and simple or even when it was simple and dynamic.

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For power culture, the organization try to rule their environment by exercising absolutely power to dominate and control. As a result, some managers may experience the new managerial role of sharing power as losing power because their authority used to come from hierarchical. This will success to the business in the future.

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TASK THREE : Analyse the relationship between an organizations structure and culture and the effects on business performance (Refers to Branbantia Pharmaceuticals)

Logical fit between Divisional Structure and Task Culture to Brabantia Pharmaceuticals There are logical relationship between the two different structure and culture to Brabantia Pharmaceuticals because it was related to the organization. Divisional structure are related to Brabantia Pharmaceuticals because the teams that was made up in that company are organized in set of divisions, where each divisions corresponds to end product or services provided by organization. Brabantia Pharmaceuticals company has a structured which at the corporate level, each of level has directors whom cover a key function of Research, Human Resources, Finance and Marketing and they are responsible for the management of their function across the whole business. The company also separate branch on the structure. This separation on Brabantia Pharmaceuticals are particularly product division like plastics, pharmaceuticals, fibers and specialty. This is why, divisional structure are suitable to the company. A divisional structure is less hierarchical that it is formed by decomposing the functional structure along the product lines. Meanwhile, task culture are related to Brabantia Pharmaceuticals because in the company is all about getting the right people together and then letting them get on with the task in hand. That why in the company are separate the task to the right people that have responsible to do the task. Workers or employees in Brabantia Pharmaceuticals all about team work and because of this is lead by expert power, the people with more knowledge and experience will tend to be the people who lead this type of culture in an organisation and bring the teams together to work towards the common goal. The expert power in the company is the directors in the different level, and also a separate branch on the structure which also has directors in charge. And employees under the directors in different level will do the task as the directors has responsible to the level. However, due to the team aspect ranks and such are normally ignored in favour of reaching the common goal. So the conclusion is with this type of structure and culture, employees of Brabantia Pharmaceuticals will like to work in, due to the culture or structure being most relevant to organizational behavior

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How far are the current structure and culture likely to assist business success and efficiency in the future. Not all organizations automatically possess a strong and highly effective structure and culture. But these two Divisional Structure and Task culture are a process for initiating change which can be used in organizational development interventions. The strength of divisional structure on the organization is one most important thing to assist the business success and efficiency in the future. Divisions work well in Brabantia Pharceuticals because they allow a team to focus upon a single product or service, with a leadership structure that supports its major strategic objectives. Also, a division's focus allows it to build a common culture and esprit de corps that contributes both to higher morale and a better. This is one of the step to make Brabantia Pharmaceuticals business will be success. There are some advantages of divisional structure that can also give good impact to the Branbantia Pharmaceuticals business. Branbatia Pharmaceuticals are the company is produced of chemicals for wide range. These divisions reflect the diversity of the company, which can protect it during downturns. Because they are divided, the other divisions will protected from this blight and can carry the company through it. Division can maintain product competition among themselves by sponsoring separate advertising campaigns, fostering different corporate identities and so forth. They can also share certain corporate-level resources. All of this division reflect can assist business success. For task culture it is one which entails that organizational members in Brabantia Pharmaceuticals focus on realizing the set purpose and goals of the organization. Because of the main objectives on this culture to bring the right people together as a team, in order to achieve the organizational goals. For Brabantia Pharmaceuticals get the most efficiency out of this type of culture the product must be very important, so people feel the need to work on it, and pressures need to come from other places, such as customers. This one of opportunities to get business success. When this happens, management are able to focus on controlling resources, which allows high skilled subordinates to carry out work how and when they want. All-in-all the culture is quite difficult to control, it needs to be the right market, have enough resources for all, or the team structure breaks down and people compete too much for them. This will ensure that the business will success in the future.

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TASK FOUR : Analyse the factors which influence individual behavior at work.

The factors which influence workers behavior at work Worker or employee behavior, also called organizational behavior, is a result of factors that influence the ways employees respond to their work, leadership and customers. In this situation I choose Ipoh Bakery to analyze the factors that influence the company workers behavior at work. The major factors that influence organization workers behavioural patterns are abilities and skills, perception, attitudes and personality. Abilities and skills is the physical capacity of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skill can be defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. For Ipoh Bakery, their workers can perform well in the organisation if their abilities and skills are matched with the job requirement. The managing Director, Mr Mahboob plays vital role in matching the abilities and skills of the worker with the particular job requirement. Every Ipoh Bakery workers will be given similar and repetitive tasks daily. Perception is the cognitive process meant for interpreting the environmental stimuli in a meaningful way is referred to as perception. For example of Ipoh Bakery, every employees on the basis of their reference can organize and interpret environmental stimuli. There are many factors that influence the perception of a workers. The study of perception plays important role for Mr Mahboob as a manager and also to his son Bambi that was take over his business. It is important for them to create the favorable work environment so that employees perceive them in most favorable way. The employees are likely to perform better if they are going to perceive it in a positive way. Perceptions are influenced significantly by needs and desires. In other words, the employee, the manager see what they want to see. The needs and desires workers in Ipoh Bakery play a vital role in perception. Employees at different levels of needs and desire perceive the same thing differently. Power seekers are more likely to notice power related stimuli. Socially oriented individuals pay attention to interpersonal stimuli. That is to say expectancy, motives or interest also affect people perception.

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According to psychologists, attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to certain objects, persons or situations. The factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organisational factors influence the formation of attitude. Ipoh Bakery is a family business which has been running for over three generations. So, the Ipoh Bakery employees seem to have a range of attitudes to work because the manager Mr Mahboob was give the company to his son Bambi to take over the business. In this situation the new manager Bambi in Ipoh Bakery need to study the variables related to job as to create the work environment in a favorable way that employees are tempted to form a positive attitude towards their respective jobs. The employees can perform better in the organisation if they form a positive attitude. Mr Mahboob as Managing Director is a strong character and for many years all the important business decision were made by him so it has had a lasting impact. But his son thought that Mr Mahboobs approach to running the business is outdated. And seems the groups of workers often seem to try and find informal ways of working which dodge the rules. So, Bambi are often faced with the task of changing their employee's attitude in order to get them to work harder and achieve higher job performance. This process depends on three factors which is he should be the communicator to the employees so they are more likely to change their attitude if they trust the manager, like the manager, and perceive the manager as having prestige. Then Bambi as a new manager must give the messages that needs to be clear, understanding, and convincing. Other than that he must have an ability to change his workers attitudes depends partly on the situation in which the effort takes place. Personality can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. It implies to the fact that individuals differ in their manner while responding to the organizational environment. Personality can be regarded as the most complex aspect of human beings that influences their behaviour in big way. For Ipoh Bakery workers they have different personality in their work. some of them just only quite happy to just working and live, and other workers just doing the work as they told to do but they unsatisfied with their current work. It can be concluded that the study of personality traits offers an opportunity to understand the workers. It helps them properly in directing their effort and motivating them for the accomplishment of the organisational goal. It refers to the fact that different environmental factors may generate different responses. The study of these responses

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is very important for the Ipoh Bakery. Every organisation demands a particular type of behavior from their employees and such behaviors can be discovered through observation, learning and training. So Ipoh Bakery should consider their employees level of self efficacy and give them a learning program. This can encourage higher performance goals from employee who have high level of self- efficacy. Learning will involves change and may be good or bad from an organizational point of view. Learning takes place when there is a change in actions. For example Bambi feels that there is need a change in their organization. And he think he can manage Ipoh Bakery that is a bit more flexible than his father, Mr Mahboob. Bambi has a vision of a different organization which can be innovative, creating change as well as responding change.

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TASK FIVE : Compare the different approaches to management and theories of organization used by two organizations.

CLASSICAL APPROACH Classical approach is a management thought based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs and that the social needs and need for job satisfaction either does not exist or are unimportant. It also based on purpose, formal structure, hierarchy of management, technical requirements and common principles of organization. Advantages and Disadvantages of Classical Approach that are applied by Ipoh Bakery One of the advantages of the classical approach is a clear organizational hierarchy with management levels. For Ipoh Bakery workers they has the work specialization with their own objectives and responsibilities.Every workers in Ipoh Bakery is working according to seniority. Top management is usually the board of directors who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization.The managing Director of Ipoh Bakery is Mr Mahboob. Mr Mahboob has a strong character in the organization and has had a lasting impact to Ipoh Bakery. The middle management is Bambi which he was a supervisor to the workers before he take over the business after his father Mr Mahboob has retired. And the lower levels is the workers or employees based on seniority in management. Second advantages is the division of labor. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete.For Ipoh Bakery workers, they were was given similar and repetitive task daily. Ipoh Bakery workers are responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to narrow their field of expertise and to specialize in one area. The division of labor approach leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask. For example, in Ipoh Bakery their worker can be multitask because Ipoh Bakery only approximately have 10 workers.As small-businesses owners, Mr Mahboob can have benefit from taking this approach if they are looking to increase production with minimal expense.

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The disadvantages of classical approach is how Mr Mahboobs approach to running the business is outdated. Workers of Ipoh Bakery try to find informal ways of working which dodge the rules. The workers are working with similar and repetitive tasks daily in the correct way and receiving wage increase according to the nature of the work. They just do the work as they are told but sometimes they will unsatisfied with their current work. Second disadvantages is worker can be expected to give up their ideas of soldiering and cooperate with management. They just expect their boss will take more notice of their ideas. So this can have a changes in the organization and implications for both how work is organized and how managers carry out their role. CONTINGENCY APPROACH A conceptual framework to help organize the subject matter of management, recognizes differences among organizations and categories variable that affect an organizations performance sometimes called situational approach. A contingent worker is a person who works for an organization on something other than a permanent or full time basis. The benefits and drawbacks of Contingency Approach applied by Branbantia Pharmaceuticals. One of the benefits of contingency approach is the enables management to change employee roles to meet the individual needs of a given project quickly. For Brabantia Pharmaceuticals it has corporate level which each of the level cover a key function also the responsibilities to give directly report to the Managing Director Mr Buck. Each of them responsible of their function across the whole business. The nature of project assignments also increases the chances a company will have the right people in place to complete a job to the satisfaction of the client. Next benefits is team works. Brabantia Pharmaceuticals are the organizations with team works with lots project team and task force. This team work can make the employees work closely together as a matter of routine to achieve its purpose. Any workers activities in the organization are interrelated and interdependent to the business that can handle all the transactions with other organizations and also interact with its environment.

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The drawbacks or disadvantages of contingency approach is employees or managers do not plan ahead to mitigate the risks of a given project and only develop strategies to solve problems as needed. This can result in a sudden lack of skilled to meet a given project challenge. Next disadvantages is the different market environment in Brabantia Pharmaceuticals can create different challenges and have heavily competitive with very short product life cycles. The similarities and differences of the two approaches to management that are adopted by Ipoh Bakery and Brabantia Pharmaceuticals : Classical Approach Differences Ipoh Bakery : Every workers in Ipoh Bakery is working according to seniority. All important business decision were Small made by Managing with Director. business approximately with 10 workers and each workers were was given similar and repetitive task daily. Train and develop the workers with the work specialization Contingency Approach Brabantia Pharmaceuticals : Routines of task required team works in operation to handle tasks. Staffs work closely together as a matter of routine while across department, staff from individual specialist also get together to handle company wide issues Include with corporate level which have four directors which each of them have their own function or responsibilities The type of organization structure appropriate for an organization in many employees or workers.

Similarities

Each

activities

on

the

The roles in management are to

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organization was control by the top manager. Ipoh Bakery workers they has the work specialization with their own objectives and responsibilities

control

activities

within

the

organization and coordinate the operations between different departments by the application of clear policies and procedures Brabantia Pharmaceuticals has separate branch in culture, which each level has the managers that conducted the work activities. But the similarities is still to target their own objectives and responsibilities.

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Conclusion
This analysis are to investigate how a sample organization approaches the management of activities in the company. The analysis has extend into an examination of organization structure and culture. Finding the organizational structure that works best for a particular company is very important. Using the wrong structure can result in poor communication, poor product development, poor customer service, and a myriad of other business problems. Any of these things can be detrimental to a company and could result in lost revenue or even complete failure of the company. By using structure in each organizations, the economic and efficient performance of the organization and the level of resources utilization. It also can monitoring the activities of the organization. Organizational structure flexibility in order to respond to future demands and development and to adapt to changing environmental influences. Good organizational structure helps communications, productivity, and innovation. It creates an environment where people can work effectively. Many productivity and performance issues can be traced back to poor organization design. A company can have a great mission, great people, great leadership, etc. and still not perform well because of poor organizational structure. Meanwhile culture in this study refers to power and task. It is measured in terms of the attitudes, beliefs, norms and values which the people of a nation have and hold on to in general. The point of focus in this study is on how these concepts influence behaviour at work and how this in turn influence organizational performance. Cultural analysis brings to centre stage a rich vein of behaviours and stands on its head much of the conventional wisdom about organizations. Organizational culture is apparently unifying and this strongly appeals to managements concern with projecting an image of the organization as a community of interests. This analysis also include with organization approaches to management which is classical approach and contingency approach. Classical approach is a management thought based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs and that the social needs and need for job satisfaction either does not exist or are unimportant. It also based on purpose, formal structure, hierarchy of management, technical requirements and common principles of organization. Furthermore, contingency approach is conceptual framework to help organize the subject matter of management, recognizes differences among organizations and categories variable that affect an organizations performance sometimes called situational approach. A contingent worker is a person who works for an organization on something other than a permanent or full time basis.

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appendices
APPENDIX 1

TOP DIRECTOR / VICE PRESIDENT

MANAGER MANAGER PLASTICS MANAGER PHARMACEUTI CALS MANAGER FIBERS SPECIALTY

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The picture show divisional structure

References
Ronald J. Ebert, Ricky W G (2011) Business Essentials (Eight Edition) New Jersey, Pearson.

Organizational Structure, Pearson Highered. Resources from : http://www.pearsonhighered.com/bookseller/course/OrganizationalCulture/91055240.page

Organizational Culture, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Resource from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture

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The Simple Structure of an Organization, By Daniella Lauren, eHow Contributor Resources from : http://www.ehow.com/facts_7215856_simple-structure-organization.html

The Classical Approach, HomeHearts (2012) Resources from : http://homehearts.com/step-by-step-guide/step-4-develop-yourapproach/the-classical-approach/

The Five-Factor Model of Personality in the Workplace, Sean P. Neubert Resources from : http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/neubert.html

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