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Vocational Math II Al Lehnen, Madison Area Technical College

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Volumes, Surface Areas and Radian Measure

Review of Areas and Perimeters of Planar Figures
On pages 65 to 71 of Chapter 6 of the Vocational Math I text the notions of the area and the perimeter of planar or two-dimensional figures are presented. In this section the main results of that treatment will be summarized. The perimeter of a closed planar figure is the total distance around its outside boundaries. For example, for a rectangle of width W and length L, the perimeter, P, is given by the formula P = 2W + 2 L . The area of the rectangle is given by the formula A = W L . Perimeter always has units of length, while area always has units of length squared. Area and perimeter measure very different things.

As is shown in Chapter 6 of the Vocational Math I text, the formula for the area of a planar figure is determined by rearranging the figure into an equivalent rectangle having exactly the same area. This procedure generates the following results: 1. Triangles: Given a triangle with sides a, b, and c, the perimeter is given by P = a + b + c ,

1 b h , where h is the perpendicular distance from the base to the 2 top vertex. If the height is not known, one can use Herons formula (see page 66 of the a +b +c Vocational Math I text) to calculate the area. A = S ( S a )( S b)( S c ) ; S = 2 In Herons formula, S is the semi-perimeter of the triangle. If the triangle is a right triangle (i.e., contains a 90 degree angle), then the sum of the two non-right angles is also 90 degrees (these and the area is given by A =

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angles are called complementary) and, as shown on page 64 of the Vocational Math I text, the three sides satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem .

As an example of working with right triangles consider finding the unknown quantities in the following figure. The missing dimension x is a leg and can be calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem. 2 2 2
x=

((16m)

(12m )

)=

112m

= 10.6m

The missing angle is complementary to 41 2435 , so

1 = 90 412435 = 483525
.

2. Parallelograms: The area (see page 66 of the Vocational Math I text) is given by the product of the perpendicular height between parallel sides and the length of the side. ; A = bh P = 2S + 2b

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3. Trapezoids: The area (see page 68 of the Vocational Math I text) is given by the average of the two parallel sides times the perpendicular distance between them. 1 ( a + b) h 2

A=

P = AD + DC + CB + BA

As an application consider calculating the perimeter and area of the following trapezoid.

A =

1 2

( 42.3 m +32.8 m ) 10.6 m = 398 m 2

An equivalent way to calculate the area is to construct a perpendicular from the bottom right vertex to the top side. This splits the trapezoid into a right triangle with a base of 9.5 m and height of 10.6 m and a rectangle with a length of 32.8 m and width of 10.6 m. The area of the trapezoid is the sum of the areas of these two figures.

A =

1 2

(9.5 m 10.6 m ) +10.6 m 32.8 m = 50.35 m 2

+ 347.68 m

= 398 m

The first step in calculating the perimeter is to calculate the length x . Using the Pythagorean Theorem this is computed as follows :

(10.6 m ) 2

+(9.5 m )

202.61 m 2 =14.2 m .

The perimeter is just the sum of the lenghts of the four sides.

P = 14.2 m + 32. 8 m +10.6 m + 42.3 m = 99.9 m .

4. Circles: The circumference and area of a circle (see the discussion on pages 69 to 71 of the Vocational Math I text) are given by the following formulas.

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C = D = 2 r
A = r 2 = D2 4

The Volume and Surface Area of a Solid

The core idea of a volume is an area moved through a third dimension. Consider the following prism. This is a solid figure with two parallel faces and lateral (sideways) sides perpendicular to these faces. The parallel face is called the prisms base. If the area of the base is B and the perpendicular height between the two parallel faces is h, then the volume of the prism is given by the formula V = h B . Volume as the product of a length times an area must have units of cubic length.

The area occupied by the lateral sides of the prism is called the lateral surface area, L . The sum of the lateral surface area with the top and bottom base areas is called the total surface area, A . If you imagine cutting along the side of the prism perpendicular to the base and then unfolding and laying flat the lateral surface area, the resulting figure is a rectangle with dimensions equal to the base perimeter, P, and the height, h.

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Probably the most recognizable prism is the rectangular prism or box. The volume is simply the product of the lengths of the three sides.

B = W P = 2 + 2W V = B h = W h L = P h = 2 h + 2W h A = L + 2 B = 2 h + 2W h + 2 W

A right circular cylinder is also a prism. Here the circumference of the base circle is used in calculating the lateral surface area.

D 2 4 C = D = 2r
B = r 2 = V = B h = r 2 h =

D 2 h 4 L = C h = Dh = 2rh
A = L + 2 B = 2rh + 2r 2 = Dh +

D 2 2

As an application consider calculating the volume, lateral and total surface areas of the following prism.

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The base is a triangle of sides 15.0 ft, 15.0 ft and 18.0 ft. The base area can be calculated using Herons formula.
S = 15.0 +15.0 +18.0 ft = 24.0 ft 2 B = 24.0 ( 24.0 15.0 ) ( 24.0 15.0 ) ( 24.0 18.0 ) ft 2

B = 108 ft 2 An alternate approach to calculating this base area uses the fact that the base is an isoceles triangle. Dropping a perpendicular from the top vertex will then bisect the 18.0 ft side. The height of the resulting right triangle is then calculated by use of the 15 2 9 2 ft = 144 ft =12.0 ft V = 108 ft 2 9.0 ft = 972 ft 3 Pythagorean Theorem. 1 2 B = .0432 ft 12.0 ft =108 ft 2 L = 48.0 ft 9.0 18 ft = ft 2 A = 432 ft 2 + 2 108 ft 2 = 648 ft 2

The formulas for the volumes and surface areas of solids, which are not prisms, require more elaborate geometric reasoning. Some of the results are presented below. Right pyramids and cones both have a volume equal to one third that of the corresponding prism having the same base and height.

V =

h B h L W = 3 3
V =

V = 4r 3 D 3 = 3 6

h B r 2 h = 3 3

A sphere has a volume

and a total surface area A = 4r 2 = D 2 .

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The following application illustrates the use of these formulas. A storage tank is in the shape of a right circular cylinder capped with a hemispherical dome. The inner diameter of the tank is 15.0 ft and the height from the floor to the inner top of the hemisphere is 25.0 ft. The entire inside area of the tank needs to be coated with a sealant. One gallon of this sealant is required for every 150 square ft. What is the capacity of the tank in gallons? How many gallons of sealant are required to cover the inside surface of the tank? Solution: The radius of the hemisphere must match the radius of the cylinder, r = 7.5 ft. The height of the cylinder is the total height, 25 ft, minus this radius, which amounts to 17.5 ft. The capacity or volume of the tank is the sum of the cylinders volume plus half of the volume of a sphere with a 7.5 ft radius. (To convert cubic ft to gallons see page 44 of the Vocational Math I 3 text.) 1 4r 3 2 ( 7.5 ft ) 2 2 V = r h + = ( 7.5 ft ) 17.5 ft + 2 3 3 1 gal = 3976 ft 3 = 3976 ft 3 = 29,743 gal 0.13368 ft 3 Given that the tanks dimensions are only good to three digits, we should probably report the tanks capacity as 29,700 gallons. To determine how many gallons of sealant are required we need to calculate the total internal surface area of the tank. This consists of the circular floor, the lateral surface of the cylinder and half the surface area of a sphere with a 7.5 ft radius. 1 2 2 A = r 2 + 2r h + 4r 2 = ( 7.5 ft ) + 2 7.5 ft 17.5 ft + 2 ( 7.5 ft ) = 1355 ft 2 2 One gallon of sealant covers 150 square feet of surface, so we will require

1355 ft 2

1 gal = 9.03 gal . However, to be safe and to cover waste 10 gallons should 150 ft 2

probably be ordered. As a variation on the above problem, suppose we were designing a cylindrical storage tank (no hemispherical cap this time!) to have a capacity of 1 million gallons and a base diameter of 80 ft, how tall must the tank be? Solution: First, we convert the million gallons into cubic feet.
1,000,000 gal =10 6 gal 0.13368 ft 3 =133,680ft 3 =134,000 ft 3 1 gal

Then from the formula for the volume we solve for the height h.
V = B h = r 2 h V r 2 h = =h r 2 r 2 or h = V 134000 ft 3 = = 26.7ft r 2 ( 40 ft ) 2

Radian Measure and its Applications

In addition to DMS and DD (see pages 57 to 59 of the Vocational Math I text), there is another system for measuring angles called radian measure.

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The basis of this system is that all sectors of a circle having the same central angle (theta) are similar. Thus, for a given central angle, the ratio of the arc length of the sector to the radius of the circle is a contant. We define this constant as the radian measure of the angle. We say that the arc length is cut-off or subtended by the central angle theta at a given radius r.

(measured in radians) =

s S = r R

Arc length = radius central angle in radians s = r ( measured in radians )

To convert C = 2r = r ( full revolution angle in radians ) decimal degree so a full revolution of 360 = 2 radians measurements or more simply rads =180 to radians we radians use the conversion factor 1 = . To 180 convert radian measure to decimal degrees we 180 use the conversion factor 1 = . radians

17 45 radians = 34 + 3417 45 + = 0.5986 rads = 34.2958 = 34.2958 60 3600 180

radians =

rads
8

180

rads

180 1 rev 00 = 22.5 = 22.5 = 2230 = 0.0625 rev 8 360 = 52.25375 = 52.25375 = 521513 1 rev = 0.1451 rev 360

rads The following three problems use these principles.

0.912 rads = 0.912 rads

180

Problem: A car on a circular track of radius 0.4 miles is travelling 125 mph. In 2 seconds through what central angle measured from the center of the track does the car travel? Solution: The arc length subtended by the central angle is just the distance travelled by the car. Since distance is speed multiplied by 125 miles 1 hr 1 min S= 2 sec = .0694 miles time, we have 1 hr 60 min 60 sec 0.0694 miles 180 (in radians) = = 0.174 rads = 0.174 rads = 9.97 10 0.4 miles rads Problem: What is the area of the sector of a circle of diameter 12.0 m subtended by an angle of 42 degrees?

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42 = 0.1167 . Thus, the 360 area of the sector will be 11.67% of the area of a full circle of radius 6.0 m, so 2 A = 0.1167 ( 6.0 m ) = 13.2 m 2 . Solution: The fraction of a full circle that this sector represents is Problem: If a 34.0 in diamter tire on a car makes 400 rpm and never slips, how fast is the car moving? Solution: If the tire never slips the distance the tire travels along the ground in one revolution is equal to the circumference of the tire. If the wheel makes 400 revolutions in one minute, then it is moving at a speed of 400 cirumferences per minute. 400 rev 34.0 in in in 1 ft ft Speed = = 42,700 = 42,700 = 3560 1 min 1 rev min min 12 in min ft 60 min 1 mile = 3560 = 40.6 mph min 1 hr 5280 ft Exercises : Find the perimeter and area of each figure. Round answers to the nearest tenth. 1.

2.

Find the missing angle, side, area and perimeter of the following figures.

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3.

4.

5. Find the missing side x, the area and perimeter of the following trapezoid.

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6. Convert the following angles from degree measure to radians and revolutions. Give answers to four decimal places. Radians Revolution
30 = _____________ 120 = _____________ 300 = _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

7. Convert the following angles from radian measure to degree measure and revolutions. Give answers to four decimal places. Dec Degrees DMS Revolution

= _____________

_____________ _____________ _____________

_____________ ____________ ____________

= _____________ 12 0.50 = _____________

8. To three digits find the arclength subtended by an angle of 43.5 degrees and a radius of 31.7 in. 9. Find the angle in both radians and degrees subtended by an arc of 40.0 cm in a circle of diameter 50.0 cm . 10. A car on a circular race track with a radius of 0.25 miles is travelling 110 mph. In six seconds through what central angle from the center of the track does the car turn? 11. Find the area of a sector of a circle of diameter 40.0 ft subtended by an angle of 16 degrees. 12. A bicyclist pedals at such a rate that both wheels rotate at 205 rpm. The outside wheel diameter is 26.0 in . Assuming that the tires never slip against the ground, what is the bicyclists speed in mph ? Find the lateral surface area, L , the total surface area, A , and the the volume, V , of the following solids. 13.

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14.

15.

16.

A cylindrical holding tank has an inner diameter of 40.0 ft and wall that are 18 in thick. The tank is designed to hold 350,000 gallons. 17. What is the tanks inside perimeter? 18. What is the tanks outside perimeter? 19. What is the area of the tank floor? 20. What is the height of the tank in feet?

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21. A swimming pool is in the shape of a trapezoidal prism. The shallow end is 3.0 ft deep, the deep end is 8.0 ft , the width of the pool is 25 ft and the length from the shallow end to the deep end is 50 ft .How many gallons of water does it take to fill the pool? Answers : 1. Perimeter is 24.0 cm , area is 24.0 m2 ; 2. Perimeter is 34.0 ft , area is 50.0 ft2; 3. x =12.0 m , perimeter is 48.0 m , area is 96.0 m2 , 1 = 5307 48 ; 4. x =14.5 in , perimeter is 55.5 in , 2 area is 141.1 in , 1 = 233441 ; 5. x =17.1 cm , perimeter is 43.1 cm , area is 96.5 cm2 6.
Radians 30 = 0.5236 120 = 2.0944 300 = 5.2360 Revolution 0.08333 0.3333 0.8333

12 0.50

Dec Degrees 7. = = = 90 15 28.6479

DMS 90 0 00 15 0 00 28 38 52

Revolution 0.250 0.0417 0.0796

8. 24.1 in ; 9. 1.60 rads = 91.673 degrees ; 10. 0.733 rads = 42.0 degrees ; 11. 55.9 ft 2 12. 15.9 mph ; 13. L = 144 ft2 , A = 208 ft2 , V = 192 ft3 ; 14. L = 60 m2 , A = 79.8 m2 , V = 39.7 m3 ; 15. L = 141.4 in2 , A = 155.5 in2 , V = 106.0 in3 ; 16. L = 904.8 ft2 , A = 1357.2 ft2 , V = 3619.1 ft3 ; 17. 125.7 ft ; 18. 135.1 ft ; 19. 1256 ft2 ; 20. 37.2 ft ; 21. 51,430 gallons

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