Surname 1 Students Name Professors Name Course Date Portable Water Treatment Operations a) Addition of lime results into

the following reaction equations: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O

MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 Na(HCO3) + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O

The above equations show that 1 kmol of CO2 needs 1 kmol of Ca(OH)2; 1 kmol of Ca(HCO3)2 needs 1 kmol of Ca(OH)2; 1 kmol of Mg(HCO3)2 needs 2 kmol of Ca(OH)2; 1 kmol of Na(HCO3) needs 1 kmol of Ca(OH)2. Mg2+ has a concentration of 120 m/L Molecular weight of Mg2+ = 24.3g/mole 24.3mg/mole Valance (n) = 2 eq/mole Valance (n) = 2 meq/mole Equivalent weight (EW) = MW Valance EW = 24.3 mg/mmole [1/2 meq/mole]

Surname 2 EW = 12.15 mg/meq Equivalent weight for CaCO3 found as below: MW = 100 g/mole MW = 100 mg/mmole Electrical charge (n) = 2eq/mole Electrical charge = 2 meq/mmole

EW = MW Electrical Charge EW = 100 mg/mmole (1/ meq/mmole) Concentration of Mg2+ as CaCO3 is as shown below: mg/L as CaCO3 = (mg/L as species) EW of CaCO3 EW of species = (10 mg/Las Mg2+) 50mg/meq 12.15 mg/meq = 41.15 mg/L as CaCO3 Quantity of CaO = 82.30 28 = 2.9 mg/L Quantity of Na2CO3 = 82.30 106 = 0.776 gm/L Component Ca2+ Mg2+ Na1+ Cl1SO42HCO31Mg/L 120 30 10 58 10 428 EW 20 12.2 23.0 35.5 48.0 61 mEW/L 6 2.47 0.43 1.64 0.20 7.03
EW as CaCO3/EW ion (mg/l)

Mg/L as CaCO3299.67 123.52 21.8 81.78 10.42 342.4

2.5 4.12
2.18

1.41 1.04 0.8

Bar chart of raw water in mg/L as CaCO3

Surname 3 0 Ca2+ HCO310 300 Mg2+ Cl1342.4 423.6 Na1+ SO42424.18 434.58 445.4

To soften to the practical solubility limits, lime and soda must be added as shown below.
Addition equal to: Lime, mg/L as CaCO3 Lime, mEW/L Soda, mg/L as CaCO3 Soda, mEW/L

HCO3 Ca2+ Mg2+

minus

342.4 HCO3

7.03 0 0.80

43.5
Total

2.47 9.5

43.5 43.5

2.47 3.27

385.9

The difference between Mg2+ -0 = 43.5

The total lime addition is 385.9 + 43.5 + 35 = 464.4 mg/L as CaCO The soda addition is 43.5 mg/L as CaCO 3
3

b) Bar chart after reaction with HCO3 _ (in mg/L as CaCO3 ).

300 Ca2+ CO2300

0 Mg
2+

123.6 Na Cl11+

145.4 SO42-

HCO31-

42 300 124.18 134.58 .4 with soda (in 300 mg/L 300 Bar chart after reaction of calcium 3 ). .4 as CaCO .4

Surname 4 c) The ionic balance Sum of cations = sum of anions 175.6 = 175.6 mg/L as CaCO3 3.51 = 3.23 meq/L All the above sums are ok as +- 10% range is allowed Total Hardness = (Ca2+) + (Mg2+) = 99.8 + 41.2 = 141 mg/L as CaCO3 Alkalinity = (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) (H+) Since the pH = 10.8 H+ = 10-pH = 10-10.8 mole/L H+ = 10-10.8 eq/L OH- = 10-6.8 mole/L From the table, HCO3- = 7.03 mEW/L g/L of HCO3- = EW eq/L = (61 q/eq) 1.80 10-3g/L = 109.8 10-3 g/L Quantity of CO2 = 1.33 10-6 mole/L = 79.8 10-6 g/L

d) Hypothetical bar graph for finished water CH Ca(HCO3)2 CaSO4 MgSO4 NCH Na2SO4 NaCl KCl

e) 30 minutes, the residence depth at 80% (best efficiency other than 100%) represents 1 meter. CaCO3 in relation to the 1 meter depth will be 1.801 10-3 1000 50 = 90.1 mg/L