Introduction to Gas Turbines and Applications

Rainer Kurz Solar Turbines Incorporated

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Contents

How Does it Work? Gas Turbine Components Gas Turbine Performance Gas Turbine Applications

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This is a Gas Turbine.

How does it work?

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Gas Turbine Movie

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Single Shaft Turbine Engine

3)Expansion (Turbine) 2) Combustion

Output Shaft Power

1) Compression

Output Shaft Power

Two Shaft Turbine Engine

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The Simple Cycle

Compressor Pumps Air into Combustion Chamber Fuel in Gaseous or Liquid Spray Form Injected into Combustion Chamber and Burned Continuously Expanding Combustion Products Directed Through Stationary Airfoils react against the blades of a turbine wheel, causing the shaft to turn, driving the compressor Remaining High Energy Gas Can be Used expansion across a nozzle (propulsion) expansion across another turbine stage (shaft power)

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Simple Cycle Gas Turbines as Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Movers
FUEL COMBUSTOR EXHAUST GAS OUT THRUST HIGH VELOCITY JET

AIR IN

COMPRESSOR FUEL COMBUSTOR

TURBINE

NOZZLE EXHAUST GAS OUT POWER

AIR IN OUTPUT COMPRESSOR TURBINE POWER TURBINE

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Commonalities

Use One or Multiple Compressors Have Combustor Use One or Multiple Turbines to Drive Compressor(s) Aeroengines Generate Propulsion Either by a Hot Gas Jet, Driven Fan or Propeller, or Combination Industrial Gas Turbines Generate Mechanical Power Using Turbine Driven by Hot Gas

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Brayton Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine )

Velocity Temperature Pressure

Flame Temperature

2 1
1 2 3
Station

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Gas Turbine Components

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Industrial Engine on Skid

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Axial or Centrifugal Flow Axial Flow

higher efficiency higher flow more stages Centrifugal Compressors on smaller engines and some mid-size industrial engines less stages rugged simple 2 Driven by the Turbine on a Common Shaft 1 Compressor Uses 2/3 of the Fuel Energy Thats why keeping it 3 efficient (read CLEAN) is so important!

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Axial Compressor

Airflow Parallel to

Rotor Axis Air Compressed in Stages

row of moving blades followed by row of stationary blades (stators) is one stage.

Moving blades impart kinetic energy stators recover the kinetic energy as pressure and redirect the flow to the next stage at the optimum angle

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Axial Compressor
Stator Vanes (fixed to case)

Modern Compressor Designs are Extremely Efficient gas turbine performance rating depends greatly on the compressor efficiency High Performance Made Possible by Advanced Aerodynamics, Coatings, and Small Blade Tip Clearances Even Small Amounts of Deposits on Compressor Blades May Cause Large Performance Losses

Inlet Guide Vane

Rotor Blades(rotating)

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The Combustor

Also Known as the Burner Must be Compact and Provide Even Temperature
Distribution of Hot Gases to the Turbine Three Basic Configurations: annular can can-annular 2 1 3 5 7

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Annular Combustor

Injector

Shaft

Combustor Liner (requires intensive cooling)

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Combustor Design

Annular Donut shaped, single,

continuous chamber that encircles the turbine

Can-annular multiple, single burners

(cans) evenly spaced around the rotor shaft

Silo or Can One or more

combustion chambers mounted external to the gas turbine body

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Fuel Injector

Used to introduce fuel into the combustion chamber. Can be for single or dual fuel Fuel can be mixed with combustion air either
in the combustor (standard combustion system) pre-mixed prior to entering combustor ( lean pre-mix, DLN (dry-low-Nox), DLE (dry low emissions), (SoLoNOx)

Dry-Low-NOx injector
Pre-Mix Barrel

Standard injector

Solar Mars Injector Standard vs SoloNOx

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The Turbine

Two Basic Types - Radial and Axial

Almost all industrial Gas Turbines use axial flow turbines

Like the Compressor, Turbine Expansion Takes Place in Stages

a row of stationary blades (nozzles) followed by a row of moving blades = one stage.

1 3 5 7

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Axial Turbine

Two Stage Axial Turbine

rotation Rotor Blade

Turbine Nozzle Segment

Nozzle rotation Rotor Blade Nozzle

First Stage Turbine Nozzle Sees the Hottest Temperatures Referred to as TIT (Turbine Inlet Temperature) or TRIT (Turbine Rotor Inlet Temperature) Modern engines run TRIT as high as 2200 F (some even higher)

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HOT GAS FLOW COOLING AIR

SHOWER HEAD FILM HOLES COOLING AIR INLET

HOT GAS FLOW

Convection Cooling

Film Cooling

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Temperature Definition
T5

TIT

TRIT

Combustor

1st Rotor
1st Nozzle

1st PT Nozzle Cooling Air Flows

All temperatures are considered total.

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Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics

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Gas Turbine Performance vs. Ambient Temperature

10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 T amb (deg C)

Power, Heat rate

HP HR

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Efficiency at Part Load Operation

110

Rel. Thermal Efficiency (%)

100 90 80 70 60 50 50 60 70 Load (%) 80 90 100

Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency/ref versus Load P/Pmax

(Typical, for 3 arbitrarily selected industrial engines)

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General Questions to All Manufacturers Gas Turbine Driven Compressor Set

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Operational Flexibility Managing Varying Demand

1 UNIT 2 UNITS 3 UNITS IN PARALLEL

HEAD

SITE POWER AT 75F

0 0

FLOW
Operating Points in a Compressor Station

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Centaur 50

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Applications

Base Load (Continuous Duty) Designed to operate 6,000-8,000 hrs per year (more Peak Load Designed to operate approximately 1,000 hours per year Stand-By Designed to operate less than 1,000 hours per year
(started during peak power demands, usually about once per day) or less continuously)

(started if other systems fail) A Standby Duty unit is operated as a backup to, not in parallel with, a normal source of power. Typical operation ranges from 50 to 100 hours per year with one start per week.

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Firing Temperature Output Power Exhaust

Temperature Life Maintenance intervals/Cost of Maintenance

TRIT
Output Power Exhaust Heat Maintenance Cost Net Cash Flow

Maintenance Interval (hrs)

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Base Load, Peak Load and Stand-By Units Engine Life depends on Firing Temperature
(and number of starts*) Thus, a peak load unit can be fired at higher temperatures without any design changes Higher Firing Temperature means more power, but shorter engine life.

* According to some manufacturers

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