Section 1.

1: Background A linear diff eq:

+ + 1

0 = where the coefficients and F(x) depend only on the independent variable x.

Section 1.2: Solutions and Initial Value Problems Explicit solution satisfies the equation for all x on interval I. Implicit solution defines one/more explicit.
E-U is make sure the function and

are continuous in the rectangle.

Section 2.2: Separable Equations Separable if = .

Section 2.3: Linear Equations 1

+ 0

+ = =

Section 3.3: Heating and Cooling

+ =

= . This

equation is separable or can be solved using the method for linear equations. For heating, if is positive, use that. If is positive, use that. For cooling, if is negative, use that. If is negative, use that.
Section 4.1: The Mass Spring Oscillator + + = Section 4.2: Homogeneous Linear Equations Fany Auxiliary/Characteristic Equation is 2 + + = 0.

Remember to keep the constant at all times. 2 .

Section 3.2: Compartmental Analysis

.
.

= .

Pure water means x(0)=0. Use the method for solving linear equations. If the difference between the inflow and the outflow is 6-5=1L/min, V after t min = (100+t)L. Section 4.6: Variation of Parameters For + + = find two linearly independent solutions {1 , 2 } to the homogeneous equation and take = 1 1 + 2 2 . Then use the equations 1 1 + 2 2 = 0 and 1 1 + 2 2 = to determine 1 2 . Substitute these into the expression for to obtain a particular solution. You can use the superposition principle here.

Section 4.3: Auxiliary Equations with Complex Roots For complex conjugate roots: = 1 cos + 2 sin . Section 4.5: The Superposition Principle For + 2 + 2 = 5 sin + 5 cos , 1 = 5 sin 2 = 5cos . You must separate them. Solve the entire general solution = + before plugging in the initial values.

1 =

2 1 ,2

, 2 =

1 1 ,2

, 1 , 2 =

1 2 + 1 2 .

Section 9.4: Linear Systems in Normal Form If you have a set of matrix vectors, if the Wronskian is 0, they are linearly dependent. If now, then linearly independent. The solution set {1 , , } of x=Ax is the fundamental solution set. The Fundamental Matrix has incorporated. To check that the solution set is a fundamental solution set or not, check the Wronskian. If it is -, then linearly dependent so not a fundamental solution set.

Section 4.9: A Closer Look at Free Mechanical Vibrations is considered the steady-state function.
For + + = 0 cos , =
0 2 2 + 2 2

sin +

tan =

The undamped resonant case: + = 0 cos = =

0 2

Section 9.5: Eigen Values and Vectors The general solution is of the form = 1 1 + 2 2 + If a matrix is not symmetric, it is possible for A to have a repeated eigen value but not to have two linearly independent corresponding eigenvectors. Section 9.6: Complex Eigen Values = 1 cos cos + 2 sin + cos

= + +

. If hung vertically, the new equilibrium for the mass

spring system is =

(mg is in pounds). Section 9.3: Matrices and Vectors 1 Inverse of a 2x2:

Section 9.7: Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems Method of Undetermined Coefficients: Find form for . If col(1, t, sint) then = + + + . Then plug into x=Ax+f and derive equations to solve a, b, c, etc. Variation of Parameters. = 1 = + 1 = + , 0 = 0 , = 1 0 0 +
0

Section 7.2: The Definition of the Laplace Transform =

0

. When deriving, specify the

domain (s>0, s>a).