INT 1.

Facies analysis with merged 3D seismic data

Laisheng Cao1, 2*, Yingxin Xu 2, Jingbo Yu 2 1. China University of Geosciences (Beijing) 2. BGP, CNPC
The sand bodies appear as strong reflection event in seismic section and long abnormal belts on the map of horizon attributes analysis. Some belts parallel approximately to the inline direction (NWW), which almost crosses the whole study area. Does this abnormal amplitude belts have any geological meaning? Are these events the footprint of seismic data acquisition?

Summary This paper mainly discusses the seismic facies analysis to the sand bodies of Qing3 group in the south of Songliao basin with merged 3D seismic data and key wells. The procedure for basin-fill analysis includes the correlation between synthetic seismograms and the horizons for identifying sands, the comparison between 2D section and 3D overlapped section in the same location, two steps FK filtering, scanning seismic coherency cube, and time-slices to identify the seismic footprint effects. Consequently, the seismic attributes analysis and waveform clustering confirm the micro-facies (depositional characteristics). The result indicates the sands are located in front of the constructive braided delta, which includes inner part (dominantly deposits long distant channel sands) and outer ones (river mouth bars and wedge sands). The traps in the inner front part are structurally controlled, and the traps in the outer front are stratigraphic in features. Key words:3D seismic, acquisition footprint, coherency cube, waveform clustering, micro-facies, reservoir conditions Introduction: The study area is located in the transitional area from the west slope to the central depression structurally, the south of Songliao basin, where is just the front of the joint belt of four drainage system geographically. Plenty of oil bearing sequences of Cretaceous are discovered. The exploration wells indicate existence of thick sands in the middle of the QingShankou formation with good reservoirs conditions and high production of oil. Although the structure description and reservoir prediction with 2D and limited 3D seismic data have been done for many times in recent years, the depositional environment and sequences, sediment source, and lithofacies in the basin are still fuzzy. Since 2000 Oil Company has acquired seven blocks of 3D seismic data with the total area 2500Km2 to enhance the prospecting of stratigraphic reservoirs (Figure 1). Identification of seismic footprint:

Figure 1

Horizon amplitude map of Qing 3 group

The footprint of acquisition is mainly caused by the difference of the bin attributes such as fold, offset distribution, and azimuth distribution. We correlate the 2D and 3D sections acquired at the overlapped locations(NNE) to identify these abnormal reflections. The result of correlation shows similar strong and discontinuous reflections in 2D and 3D seismic sections (Figure 2). In addition, the footprints are the thin lines parallel to the in-line direction or in the form of reticulation on the slice of coherency cube, hence the cube was used to identify footprint. We determine that the reflection on the figure 2 is not a footprint, but as effective event with the characteristics of stripped horizon amplitude and irregular geometrical patterns, some parallel to the in-line and some slanted with the in-line. Someone may consider the event is caused static corrections in data processing, but in view of the topography and near-surface investigation, the drainage

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INT 1.5
Facies Analysis with merged 3D seismic data
systems extend in SN direction, which is different from NWW direction of the target reflections. So, the abnormal belts are not related with static correction.

The application of these methods indicates that the event is not related to the footprint and further research validates this idea.

2D
location (crossline direction)

3D

Figure 2 Comparison of 2D and 3D seismic section at same Figure 4 Horizon slice of Quantou formation, block 2. Notice

several meandering streams from south to north

The method to eliminate the footprint is two-step FK filtering to the migrated 3D data in two directions. No obvious differences are found in the coherency cube after filtering, but we can discover the regular subtle changes of the reflection sequences in space in the target beds. Maybe someone thinks that the discontinuous points of strong events are the effects of faults, actually, it is due to the depositional environment based on the observation to the coherency cube and horizon time slices on which the direction of faults is NW, the direction of the effective reflections is NWW. Same phenomenon occurs in block 3, 4, and 5 . the upper sand layers of Qing 3 segment are strong strip like reflection pattern oriented northwest direction corresponding to the merged survey(Figure 3).

Facies analysis: With the interpretation of seven blocks, the transitional process from the fluvial facies of Quantou formation (Figure 4) to the delta of Qingshankou formation is discovered, the main depositional sources changed from the south for Quantou formation to the southwest for Qing 2, and the southwest sources for lower Qing 3(Figure 1) to the west direction for middle Qing 3 and the northwest sources for upper Qing 3 (Figure 3) . Before using 3D seismic data to do the research on reservoir characterization, the top of the thick sands was treated as a reference plane, and all the sands were calibrated as the upper Qing 2 group based on the well-tie section, then the sands would be attributed to as the river mouth bar sands deposited around the whole southern part of the depression without any trace of the channels (Figure 5). There are two wrong ideas. First, simply using the negative rhythms of the electrical characteristics of the logs to define the river mouth bars may not be proper because the bars are closely connected with channels which frequently changed their ways. The point is that the positive rhythm appears on one overbank bar of the channel, and negative rhythm should appear on the other side alone a single laterally migrated channel. Secondly, (more critical), the thick sand body may be deposited in different cycles, and picking the thick sands as a reference layer may cause time conflict. So, using a single well to analyze the depositional rhythm may give the complete wrong result.

Figure 3 Amplitude analysis of Qing 3 upper group in block 3,4 and 5

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INT 1.5
Facies Analysis with merged 3D seismic data

Prior to depositional facies analysis, the top and bottom of thick sands should be identified by precise calibration of horizons and interpretation to flattened horizons. It demonstrates the importance of 3D seismic data in representing plane changes of depositional facies belts. The source of objective formation of Qing 3 group, which is in delta front, is from the southwest Tongyu drainage system

By means of waveform clustering with depositional environment palaeogeomorphology and single well analysis, mircofacies of Qing 3 and are conformed. During the time the sand deposited (Figure 6), the major channels developed in the southern part, the river mouth bar, distal bar, and sand sheet were developed in the northern part. During the time the sand deposited (Figure 7), the subaqueous abandoned channel was in the southern part, the branch channel and the river mouth bar were developed in northern part. The channel was moved from south to north and vertically overlapped several times. The front of sand is in block 1; the sand located at the external front of the delta is out of block 7, these represent the features of constructive delta.

Figure 5 Correlation between well #17 and #11 in block 1. upper left is synthetic seismogram of #17, lower #11, and the middle serigraphic correlations wells. Notice the difference between before correlations and after. Lower right is depositional facies based on individual well zonation before seismogram, and upper is the seismic section with wells and enlarged individual well section, in which green horizon is top of sand and blue bottom of sand.

The sand in well #11 and well #17 were considered as a same sand formation originally, the correlation of seismic section with the wells indicates that their features are totally different. Well #17 shows quantity of sand in formation is more than , in contract, well #11 quantity in less than although the distance between the two wells is only 3000 meters (Figure 5). Cube analysis above Qing3 bottom illustrates the typical channel migration in lateral direction; amplitude in lower formation slice is stronger in the south than in the north, but the amplitude in upper formation performances very different, stronger in the north than in the south. The target formation Qing3 is located at the front of braided delta, the depositional source mainly comes from the southwestern Tongyu river system. Since the paleotopography of Songliao basin was comparatively flat, and the project area is situated at transitional zone between the west slope and central depression of the basin, hence the straight channels could develop easily and current migrated with sands, which can be seen in the seismic cube in the long straight belts with high amplitudes.

Figure 6 Micro-facies of sand in block 1

Figure 7

Microfacies of sand in block 1

Study of reservoir conditions: The result of depositional facies analysis indicates that lower Qing 3 in block 1 and 2 located in subaqueous inter channels, river mouth bar of delta front sheet sands in

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INT 1.5
Facies Analysis with merged 3D seismic data
block 3,4 and 5, and front delta in the east of block 6 and 7. Reservoir conditions change with facies belts. For instance, the structures is the key factor in block 1 and 2, where the production wells in the sand formation are located in the favorable structure position with the thick overlying shale(Well #17), while well #11 is the dry well due to its unfavorable structural position. Thin sand and moderate sand to shale ratio in block 3,4 and 5 provide the conditions to build up large stratigraphic reservoirs. Up to now, the reserve, for about 50 million tons, has been proved. Conclusions: 1. The strong reflection belts with a strong amplitude on the seismic sections in our study area, are the responses from the thick sands, not the seismic footprint. It is a newly discovered depositional phenomenon. The target formation Qing 3 sand is located in a braided delta front; the source of the deposits is from the southwestern Tongyu drainage system. The main channel changed from south to north, and the progradational sands characterized by the constructive delta. Such depositional feature of these sands occurs also in the South of Songliao basin. This paper can provide a referenced method to the analysis of microfacies using 3D seismic data with high lateral resolution. Petroleum Geophysics, 2003, 38(6), 642-653 Yu Shoupeng. High Petroleum press, 1993 resolution seismic prospecting.

Niu Yuquan, et al. New technology Series of geophysics in oil prospecting. Petroleum press, 1996 Wang Yongchun. Generations and distribution of lithology reservoirs in south of Songliao basin. Petroleum press, 2001

2.

3.

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Dr. Ling Yun from BGP, and Mr. Kang WeiLi from Jiling oil field of PetroChina for their advice and support. And many thanks to Prof. Chen KaiYuan from China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Prof. Yuan BingHeng, Prof. Zhang YanQing from BGP. References: Cao Laisheng, et al. Study on a special sedimentary phenomena, 805-809, Expanded Abstracts CPS/SEG 2004 International Geophysics Conference Cao Laisheng, et al. The technical effect of raising resolution of 3D seismic exploration in area of South Songliao basin, 1165-1168, Expanded Abstracts CPS/SEG 2004 International Geophysics Conference Ling Yun researcher group, Application of basic seismic attributes to interpretation of depositional environment.

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EDITED REFERENCES Note: This reference list is a copy-edited version of the reference list submitted by the author. Reference lists for the 2005 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts have been copy edited so that references provided with the online metadata for each paper will achieve a high degree of linking to cited sources that appear on the Web. Facies analysis with merged 3D seismic data References Laisheng, C., et al., 2004, Study on a special sedimentary phenomena: International Geophysics Conference, CPS/SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 805-809. Laisheng, C., et al., 2004, The technical effect of raising resolution of 3D seismic exploration in area of South Songliao basin: International Geophysics Conference, CPS/SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1165-1168. Ling, Y. researcher group, 2003, Application of basic seismic attributes to interpretation of depositional environment: Petroleum Geophysics, 38, 642-653. Yu, S., 1993, High resolution seismic prospecting: Petroleum press. Yuquan, N., et al., 1996, New technology Series of geophysics in oil prospecting: Petroleum press. Wang, Y., 2001, Generations and distribution of lithology reservoirs in south of Songliao basin: Petroleum press.

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