SPM Biology Form 4 Notes Terminology and Concepts: Cell Structure and Cell Organisation

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Cell Structure and Function Comparison between Animal Cell (AC) and Plant Cell (PC)

1. Mitochondrion (pl: Mitochondria): AC and PC

spherical / rod-shaped organelles two membranes: Inner membrane form cristae & Outer membrane regular and smooth an energy source site of cellular aerobic respiration produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

2. Nucleus (pl: Nuclei): AC and PC

contains the genetic material regulates and controls the activities of the cell an organelle bounded by double (2) layers of nuclear membrane with pores and selectivelypermeable responsible for all cellular structure, chemical functions, growth and reproduction separates the genetic materials (chromatin) from cytoplasm

3. Nucleolus: AC and PC

spherical structure within the nucleus consists of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) and proteins visible when the cell is not dividing synthesis RNA which is needed to make ribosomes
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4. Nucleoplasm: AC and PC

fluid contained within the nucleus highly viscous solid made up of the chromatin and the nucleolus

5. Chromosomes

thread-like structures (consists of genetic material) appears as chromatin spread throughout the nucleus in the form of tiny granules chromatin condenses into chromosomes (during cell division) carry genetic information in its DNA

6. Ribosomes: Ac and PC

small dot-like organelles protein synthesis consist of RNA (ribonucleic acids) smallest cellular organelles attached on the surface of ER and occur freely in cytoplasm

7. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): AC and PC

connected to the nuclear membrane synthesises proteins, steroids and lipids collects, stores and distributes protein, steroids and lipids exists as rough ER and smooth ER Rough ER: covered with ribosomes, flat sealed sac which continued from the nuclear membrane, transports protein, and have a large surface area for chemical reactions. Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes, transports lipids and presents in large amounts of cells.

8. Plasma membrane: AC and PC

cell membrane thin membrane surround the cytoplasm of a cell selectively permeable / semi permeable a protective and selective outer barrier consists of phospholipids and protein molecules

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9. Golgi apparatus / Golgi body: AC and PC bound sacs processes, packages and transport molecules synthesised in the cell forms lysosomes transports and stores lipids synthesis of carbohydrate from hormone changes protein into glycoprotein excretes waste products out of the cell 10. Cytoplasm: AC and PC

aqueous solution (except nucleus) stores water, enzymes, nutrient, salts and dissolved gases provided support, shape and protects the cell organelles medium for metabolic reactions provides substances

11. Lysosome: AC sac-like organelle with one membrane digest proteins, lipids and carbohydrates removes undigested materials releases enzymes to digest external materials

12. Centriole: AC

are paired cylindrical organelles nine tubes with three tubules each produces spindle during cell division (mitosis and meiosis) migrate to the opposite poles of the cell (during cell division will be discussed in Chapter 5 Cell Division)

13. Vacuole: AC (temporary / lower class species) and PC small cavity in the cytoplasm bound by a single membrane filled with cell sap storage of food (protein, oil and water) some vacuoles remove metabolic waste functions as cell expansion Amoeba: food vacuoles (phagocytosis) Paramecium: contractile vacuoles (expel water)

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14. Cell Wall: PC rigid and tough cellulose layer surrounding the plasma membrane (cell membrane) protects and supports the cell maintains the shape prevents the cell from busting (excessive intake of water) allows substances to move freely through the cell wall 15. Chloroplast: PC disc / lens-shaped organelle have two membranes: inner and outer membrane contains chlorophyll in the grana to trap sunlight energy carry out photosynthesis in the chlorophyll storage of food and pigments 16. Organelles (little organ) tiny structures inside a cell that perform specific functions for a cell. Example: mitochondria, lysosome and chloroplast.

17. Mitochondria Animal: High density at sperm cells (at middle piece to provide sufficient energy for motive power), flight muscle cells (bird / avian), liver cells, meristematic / meristemic cells (involve with cell division), kidney cells, heart muscle cells, brain cells. 18. Chloroplasts Plant: High density at palisade mesophyll (leaf: below upper epidermis). It functions to trap sunlight to synthesise sugar during photosynthesis.

The Uniqueness of The Cell A cell is unique: 1. Specialisation 2. Division of labour 3. Coordination and integration Example of specialisation of cells :

Animal smooth muscle cell, neuron (nerve cell), white blood cell, red blood cell (erythrocyte), cheek cell (lining epithelial cell), sperm, ovum cell (the biggest cell in human) Plant palisade mesophyll cell, xylem, phloem, guard cell.

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Cell Organisation Unicellular A single cell performs all the basic life process. Example: Amoeba sp.,Paramecium sp., Chlamydomonas, Bacteria and Euglena. Multicellular An organism consists of more than one cell. Each group of cell specialized to carry our life processes. Example: Homo sapien (human), animals and plants. It has five levels of organisation 1. Cells: basic units of structure and function. Example: Red blood cells and xylem vessel cells. 2. Tissues: made up of cells with similar in structure and function. Example: Epithelial tissues and vascular tissues. 3. Organs: made up of tissues that perform a specific function. Example: Heart and flower. 4. System: two of more organs that perform a specific function. Example: Digestive system and root system. 5. Organisms: whole living thing that carry out all the basic life processes. Example: Human and durian tree.

Cell Organisation (Unicellular) in Amoeba sp. (lives in freshwater ponds) andParamecium sp. (lives in soil and moist area) 1. Cell structure Amoeba sp.: plasma membrane, food vacuole, contractile vacuole, pseudopodium, nucleus, ectoplasma, endoplasm. Paramecium sp.: food vacuole, posterior contractile vacuole, cytostome, gullet, oral groove, cilia, macronucleus, micronucleus, anterior contractile vacuole. 2. Locomotion Amoeba sp.: Pseudopodium (false foot) helps it to move forward slowly and it is known asamoeboid movement. Paramecium sp.: Hair-like cilia to beat against water. It beats its cilia backwards diagonally (swim forward) and it rotates on its axis. It beats its cilia forward (swim backwards). 3. Feeding Amoeba sp.: Omnivore. Eat bacteria, plant cells, algae and other microscopic organisms. Entrapment extend pseudopodium. Engulfment engulf tiny food (phagocytosis) with its pseudopodia. Digestion food enclosed in food vacuole Absorption enzyme digests the bacteria Egesting expel indigestible material. Paramecium sp.: Eat bacteria, organic material and other microscopic organisms. Sweeping movement of cilia. Food moves along the oral groove into the gullet and cytostome.

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Digestion food vacuole circulates round the cell. Elimination undigested food is eliminated at the anal pore. 4. Reproduction Amoeba sp.: two types of reproduction. Binary Fission nucleus divides (favourable condition) and then follows by division of cytoplasm. Two daughter cells are formed (mitotic division). Spore Formation spores form (bad condition) and germinate into new amoeba under favourable condition. Paramecium sp.: two types of reproduction. Binary Fission micronucleus undergoes mitosis (favourable condition). Macronucleus begins to elongation and form two. Cell content divide and two daughter cells are formed. Conjugation (Sexual reproduction) two same species parent paramecia exchange genetic material of their micronuclei. Each parent divides and forms four daughter cells. 5. Osmoregulation Amoeba sp.: water moves into the cell by osmosis and prevention of bursting, it has a contractile vacuole. Paramecium sp.: water moves into the cell by osmosis and prevention of bursting, it has two contractile vacuoles. 6. Respiration Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. (both): exchange gases throughout the whole cell membrane 7. Excretion Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. (both): waste products are ammonia and carbon dioxide by diffusion. Solid waste in paramecium is expelled through its anal pore.

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Cell Organisation (Multicellular) in Human

Cells: Epithelial cells, muscle cells, white blood cells, red blood cells, sperm, nerve cells. Tissues: Epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, skeletal tissue, nerve tissue. Organs: Stomach, heart, kidney, lung, liver. Systems: Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, excretory system, muscular system, lymphatic system, integumentary system, skeletal system, nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive system. Organisms: Human.

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Cell Organisation in Plant

Cells: Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, epidermal cells. Tissues: Epidermal tissue, meristem tissue, vascular tissue. Organs: Leaf organ, flower organ, stem organ, root organ. Systems: Shoot system, root system. Organisms: Plant.

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