HERMAPHRODITIC, having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual.

And have the capability to fertilized its own egg. DIOECIOUS, each proglottid has both male & female reproductive organs; can fertilize itself. Cestodes with multiple proglottids are described as POLYZOIC, but of Eucestoda members of order Caryophyllidea have only one genitalium and so are MONOZOIC Some workers advise avoiding use of the terms polyzoic and monozoic because such usage implies that polyzoic tapeworms are chains of zoids (individuals), an hyphothesis that is no longer tenable It is said to be segmented because there are constriction ( narrow) between proglottids. However, tissues such as tegument and muscle are continuous between proglottids, and no membranes separate them. Because some polyzoic cestodes lack constrictions of any kind between proglottids (order Spathebothriidea), the words segment and proglottid are not synonymous, although they are often used as such by parasitologists In many polyzoic species new proglottids (and segments) are continuously differentiated near the anterior end in a process called strobilation. Each segment moves toward the posterior end as a new one takes its place and during the process becomes sexually mature. By the time they approach the posterior end of the strobila, genitalia have copulated and produced eggs. A proglottid can copulate with itself, with others in its strobila, or with those in other worms, depending on the species. After a segment contains fully developed eggs or shelled embryos, it is said to be gravid. Suckerlike organs on scolices of tapeworms can be divided into three types: acetabula, bothria, and bothridia. An ACETABULUM is more or less cup shaped, circular or oval in outline, with a heavy muscular wall. There are normally four acetabula on a scolex, spaced equally around it. BOTHRIDIA usually are in groups of four; are quite muscular, projecting sharply from the scolex; and can have highly mobile, leaflike margins. BOTHRIA are usually two in number, although as many as six may occur and take the form of shallow pits or longer grooves. The Neck or the germinal portion of the tapeworm may be long or short. The neck is responsible for giving raise to new proglottids. TEGUMENT projects out toward the host as numerous fingershaped tubes called microtriches (singular microthrix). Microtriches are similar in some respects to microvilli found on gut mucosal cells and other vertebrate and invertebrate transport epithelia, and they completely cover the worms surface, including its suckers. They have a dense distal portion set off from the base by a multilaminar plate.

Vas efferentia - Any of a number of small ducts that carry semen from the testis to the epididymis.
Vasa efferentia unite into a common vas deferens that channels sperm toward the genital pore. The vas deferens may be a simple duct, or it may have sperm storage capacity in convolutionsor in a spheroid external seminal vesicle. As the vasdeferens leads into the cirrus pouch, which is a muscular

sheath containing terminal organs of the male system, it may form a convoluted ejaculatory duct or dilate into an internal seminal vesicle. The male copulatory organ is a muscular cirrus, which may or may not bear spines. It can invaginate into the cirrus pouch and evaginate through the cirrus pore. Vas Deferens- The tube that connects the testes with the urethra. The vas deferens is a coiled duct that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra. The vas deferens may be a simple duct, or it may have sperm storage capacity in convolutions or in a spheroid external seminal vesicle.
In few species the ovary matures first; this is called protogyny or gynandry. Vitelline cells, which contribute yolk and shell material to the embryo, are scattered as follicles in most cestode orders Vitelline cells, which contribute yolk and shell material to the embryo, are scattered as follicles in most cestode orders (see Fig. 20.17). Members of order Cyclophyllidea have a single, compact vitelline gland (see Fig. 20.18). As oocytes mature, they leave the ovary through a single oviduct, which often has a controlling sphincter, or oocapt (see Fig. 20.17). Oocytes leave the ovary arrested in prophase of meiosis I.20 Sperm penetration occurs in the proximal oviduct and stimulates resumption and completion of meiotic divisions. One or more cells from the vitelline glands pass through a common vitelline duct, sometimes equipped witha small vitelline reservoir, and join with the zygote. Together they pass into an area of the oviduct known as an ootype. Shell formation is then completed from within by the vitelline cells and in many cases cells of the embryo. Eggs of pseudophyllidean tapeworms are covered by a thick capsule of sclerotin. These capsules are apparently homologous with trematode eggshells and are formed in a similar manner (Fig. 20.19). Some shelled embryos develop in water after passing from the host and usually hatch to release a free-swimming larval stage that is eaten by an aquatic intermediate host.