Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

BJT Transistor
BJT Operation and I/V Characteristics

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein

April 5, 2008

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

1/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

2/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

3/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

What is a Transistor?

Websters Dictionary: Transistor is a solid-state electronic device that is used to control the ow of electricity in electronic equipment and consists of a small block of a semiconductor (as germanium) with at least three electrodes Three-terminal device whose voltage-current relationship is controlled by a third voltage or current We may regard a transistor as a controlled voltage or current source TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation to TRANSfer resISTOR

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

4/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

What is a Transistor?

Websters Dictionary: Transistor is a solid-state electronic device that is used to control the ow of electricity in electronic equipment and consists of a small block of a semiconductor (as germanium) with at least three electrodes Three-terminal device whose voltage-current relationship is controlled by a third voltage or current We may regard a transistor as a controlled voltage or current source TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation to TRANSfer resISTOR

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

4/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

What is a Transistor?

Websters Dictionary: Transistor is a solid-state electronic device that is used to control the ow of electricity in electronic equipment and consists of a small block of a semiconductor (as germanium) with at least three electrodes Three-terminal device whose voltage-current relationship is controlled by a third voltage or current We may regard a transistor as a controlled voltage or current source TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation to TRANSfer resISTOR

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

4/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

What is a Transistor?

Websters Dictionary: Transistor is a solid-state electronic device that is used to control the ow of electricity in electronic equipment and consists of a small block of a semiconductor (as germanium) with at least three electrodes Three-terminal device whose voltage-current relationship is controlled by a third voltage or current We may regard a transistor as a controlled voltage or current source TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation to TRANSfer resISTOR

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

4/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

What is a Transistor?

Websters Dictionary: Transistor is a solid-state electronic device that is used to control the ow of electricity in electronic equipment and consists of a small block of a semiconductor (as germanium) with at least three electrodes Three-terminal device whose voltage-current relationship is controlled by a third voltage or current We may regard a transistor as a controlled voltage or current source TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation to TRANSfer resISTOR

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

4/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Types of Transistors

According to the physics of the device, we can classify transistors into two main classes: Field eect transistors (FET): Conduction is controlled by electric eld which is produced by voltage applied to the control terminals. So, the control draws no current and FET is a voltage-controlled device. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): Diode-based device which is usually blocked unless the control terminals are forward-biased. So, the control is a current, and BJT is a current amplier by nature.

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

5/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Types of Transistors

According to the physics of the device, we can classify transistors into two main classes: Field eect transistors (FET): Conduction is controlled by electric eld which is produced by voltage applied to the control terminals. So, the control draws no current and FET is a voltage-controlled device. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): Diode-based device which is usually blocked unless the control terminals are forward-biased. So, the control is a current, and BJT is a current amplier by nature.

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

5/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Types of Transistors

According to the physics of the device, we can classify transistors into two main classes: Field eect transistors (FET): Conduction is controlled by electric eld which is produced by voltage applied to the control terminals. So, the control draws no current and FET is a voltage-controlled device. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): Diode-based device which is usually blocked unless the control terminals are forward-biased. So, the control is a current, and BJT is a current amplier by nature.

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

5/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

6/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

BJT Structure
The BJT is simply a two P-N Junctions which may lead to either NPN or PNP structure as shown:

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

7/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

BJT Modes of Operation

Mode Active Cuto Saturation Inverse-Active

EBJ Forward Reverse Forward Reverse

CBJ Reverse Reverse Forward Forward

Application Amplier Switch Digital-Circuits ??

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

8/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

9/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Transistor Action
Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the hole current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Transistor Action
Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the hole current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Transistor Action
Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the hole current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Transistor Action
Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the hole current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Transistor Action
Minority Carrier Concentration

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

11/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Transistor Action
Quantitative Description
vBE /V

np (0) = npo e

np (0) dnp (x ) = AE qDn In = AE qDn dx W v iC = In = IS e BE /VT IS = AE qDn ni2 AE qDn npo = W NA W

iB = iB 1 + iB 2 iB = IS W2 DP NA W + Dn ND LP 2Dn b IS ic v = e BE /VT iB = = 1/ DP NA W W2 + Dn ND LP 2Dn b e

vBE /V
T

= 1/

DP N A W W2 + D n N D LP 2Dn b

iE = iC + iB , iC = iE

= +1 CB Current Gain = 1 CE Current Gain

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

12/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

13/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

NPN Transistor Models in Active Mode

The NPN transistor may be replaced by any of the following models in the active region:

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14/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Ebers-Moll (EM) Model

iC = IS exp IS exp F IS exp F

vBE VT vBE VT vBE VT

IS R

exp

vBC VT vBC VT vBC VT

iE = iB =

1 I S 1 + IS R

exp exp

1 1

IS = R ISC = F ISE

This model is valid for all 4 regions of operation of the BJT. This is the model used in CAD simulators

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

15/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

16/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

PNP Transistor Action

Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the electron current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

PNP Transistor Action

Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the electron current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

PNP Transistor Action

Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the electron current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

PNP Transistor Action

Qualitative Description

Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased. Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB 1 represents the electron current in the B-E junction, and iB 2 represents the recombination current. Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emitter currents. What is the maximum value of ? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

PNP Transistor Action

Quantitative Description

Pn (0) = pno e

vEB /V

= 1/

Ip = AE qDp iC = Ip = IS e IS =

dpn (x ) pn (0) = AE qDp dx W

T

Dn N D W W2 + Dp N A L n 2Dp b

vEB /V

iE = iC + iB , iC = iE CB Current = +1 = 1 CE Current Gain Gain

AE qDp ni2 AE qDp pno = W ND W Dn ND W W2 + Dp NA Ln 2Dp b IS e

vEB /V
T

iB = iB 1 + iB 2 iB = IS iB = e
vEB /V
T

ic =

= 1/

Dn ND W W2 + Dp NA Ln 2Dp b

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

18/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

Outline

1 Introduction 2 BJT Structure 3 Transistor Action 4 NPN Models 5 PNP Transistor Action 6 PNP Models

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

19/20

Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models

PNP Transistor Models in Active Mode

The PNP transistor may be replaced by any of the following models in the active region:

Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor

20/20