Chapter 4 - Section B - Non-Numerical Solutions

4.5 For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as: CP = A + B C T1 ( + 1) + T12 ( 2 + + 1) 2 3

where T2 / T1 . Dene C Pam as the value of C P evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam . Then: 2 C Pam = A + BTam + C Tam where Whence, Tam T2 + T1 T1 + T1 T1 ( + 1) = = 2 2 2 C Pam = A + and
2 = Tam

T12 2 ( + 2 + 1) 4

B C T1 ( + 1) + T12 ( 2 + 2 + 1) 2 4 Dene as the difference between the two heat capacities: C P C Pam = C T12 This readily reduces to: = 2 + + 1 2 + 2 + 1 3 4

C T12 ( 1)2 12 Making the substitution = T2 / T1 yields the required answer.

4.6 For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as CP = A + B D T1 ( + 1) + 2 T12

where T2 / T1 . Dene C Pam as the value of C P evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam . Then: D C Pam = A + BTam + 2 Tam As in the preceding problem, Tam = T1 ( + 1) 2 and
2 Tam =

T12 2 ( + 2 + 1) 4

Whence,

C Pam = A +

B 4D T1 ( + 1) + 2 2 2 T1 ( + 2 + 1)

Dene as the difference between the two heat capacities: C P C Pam = This readily reduces to: = D T12 4 1 2 + 2 + 1 1 +1
2

D T12

Making the substitution = T2 / T1 yields the required answer. 640

4.8 Except for the noble gases [Fig. (4.1)], C P increases with increasing T . Therefore, the estimate is likely to be low. 4.27 (a) When the water formed as the result of combustion is condensed to a liquid product, the resulting latent-heat release adds to the heat given off as a result of the combustion reaction, thus yielding a higher heating value than the lower heating value obtained when the water is not condensed. (b) Combustion of methane(g) with H2 O(g) as product (LHV): C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2 O(g) CH4 (g) C(s) + 2H2 (g) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(g)
H298 = 393,509 H298 = (2)(241,818) H298 = 74,520 H298 = 802,625 J (LHV)

Combustion of methane(g) with H2 O(l) as product (HHV): CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(g) 2H2 O(g) 2H2 O(l) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(l)
H298 = 802,625 H298 = (2)(44,012) H298 = 890,649 J (HHV)

(c) Combustion of n-decane(l) with H2 O(g) as product (LHV): 10 C(s) + 10 O2 (g) 10 CO2 (g) O (g) 11 H2 O(g) 11 H2 (g) + 5 1 2 2 C10 H22 (l) 10 C(s) + 11 H2 (g) C10 H22 (l) + 15 1 O (g) 10 CO2 (g) + 11 H2 O(g) 2 2 Combustion of n-decane(l) with H2 O(l) as product (HHV): C10 H22 (l) + 15 1 O (g) 10 CO2 (g) + 11 H2 O(g) 2 2 11 H2 O(g) 11 H2 O(l) C10 H22 (l) + 15 1 O (g) 10 CO2 (g) + 11 H2 O(l) 2 2 4.49 Saturated because the large
H298 = 6,345,388 H298 = (11)(44,012) H298 = 6,829,520 J (HHV) H298 = (10)(393,509) H298 = (11)(241,818) H298 = 249,700 H298 = 6,345,388 J (LHV)

H l v overwhelms the sensible heat associated with superheat. H lv .

Water because it is cheap, available, non-toxic, and has a large

The lower energy content is a result of the decrease in H l v with increasing T , and hence P . However, higher pressures allow higher temperature levels.

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