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an object. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure. Pressure is the effect of a force applied to a surface. Pressure is the amount of force acting per unit area. The symbol of pressure is P. Mathematically:
where:
P is the pressure, F is the normal force, A is the area of the surface area on contact The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square meter (N/m2 or kgm1s2). This special name for the unit was added in 1971;[3] before that, pressure in SI was expressed simply as N/m2.
Fluid pressure is the pressure at some point within a fluid, such as water or air.
Fluid pressure occurs in one of two situations: 1. an open condition, called "open channel flow" 1. the ocean, or 2. swimming pool, or 3. the atmosphere. 2. a closed condition, called closed conduits 1. water line, or 2. gas line.
Stagnation pressure is the pressure a fluid exerts when it is forced to stop moving. Consequently,
although a fluid moving at higher speed will have a lower static pressure, it may have a higher stagnation pressure when forced to a standstill. Static pressure and stagnation pressure are related by the Mach number of the fluid. In addition, there can be differences in pressure due to differences in the elevation (height) of the fluid. See Bernoulli's equation (note: Bernoulli's equation only applies for incompressible, inviscid flow). The pressure of a moving fluid can be measured using a Pitot tube, or one of its variations such as a Kiel probe or Cobra probe, connected to a manometer. Depending on where the inlet holes are located on the probe, it can measure static pressures or stagnation pressures.
Surface pressur
There is a two-dimensional analog of pressure the lateral force per unit length applied on a line perpendicular to the force.Surface pressure is denoted by and shares many similar properties with threedimensional pressure. Properties of surface chemicals can be investigated by measuring pressure/area isotherms, as the two-dimensional analog of Boyle's law, A = k, at constant temperature.
where: P is the absolute pressure of the gas n is the amount of substance T is the absolute temperature V is the volume R is the ideal gas constant. Real gases exhibit a more complex dependence on the variables of state.
The vapor pressure that a single component in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in the system is called partial vapor pressure. Liquid pressure or pressure at depth
Used with liquid columns of constant density or at a depth within a substance (example: pressure at 20 km depth in the Earth).
P = gh
where: P is Pressure g is gravity at the surface of overlaying material is density of liquid or overlaying material h is height of liquid or depth within a substance
Atmospheric pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of the air
above that surface. In the diagram below, the pressure at point "X" increases as the weight of the air above it increases. The same can be said about decreasing pressure, where the pressure at point "X" decreases if the weight of the air above it also decreases.
Thinking in terms of air molecules, if the number of air molecules above a surface increases, there are more molecules to exert a force on that surface and consequently, the pressure increases. The opposite is also true, where a reduction in the number of air molecules above a surface will result in a decrease in pressure. Atmospheric pressure is measured with an instrument called a "barometer", which is why atmospheric pressure is also referred to as barometric pressure.
In aviation and television weather reports, pressure is given in inches of mercury ("Hg), while meteorologists use millibars (mb), the unit of pressure found on weather maps
T sea level standard temperature 288.15 K P sea level standard atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa M molar mass of dry air 0.0289644 kg/mol g Earth-surface gravitational acceleration 9.80665 m/s2
Dynamic pressure is a defined property of a moving flow of gas or liquid and can be expressed as.
where (using SI units): q = dynamic pressure in pascals = fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air) v = fluid velocity in m/s
Static pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a liquid or gas, such as water or air.
Specifically, it is the pressure measured when the liquid or gas is still, or at rest. Several different industrial and scientific applications exist for this term, but most have to do with air pressure rather than water pressure. In aviation, for example, a static pressure system is how a plane's altimeter and airspeed indicator operate. In construction, it refers to thepressure which a fan must exert in a ventilation system in order to cause air to flow. The concept of static pressure is also an essential one in the science of fluid mechanics. Scientifically, static pressure is distinguished from dynamic pressure, both of which are components of a system's total pressure. This relationship is defined in Bernoulli's equation, and relates to the study of the flow and motion of fluids. The principle of Bernoulli's equation is that static pressure and dynamic pressure may vary greatly in different areas of a fluid in motion, but the total pressure remains constant.
Water pressure is a term used to describe the flow strength of water through a pipe or
other type of channel. Water pressure depends on water flow. The more water being pushed through a pipe, the more pressure there will be naturally.
This sensor measures the pressure relative to perfect vacuum pressure (0 PSI or no pressure). Atmospheric pressure, is 101.325 kPa (14.7 PSI) at sea level with reference to vacuum.
This sensor is used in different applications because it can be calibrated to measure the pressure relative to a given atmospheric pressure at a given location. A tire pressure gauge is an example of gauge pressure indication. When the tire pressure gauge reads 0 PSI, there is really 14.7 PSI (atmospheric pressure) in the tire.
This sensor is used to measure pressure less than the atmospheric pressure at a given location. This has the potential to cause some confusion as industry may refer to a vacuum sensor as one which is referenced to either atmospheric pressure (i.e. measure Negative gauge pressure) or relative to absolute vacuum.
molecule refers to two or more atoms which have chemically combined to form a single
species.
compound is a chemical species that is formed when two or more atoms join together
chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds.
ATOMis a particle of matter that uniquely defines achemical element. An atom consists of a
central nucleus that is usually surrounded by one or more electrons. Eachelectron is negatively charged. The nucleus is positively charged, and contains one or more relatively heavy particles known as protons and neutrons. A proton is positively charged. The number of protons in the nucleus ofan atom is the atomic number for the chemical element. A proton has a rest mass, denoted mp, of approximately 1.673 x 10-27 kilogram (kg). A neutron is electrically neutral and has a rest mass, denoted mn, of approximately 1.675 x 10-27 kg. The mass of a proton or neutron increases when the particle attains extreme speed, for example in a cyclotron or linear accelerator.
Ion: An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing
one or more electrons.
Nobel Gas: The noble gases are a group of chemical elements with very similar properties:
under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases, with very low chemical reactivity. The six noble gases that occur naturally are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn).
Chemical bonding:
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electromagnetic force attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of adipole attraction.
reactions. Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure; they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds.