II MODULE

Definition of the z-Transform

Definition: The z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by


where z = re
jw
is a complex variable. The values of z for which the sum converges define a
region in the z-plane referred to as the region of convergence (ROC).
Notationally, if x(n) has a z-transform X(z), we write


The z-transform may be viewed as the DTFT or an exponentially weighted sequence.
Specifically, note that with z = re
jw
, X(z) can be looked as the DTFT of the sequence r
--n
x(n)
and ROC is determined by the range of values of r of the following right inequation.


ROC & z-plane
Represent z-transform as a Rational Function
where P(z) and Q(z) are polynomials in z.
Zeros: The values of zs such that X(z) = 0
Poles: The values of zs such that X(z) =
A right sided Sequence



) (
) (
) (
z Q
z P
z X =
) ( ) ( n u a n x
n
=
| | | | , ) ( a z
a z
z
z X >

=
ROC is bounded by the pole and is the exterior of a circle.

A left sided Sequence



ROC is bounded by the pole and is the interior of a circle.
A Two Sided Sequence



ROC is bounded by poles and is a ring.
Properties of ROC
A ring or disk in the z-plane centered at the origin.
The Fourier Transform of x(n) is converge absolutely iff the ROC includes the unit
circle.
The ROC cannot include any poles
Finite Duration Sequences: The ROC is the entire z-plane except possibly z=0 or z=.
Right sided sequences: The ROC extends outward from the outermost finite pole in
X(z) to z=.
) 1 ( ) ( = n u a n x
n
| | | | , ) ( a z
a z
z
z X <

=
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
3
1
= n u n u n x
n n
2
1
3
1
) (

+
+
=
z
z
z
z
z X
) )( (
) ( 2
2
1
3
1
12
1
+

=
z z
z z
Left sided sequences: The ROC extends inward from the innermost nonzero pole in
X(z) to z=0.
Properties of Z-Transform
Linearity
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence Rx, and if y(n) has a z-
transform Y(z)

Shifting property
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z),
Time reversal
z-transform of the time-reversed sequence x(-n) is ,
Multiplication by an exponential
If a sequence x(n) is multiplied by a complex exponential
n
.

Convolution theorm
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z), and if h(n) has a z-transform H(z)

With x(n), y(n), and h(n) denoting the input, output, and unit-sample response,
respectively, and X(z), Y(x), and H(z) their z-transforms. The z-transform of the unit-sample
response is often referred to as the system function.
Conjugation
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), the z-transform of the complex conjugate of x(n) is

Derivative
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), the z-transform of is

Initial value theorem
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n) and x(n) is equal to zero for n<0, the initial value,
x(0), maybe be found from X(z) as follows:

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z bY z aX z W n by n ax n w
Z
+ = + =
) ( ) (
0
0
z X z n n x
n Z

) ( ) (
1
z X n x
Z
) ( ) (
1
z X n x
Z n
o o
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z H z X z Y n h n x n y
Z
= - =
) ( ) (
- - -
z X n x
Z
dz
z dX
z n nx
Z
) (
) (
) ( lim ) 0 ( z X x
z
=