Addition and subtraction of charges The additivity of electric charge of a system means that all the charges of a system

is the algebraic sum of individual charges at different point inside the system. Let us consider a system of charges having charge +q, +q2, -q3, +q4, -q%. now the total charge on the system will be Total charge on the system:Q1 +q2+(-q3)+q4 + (-q5) If asystem contain charge +q, +2q, -3q, +5q. what is the total charge of the system? Total charge on the system Q+2q-3q+5q = 8q- 3q = +5q Conservation of charge: the conservation of a electric charge is that property of charge by virtue of which total charge of an isolated system is always constant. Charge can be created or destroyed in equal and opposite pairs only. Or The total charge in an isolated system is always constant. Mass: The quantity of matter inside a body is known as mass. Difference b/w charge and mass 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It is a quantity 1. It is the property Mass of an object is always positive 2. Charge of an object may be +ve or ve It is depend upon velocity of an object 2. It is dependent to velocity Mass of an object may or may nt be quantized 4. Charge of an object may be quantized The force b/w the masses which is known 5. The force between the charge which is As gravitationbal force is always attractive known as electrostatics force 6. Mass may or may not be conserved 6. Charge is always conserved Coulombs law in electrostatics: Statement: The force of interaction b/w two point charges q1 and q2 is directly proportional to the product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/w them in air/vaccum.

Eq Where K = electrostatics force constant The value of K depend upon nature of medium in which charges are separated and temperature. For C.G.S. The value of K = 1 in air/vaccum For S.I. K= a x 109 Nm2c-2

So K= Where E0= absolute permittivity E0= 8.85 x 10-12N-1m-2c2 Unit and dimension for K and E0 We know that F= F= K K= = = Nm2c-2 From eq a Dimension formula of K = [ I = q/t, q= It = q = A.T] = [ML3 T-4 A-2]

Unit of E0= N-1m-2c2 Coulombs law in vector form Diag Let us consider two point charge q1 at A and q2 at B respectively. Both are separated a distance r in air/vaccum. These are two cases arises if charges are like q1 and q2 both are of same kind. So q1q2>0 Diag

F12 = force on charge q1 at A due to charge q2 at B Acc to coulombs law F12 = Similarly F21 = force on charge q2 at B due to charge q1 at A F21 = According to vector algebra R12 = -r21 From eq 2 F21 = F21 = r21

Dividing from eq 1 by eq 2 F12/F21 = 1 It means that force b/w two point charges are always equal and opposite. It also obey newtons third law of motion. Gravitational force electrostatics is also obey the inverse square law. Limitation of Columbic Forces: It is valid only for small distance b/w charges. It exist only in case of point charge.

Electric charge must be rest. N1. Find the force b/w two electrons separated by 0.1m in air/vaccum? Ans. Q1 = e- = 1.6 x 10-19c Q2 = e- = -1.6 x 10-19c R = 0.1m We know that F = K q1q2/r2 = 9 x 109 x 1.6 x 10-19 x 1.6 x 10-19/(.1)2 = 2304 x 109-19-19/01 = 2304 x 10-29 N ; repulsive N.2. an proton and an electron are placed 1.6cm apart in free space. Find the magnitude of electrostatic force b/w them & nature of force? Solution. Given Q1(proton) = 1.6 x 10-19 Q2(e-) = 1.6 x 10-19 R = 1.6cm R = 1.6/100 = 1.6 x 10-2 m We know that F= = 9x109 x 1.6 x 10-19 x 1.6 x 10-19/(1.6x10-2)2 = 9x109x 1.6 x10-19 x 1.6 x10-19/1.6 x 1.6 x 10-4 = 9 x 109-19-19 x 104 = 9 x 10 -29+4 = 9x10-25N; attractive n.3. How is force between two charges affected when each charge is doubled and distance b/w thwm is also doubled?

Solution. F1 = K q1q2/ r2 According to statement := F2 = K 2q1q2/(2r)2 F2 = K 4q1q2/4r2 F2 = kq1q2/r2 F2 = F1 One Coulomb (SI) The unit of charge is said to be one coulomb b/w two similar charges separated by a unit distance in air/vaccum such that they exert a force of 9x109N Unit of charge in C.G.S system: 1. State coulomb 2. Electrostatic unit 3. Frankllin (Fr) we know that charge on e- = 4.8 x 10-10 state coulomb charge on e- = 1.6 x 10-19C 1.6 x 10-19C = 4.8 x 10-10 state coulomb 1C = 4.8 x 10-10/1.6 x 10-19 = 3 x 109 state coulomb Charge distribution The arrangement / distribution of electric charge uniformly in different form is called charge distribution. Types of charge distribution i. ii. iii. i. Linear charge distribution Surface charge distribution Volume charge distribution Linear charge distribution: the uniform distribution of electric charges over a straight line is called Linear charge distribution linear charge density:

The linear charge density is defined as the small amount of charge per unit length for linear charge distribution Unit of ii. Surface charge distribution: The uniformly distribution of electric charge over the surface of a spherical body is called surface charge distribution. Diag Surface charge density : The surface charge density is defined as the small amount of charge per unit surface area for surface charge distribution. Unit of Volume charge distribution: when charge are distributed uniformly trhough out the volume of a body then it is called volume charge distribution. Volume charge density : Volume charge density of a body is defined as small amount of charge per unit volume is called as volume charge density. Unit of = cm-3 Super position principle: Acc. To superpose, the total force on a given test charges is equal to the vactor sum of individual forces exerted due to individual charges Derivation: Let us consider a system of n point charges q1, q2, q3.qn are at respective distances r1, r2, r3rn from point o. suppose a test charge q0 is at 0 then acc. To coulombic force F01 = F02= F03 = Similarly r10 r20 r30

iii.

F0n

rn0

According to statement F0 = F01 + F02 +.. + F0n = = [ r10 + ] r20 +.. + rn0

Q1. Which are bigger from coulomb or charge one? Ans. One coulomb = 1c Charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-19c So, one coulomb is bigger than charge on electron. Q2. How many electronic charge from one coulomb? Ans. Given: q = 1c, n = ? We know that Q = ne Q/e = n 1c/-1.6 x 10-19c = n 10/16 x 1019 = 6.25 x 1018 Q3. Two equal +ve charge will produced a force of 3.7x10-9N. when they are sepearted by a distance of 5A. then find out No. of electron remove from there? Q4. Two charge particle having 2.0x 10-19c on each are joined with string of length 1m. how much tension produced in the string? Given: q1=q0, q2=q R=5A 5x10-10 m F = 3.7 x 10-9 N We know that F=

3.7 x 10-9 = 9x 109 . q2/(5x10-10)2 q2= 3.7 x 10-9 x 25 x10-20 / 9 x 109 185/18 x 10-38 Q2 = 10.28 x 10-38 Q = 3.2 x10-19c As q = ne q/e = n----------- 3.2 x 10-19/1.6 x 10-19= 2 so no of e- = 2 Q5. A charge q is placed at the centre of a line joining two equal charge (Q). show that the system of three charges are in equillbrium if q = -Q/4 Solution: let x be separation b/w two similar charges when the system is in equilibrium Fab = Fbc = Q/x2 = -q/x2/4 Q = -q/4 q = -Q/4 Q6. Where we put a charge q in b/w two same charges as separated by a distance a if the entire system is in equilibrium. Solution: Let q is at such that Ac= x iff system x in equilibrium FAC = FBC = 1/x2 = 1/(a-x)2 1/x = 1/(a-x) a-x = x
( ) ( )

a= 2x x= a/2 hence q is at a/2 from Q Q7. Two free point charges +ve and ve are at a distance a apart where should a third point charge q be placed b/w them. So that the entire system is in equilibrium. What is magnitude and sign of q? Solution Let q is at c such that Ac = x if system is in equilibrium FAC = FBC = 4/x2 = 1/(a-x)2 (2/x)2 = (1-ax)2 2a-2x = x 2a= 3x 2a/3 =x So q is at 2a/3 from +4e For magnitude of q in respective the charge FAB = FBC = 4e/a2 = -q/a2/9 Q = -4e/9 Dielectric constant or relative electric permittivity: K= F0/Fm = E/E0 = Er It is defined as the force of interaction b/w two charges separated by a distance in vaccum to the force of interaction b/w same charges separated by a same distance but in medium Or
( ) ( )

It is defined as the ratio of absolute electrical permittivity in medium to the absolute electrical permittivity in vaccum. The value of K depend upon the nature of medium. Dielectric constant have no unit and dimension. Numerical 1. Dielectric constant of a medium is unity. What will be its permittivity? Sol. Given k=1, E=? We know that, K = E/E0 E = K.E0 = 1 x 8.85 x 10-12 = 8.85 x 10-12 Q2. How is the force b/w two charges affected when dielectric constant of medium in which they held in increase? Ans. We know that K = F0/Fm = Fm = F0/K When the value of K increase then the force will be decreases. Q3. Can ever photon has a charge? If not why? Ans. No because photon has zero rest mass (m0=0) When the charge are held in water then force K= f0/Fm fm = F0/K Fm = 1/K . F0 Fm = 1/81 F0 Charge cannot exist without rest mass. Gold Leaf Electroscope: A gold leaf electroscope is an instrument which is used for detecting the presence of electric charge & its polarity sign of charges. The instrument can also be used for measuring potential difference.

Electrostatic force Gravitational force Fe > 42 Fg 1 million = 106 1cc = 10-6m3 1nm (nanometer) = 10-9m 1fm = 10-15m 1A = 10-10m 1PM = 10-12m 1um = 10-6m Q1. How much charge attain by 75Kg of e-s Ans. Given Q = 75 Kg N=? N = 75Kg/9.1 x 10-31Kg = 750/91 x 1031 N = 8.33 x 1031 Q2. What does q1 + q2 = 0, signifies? Ans. Q1 + q2 = 0 q1 = q2 it means two point charges are equal and opposite. The net force at the centre of a line joining to same charges is always zero. Q3. When the charge held in water then forceK = F0/Fm the line joining the two same charges then the net forces at the centre will be zero. Fm = F0/K Fm = 1/81 F0

Isolated system A system which is free from ogency is called isolated system Condition:L That type of system neither allow to enter nor allow to leave the charge. Positron : an antiparticle of e- called positron having charge + 1.6 x 10-19c all other properties of positron are same as that of electron charge at rest, charge in motion qrest = qmotion full name of coulombs law: coulomb Charles Aucustin de coulomb Q4. Four charges