EXPERIMENT ON CARBON COMPOUND

1. COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR PRODUCTS Aim To identify the products of combustion of organic compound Apparatus Three gas jars spoon , Bunsen burner Materials - Wax, naphthalene, ethanol, dry cobalt chloride paper, lime water, oxygen gas in covered gas jar. Procedure 1. Place 1cm3 of ethanol in a gas jar spoon attached with a gas jar cover 2. Heat the liquid ethanol until it starts to burn 3. Transfer the burning ethanol immediately into a gas jar containing oxygen gas as shown in the figure 4. When the burning of ethanol stops, test the droplets of the liquid formed in the gas jar using a piece of dry cobalt chloride paper. 5. Pour a little lime water into the gas jar and then shake it well. Observed and record all the changes. 6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using 1 g of solid wax and 1 g of solid naphthalene respectively to replace 1 cm 3 of ethanol. Observation Type of organic compound Observation Ethanol, C2H5OH

Wax

Naphthalene

Discussion 1. a) State the products of the combustion of ethanol, wax and naphthalene in oxygen gas. __________________________________________________________________________________________ b) What are the elements presents in the organic compounds that result in the formation of the products in 1a. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain how the products mentioned in 1a) are formed during the combustion of the organic compounds __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The molecular formula of naphthalene is C10H8. Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of naphthalene in oxygen gas ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion The products of combustion of organic compounds is __________________________________________________

2. PROPERTIES OF ALKANES AND ALKENES

Aim to compare the properties of an alkanes and alkenes to the sootiness of flame, reaction with bromine water and reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. Apparatus two porcelain dishes, two boiling tubes, dropper, Bunsen burner Materials - Hexane , hex-1-ene, bromine water, 0.1 moldm-3 potassium manganite(VII), KMnO4 solution , 1 moldm-3 sulphuric acid, filter paper, a wooden splinter Procedure Activity 1 : Reaction with oxygen gas 1. Pour 1 cm3 of hexane, and 1 cm3 of hex-1-ene, into two separate porcelain porcelain dishes. 2. Ignite each of the liquids using a lighted wooden splinter 3. Observe the colour of the flame produced from the burning of each liquid 4. Compare the sootiness of both flames by holding a piece of filter paper about 3cm above the flame collected on each dish. Activity 11 : Reaction with bromine water Pour 2 cm3 of liquid hexane into a test tube Add about 3 drops of bromine water into the test tube and shake well Observe and record any change that occurs Repeat steps 1 to 3 using 2cm3 of liquid hex-1-ene to replace 2 cm3 of liquid hexane. Activity 111 : Reaction with acidified potassium manganate (vii) solution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pour 1cm3 of 0.1 dm-3 potassium manganite(VII) solution into a test tube Add 1 cm3 of 1moldm-3 sulphuric acid ,into the test tube and shake it well Add 2 cm3 of hexane into the same test tube. Shake the mixture well Observe and record any changes that occurs Repeat steps 1 to 4 using 2cm3 of hex-1-ene to replace 2 cm3 of hexane. Observe and record any change that occurs OBSERVATION Activity I II III

1. 2. 3. 4.

Test

Observation Hexane C6H14 Hex-1-ene C6 H12

Reaction with oxygen gas, O2 Reaction with bromine water Reaction with acidified potassium manganite (VII) solution

Analysis 1. Based on your observations, explain the difference in the sootiness of the flame during the combustion of hexane and hexane [RAM : H=1, C=12]

2. Write the chemical equations for the combustion of hexane and hex-1-ene respectively in oxygen gas.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. a) Between hexane and hex-1-ene , which hydrocarbon reacted with bromine water? ___________________________________________________________________________________ b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of the hydrocarbon stated in (a) with bromine water. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. a) between hexane and hex-1-ene , which hydrocarbon reacted with acidified potassium manganite(VII) solution. ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) write the chemical equation for the reaction of the hydrocarbon stated in a) with acidified potassium manganite(VII) solution ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Explain the difference in the reactivity of hexane and hex-1-ene in term of their chemical bonds. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Given two jars that contain ethane gas and ethane gas respectively describe briefly one method to identify the gas in each gas jar ____________________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL Aim to investigate the chemical properties of ethanol in terms of combustion, oxidation and dehydration using the experimental techniques.

Apparatus porcelain dish, test tubes, boiling tube, delivery tube with rubber stopper, test tube holder, 500cm3 beaker, retort stand with clamp, Bunsen burner, 10cm3 measuring cylinder and dropper. Materials Ethanol, 50gdm-3 potassium dichromate (VI) solution, 3gdm-3 potassium permanganate (VII) solution, concentrated sulphuric acid, bromine water, blue litmus paper, glass wool, unglazed porcelain chips, a wooden splinter. Activity 1 Combustion of ethanol Procedures 1. Pour 2cm3 of ethanol into a porcelain dish 2. Ignite the ethanol using a lighted wooden splinter as shown 3. Observe the combustibility of ethanol as well as the colour and sootiness of the flame Activity 2 Oxidation of ethanol Procedures 1. Pour 10cm3 of potassium dichromate (VI) solution into a boiling tube 2. Add about 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the same boiling tube using a dropper 3. Pour 3cm3 of ethanol into the mixture in the boiling tube 4. Set up apparatus as shown in the figure 5. Heat the mixture in the boiling tube slowly until it boils 6. Observe any colour change of the mixture 7. Collect the distillate obtained in a test tube immersed in cold water 8. Observe and record the colour, physical state and smell of the distillate 9. Test the distillate using a piece of moist blue litmus paper. Record your observations. Activity 3 : Dehydration of ethanol Procedures 1. Place some glass wool in a boiling tube 2. Add 2cm3 of ethanol into the boiling tube wet the glass wool 3. Clamp the boiling tube horizontally using a retort stand and set up the apparatus as shown in the figure 4. Heat the porcelain chips strongly 5. At the same time, heat the glass wool gently to vaporise the ethanol while the heating of porcelain chips is continues 6. Collect the gas liberated in two test tubes by the downward displacement of water. Stopper the test tubes 7. Carry out the following tests on the gas collected in two test tubes a) add 1cm3 of bromine water into the first test tube and shake well b) add 1cm3 of acidified potassium manganite(VII) solution into the second test tube and shake well c) observe and record all the changes that occur Observations Activity 1 : combustion of ethanol Aspect tested Combustibility Colour and sootiness of the flame Activity II : oxidation of ethanol Aspect tested Reacting mixture Observation

Observation

Distillate

Activity III : dehydration of ethanol Aspect tested Colour and physical state of the product Test with bromine water Test with acidified potassium manganite (VII) solution

Observation

Analysis 1. a) Name the products from the combustion of ethanol ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) Write a chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) Ethanol is used as a fuel. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. a) i) Based on your observation, state the properties of the distillate obtained from oxidation of ethanol ____________________________________________________________________________________ ii) Name of distillate ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) Write the chemical equation for the oxidation of ethanol ____________________________________________________________________________________ c) What is the function of potassium dichromate(VI) solution in Activity II ? ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) i) Name another substance which can be used to replace potassium dichromate (VI) solution in activity II ____________________________________________________________________________________ ii) Predict the colour change if the substance in d) i) is used in this experiment. ____________________________________________________________________________________

3 a) What is the function of the porcelain chips in Activity III? ____________________________________________________________________________________ b) Why must the porcelain chips be heated first before heating the ethanol?

____________________________________________________________________________________ c) i) Name the gas collected from the dehydration of ethanol ____________________________________________________________________________________ ii) Write a chemical equation for the dehydration of ethanol ____________________________________________________________________________________ d) Name another substance which can replace the porcelain chips in Activity III ____________________________________________________________________________________ e) Name two alcohols which can be dehydrated to propene ____________________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT PART 2 EXP 1: FERMENTARION OF CARBOHYDRATE AIM : To prepare ethanol through fermentation of carbohydrate Problem Statement: How to produce ethanol in the laboratory? Hypothesis : Fermentation of glucose solution with yeast produces ethanol Variable : Manipulated : Type of carbohydrate Responding : Production of ethanol Constant : Presence of yeast (anaerobic condition) Apparatus : Conical flask, delivery tube with stopper, boiling tube, thermometer, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, retort stand with clamp, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, rubber tube, glass rod, filter funnel, filter paper Materials: Glucose, pineapple juice, distilled water, yeast, lime water Procedure :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Dissolve 30g of glucose in 100cm3 distilled water in conical flask. Put in 10g of yeast into conical flask. Stir the mixture with glass rod. Close the conical flask with rubber stopper and delivery tube . Pour 5 cm3 lime water in boiling tube, insert the delivery tube under the lime water level. Arrange the set up as shown above. Observe the changes occur in lime water. Leave a side the set-up of apparatus for 3 days. After 3 days, filter the mixture and pour in the filtrate in round bottom flask for next process. Prepare the distillation set up as shown below.

11. Heat the mixture by using double boiling process until 78oC to 80oC. 12. Collect the liquid in evaporation dish and test the properties of the liquid. 13. a) observe the colour and odour of the liquid b) burn the liquid and observe the colour of the flame. 14. Repeat the whole process with pineapple juice.

Observation: Type of carbohydrate Glucose solution Observation

Pineapple juice

ANALYSIS : 1. Name the gas released during fermentation._________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Name the liquid collected by distillation process. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the function of yeast in fermentation process? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why the end part of delivery tube must be inserted below the lime water level in the boiling tube? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why the fermentation process had to be carried out in anaerobic condition? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Suggest the optimum temperature for fermentation process. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What happen to the mixture of fermentation if the mixture is kept under high temperature? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the function for distillation process in this experiment? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

PREPARATION OF ETIL ETANOAT, CH3COOC2H5 IN LABORATORY AIM : To prepare ethyl ethanoat, CH3COOC2H5 in laboratory Problem Statement: How to prepare ethyl ethanoat, CH3COOC2H5 in laboratory? Hypothesis : Ethyl ethanoate is produced by reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid with mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid. Variables:Manipulated : Volume of Ethanoic acid and volume of ethanol Responding : Volume of ethyl ethanoate Constant : Concentrated Sulphuric acid Apparatus : Measuring cylinder, dropper, stopper, Liebig condenser, rubber tube, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, beaker, retort stand, tripod stand, conical flask, thermometer, round bottom flask, distillation flask Materials: Pure ethanol, C2H5OH, Glacial ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, concentrated sulphuric acid, Procedure:

Pour 20cm3 of pure ethanol and 10cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid to round bottom flask. Put in 2 cm3 of sulphuric acid drop by drop in the round bottom flask while shake it. Set up the apparatus as shown above. Heat the mixture by reflux technique for 20 minutes with double boiling. When done, pull out the stopper and connect to the distillation set up as shown below. Heat the mixture by using double boiling process until 70oC to 78oC. Collect the liquid in evaporation dish and test the properties of the liquid. Observe the colour and odour of the liquid. Repeat step 1 to 7 by using 30cm3 of pure ethanol, C2H5OH, 15cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid and 2cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid. Observation: Reactants Obsesrvation 20cm3 pure ethanol, C2H5OH + 10cm3 glacial ethanoic acid + 2cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

30cm3 pure ethanol, C2H5OH + 15cm3 glacial ethanoic acid + 2cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4

ANALYSIS: 1. Why the reactants need to be heated as a reflux technique? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. a) name the product collected in this experiment. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ b) write the chemical equation for the formation of product as in 2a . ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The product is still has impurities of a mixture of ethanol and ethanoic acid. Suggest how to separate this impurities from the named product in 2a? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________ CONCLUSION : ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________