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An octopus appears to be just a huge head with eight long, fearful arms. Its head is soft and rubber like. Its eyes stick out on stalks so that it can see in all directions. Its mouth is on the underside of its body and his powerful jaws shaped like a beak. The long arms, or tentacles, have double rows of sucker. 'These can fasten onto objects with such suction that they cannot be pulled off.
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Teaching is in some respects like farming. Just as the farmer must prepare his soil before he can plant seed, so the teacher must prepare the student minds for the reception of ideas before he can introduce them. As the farmer must water the seed to make it grow, the teacher must, similarly, encourage the tender shoots of student ideas to make them flourish. If the farmer has prepared his soil carefully and tendered his crop, he may reap a bountiful harvest. The teacher may also reap his harvest in well-
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drought and flood can destroy the farmer's efforts, so too can the frost of public apathy or fear destroy the teacher.
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A pupil is one who is under control the close supervision of a teacher, either because of his youth or because of specialization in some branch of study. In England
pupil is used to describe one in school, which means up through public schools such
as Eton or Harrow, or through the secondary schools, equivalent to American high schools. In America pupil is now usually restricted to one who is in an elementary school. Those called pupils regardless of age because of their specialization in some branch of study are designed by the subject they are studying, as art pupils, music pupils, etc.
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Practice Exercises Exercise 1. Read each of the following paragraphs. On the line after each
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(3) narration, (4) definition, (5) analog ,or (8) comparison and contrast.
A.
airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English, and more than 60 percent of the world's programs are in English.
6.
Most of the world is changing rapidly. However, some North American not want to up traditions, their old ways.
Technology does not impress them. ~ r o g k s s is not always good. These native peob~e of Canada, the United States, and Mexico want to teach their children the old ways,
their history and culture, These respected leaders of tribes keep stories, the religion, and the traditions alive. They can teach young people.
C.
The human vocal apparatus is often compared 'to a wind instrument. The
lungs are the bellows, and the larynx is the reed. The pharynx, mouth, and nose form resonating chambers. The wind instrument is not fully formed at birth. The vocal cords; for example, are shorter than in later life. The "change of voice" that an adolescent boy undergoes is evidence of how long this instrument continues to develop after birth.
D. Boys and girls behave differently in school. Boys volunteer more than girls
do and stronger in their opinions. Girls do neater work in general and have larger vocabularies than boys.
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E.
Photosynthesis, which occurs in all land plants and many water plants, is
a food manufacturing process upon which all living things'depend. The word is made up of two terms---photo-- , meaning light, and -synthesis-in chemistry meaning the
combination of the two or more ~ i m p l e elements into a complex chemical compound. More precisely, photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, from number substances including water and carbon dioxide. In addition to the organic compounds,
photosynthesis forms oxygen which is released into the air. In the conversation of light energy into chemical energy, photosynthesis is a primary energy producing process for all plant and animal life.
Exercise 2. Read the following paragraph, and answer the questions below. Families are social groups whose members are related to each other by birth
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or marriage. They may be organized in various ways. An 'extended' family, for example, consists of at least grandparents, parents and children. A 'nuclear' family consists of only a mother, father and any unmarried children. However they are
organized, these social groups have two main functions: firstly, to produce and socialize children; and secondly, to provide physical and emotional security for their members.
1. What kind of statement does the writer make in the first sentence?
4.
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Example : Read the following passage and then study the diagram below. Trees There are two kinds of trees. Some have leaves that drop off during one particular season of each year. Others keep their leaves for much longer periods of time. The latter are called evergreens. Evergreens are of various types. Those with narrow leaves are pine, the cedar, the spruce, and the hemlock. Broadleaved evergreens are the palm and the live oak.
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Read the following paragraphs and answer the questions at the end. Wind is simply moving air. Of course, at some times, the air moves much faster than at the other times. The wind may be only a gentle breeze; it may be a very strong breeze; it may be a gale. 1. What is the main idea of the paragraph?
Exercise 3.
Read this paragraph and then write a simjlar one. The necessary information is given for your own paragraph.
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Francis Bray is a boy of nine, whose birthday is the first of February. On his last birthday he woke up early to see what presents he had got. At the foot of his bed were a number of parcels. ~agerlyhe opened them, one by one. There were three books, a dozen handkerchiefs, a chess
of playing- cards, and a postal order for $10. And also, best of all, a wrist-watch. His very first watch, just what he had always wanted!
a game of draughts, a kit for sewing, crayons, $5-in cash, a doll's pram.
Exercise 6.
Read this paragraph and create yobr own paragraph by using the given words.
Now it is your turn to write a paragraph telling why a certain sport is interesting, popular, or educational. The hobby might be reading, fishing, photography, painting, gardening, or corresponding with friends in other countries. Use sequence expressions
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and use the paragraph entitled Stamp Collectlng as a Hobby as a model. Begin your paragraph with these sentences: interests me for several reasons. First,
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