Power Analysis

Final Report to:
Northeast Utilities
for
EMTP Study of Capacitor Banks for Western Massachusetts Electric Companys Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G Substations
Prepared by:
Sang Y. Lee Murray Eitzmann
December 6, 2006
Foreword
This document was prepared by General Electric International, Inc. It is submitted to Northeast Utilities. Technical and commercial questions and any correspondence concerning this document should be referred to:
Sang Lee
GE Energy
1 River Road
Building 2, Room 626
Schenectady, New York 12345
Phone: (518) 385-1363
Fax: (518) 385-9529
E-mail: mailto:sang.lee@ge.com
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ii
NU_Woodland_Pleasant_CapSwitching_Final_Report1.doc, 12/6/06
Legal Notices
This report was prepared by General Electric International, Inc. as an account of work sponsored by Northeast Utilities. Neither Northeast Utilities nor GE, nor any person acting on behalf of either: 1. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the use of any information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in the report may not infringe privately owned rights. 2. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of or for damage resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report.
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................. V
1 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
NU SYSTEM MODELING....................................................................................................... 1
2.1 DATA USED ...................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 SWITCHING STUDY (TRANSIENT) MODEL ........................................................................... 2
2.2.1 Transmission Equipment Modeling............................................................................ 2
2.2.2 Boundary Equivalent Modeling .................................................................................. 2
2.2.3 Load Model Effects .................................................................................................... 8
3 SWITCHING TRANSIENT STUDY ...................................................................................... 10
3.1 CURRENT LIMITING REACTORS ........................................................................................ 10
3.2 CAPACITOR BANK ENERGIZATION SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGE ........................................... 12
3.2.1 Pleasant Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage ............................... 14
3.2.2 Woodland Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage............................. 15
3.3 CAPACITOR BANK SWITCHING RESTRIKE SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGE ................................ 18
3.4 CAPACITOR BANK BREAKER TRV & RRRV .................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Transient Recovery Voltage for 115kV Breakers .................................................... 21
3.4.2 Transient Recovery Voltage for 23kV Breakers ...................................................... 22
3.4.3 Temporary Overvoltage After Clearing Faults at Locations 6 & 7 ........................... 32
4 HARMONIC RESONANCE STUDY..................................................................................... 36
4.1 4.2 5 CONTINGENCY CASES .................................................................................................... 36
HARMONIC RESONANCE FOR NON-LINEAR LOAD HARMONICS & BACKGROUND HARMONICS
38
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 42
6 APPENDIX A. ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS OF CAPACITOR BANKS, WOODLAND 17G

SUBSTATION, PLEASANT 16B SUBSTATION.......................................................................... 43
7 APPENDIX B. IMPEDANCE AT BOUNDARY BUSES Z11, Z22, Z33 & Z44 ................. 46
7.1 7.2 7.3 WEAK SYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 46
PEAK WEAKER SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 49
PEAK STRONG SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 53
8 APPENDIX C. IMPEDANCE AT RETAINED 115 KV BUSES, COMPARISON BETWEEN

FOUR DIFFERENT WAYS TO MODEL LOCAL & REMOTE LOADS ........................................ 57
8.1 8.2 8.3 WEAK SYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 57
PEAK WEAKER SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 61
PEAK STRONG SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 65
9 APPENDIX D. HARMONIC GAIN FACTOR CALCULATED AT WOODLAND &

PLEASANT 115 KV BUSES......................................................................................................... 69
9.1 9.2 9.3 HARMONIC GAIN FACTOR FOR LIGHT WEAK SYSTEM ........................................................ 69
HARMONIC GAIN FACTOR FOR PEAK WEAKER SYSTEM .................................................... 70
HARMONIC GAIN FACTOR FOR PEAK STRONG SYSTEM ..................................................... 71
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Executive Summary
A switching transient study has been performed for Northeast Utilities in connection with four (4) new shunt capacitor banks to be installed at Western Massachusetts Electric Companys Pleasant 16B Substation and Woodland 17G Substation. The objectives of the switching transient study were to assess the transient and temporary overvoltage impact of the new capacitor banks, to provide associated equipment recommendations, regarding circuit breakers, surge arresters, and current-limiting reactors. The switching transient study was performed with the Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP/EMTP). A harmonic study has also been performed in concurrence with the switching transient study. The harmonic study was performed with GEs FLICUP program. The objectives of the harmonic study were to investigate the harmonic resonance impacts due to the capacitor bank addition. There has been a special emphasis on the accuracy of the switching transient study model, since it is well known that the maximum transient overvoltage obtained by simulations is very much dependent on how much damping is represented in the model. Since local and remote loads provide considerable damping in a typical transmission system, an accurate quantification of damping provided by the loads is essential. In order to provide confidence in the results, this study first verifies the transient study model before it is used for simulation of various switching events. The conclusions and recommendations of the study are summarized as follows: A 1.7 mH current limiting reactor has been recommended per phase per bank. The 96 kV rated EXLIM P station class surge arresters are adequate at Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G 115 kV capacitor bank buses, and acceptable energy duty has been confirmed. Transient duty associated with breaker closing does not require synchronous closing nor pre-insertion devices. Maximum transient overvoltage calculated was 1.9 per unit. This compares to the Switching Protective Level of the 96 kV EXLIM-P arrester, which is 1.96 per unit. Breaker transient recovery voltages (TRVs) observed in the fault clearing cases are expected to be within breaker standards. However, sustained temporary overvoltages were observed in some simulation results due to the interaction between 115 kV capacitor banks and 115/23 kV transformers after the fault clearing. Implementing the relaying & protection strategy outlined in Section 3.4.3.3 will reduce the risk of temporary overvoltage. The harmonic study found gain factors of up to 1.4 at 3rd harmonic, 3.0 at 5th, and 4.7 at 7th for the Pleasant 115 kV bus. For Woodland 115 kV bus, the study found gain factors of up to 1.3 at the 3rd, 2.2 at 5th, and 3.5 at 7th harmonic. Existing
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harmonic distortion on the NU system is unknown. From our experience, background 5th harmonic is possible, and it is not unusual to see values around 1%. The presence of the new capacitor banks may increase the bus voltage distortion. NU may elect to monitor the harmonics to check the local levels.
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Introduction
1 Introduction
A switching transient study has been performed for Northeast Utilities in connection with four (4) new shunt capacitor banks to be installed at Western Massachusetts Electric Companys Pleasant 16B Substation and Woodland 17G Substation. Each three-phase bank has the capability of supplying 14.4 MVAR at 115kV. Appendix A includes oneline diagrams of Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G Substations and a schematic one-line diagram of the capacitor banks. The objectives of the switching transient study were to assess the transient and temporary overvoltage impact of the new capacitor banks, to provide associated equipment recommendations, regarding circuit breakers, surge arresters, and current-limiting reactors. The switching transient study was performed with the Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP/EMTP). A harmonic study has also been performed in concurrence with the switching transient study. The harmonic study was performed with GEs FLICUP program. The objectives of the harmonic study were to investigate the harmonic resonance impacts due to the capacitor bank addition. The NU system was analyzed for three load flow cases supplied by NU as PSS/E files: 1. 2006 Light Weak System base case 2. 2006 Peak Weaker System base case 3. 2006 Peak Strong System base case. Figure 1-1 shows a simplified one-line diagram for the model system. The figure does not show the remote system beyond the boundaries located at Berkshire 345 kV Bus, Montague 115 kV Bus, Partridge 115 kV Bus, and Granville Junction 115 kV Bus. The remote system was represented as equivalents located at the boundary buses. Section 2 explains how the NU system has been modeled for both harmonic and switching studies. There has been a special emphasis on the accuracy of the switching transient study model, since it is well known that the maximum transient overvoltage obtained by simulations is very much dependent on how much damping is represented in the model. Since local and remote loads provide considerable damping in a typical transmission system, an accurate quantification of damping provided by the loads is essential. In order to provide confidence in the results, this study first verifies the transient study model before it is used for simulation of various switching events. Section 3 presents the switching transient study results. Section 4 presents the harmonic resonance study results. Section 5 includes conclusions and recommendations.
GE Energy NU_Woodland_Pleasant_CapSwitching_Final_Report1.doc, 12/6/06 1 EMTP Study of Capacitor Banks for Western Massachusetts Electric Companys Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G Substations
Introduction
Partridge 115
Doreen 115
Doreen 23 Berkshire 345
transformer autotransformer
capacitor bank load
E
G.E. Co. 115
E G
equivalent generator
Alt12 PF 23 Alt34 PF 23
G G G G
Cumberland 115 Berkshire 115 Plainfield Tap 115 Plainfield 23
Cumberland 14
Silver Lake
115
E
Oswald
23
Oswald 115 Berkshire 23 Oswald Jct 115 Ashfield 115 Ashfield 23
Montague 115
Woodland 115 Lenx DP1 23 Woodland 23 Nep-Plst 23 Lenx DP2 23
Pleasant 115
Blandford 115
Granville Jct 115
E
Pleasant 23 Blandford 23
Figure 1-1. One-line Diagram of Model System

NU System Modeling
2 NU System Modeling
2.1 Data Used
NU has supplied three distinct load flow cases for this study: 4. The 2006 Weak System base case provided via the PSS/E file
2006LL_EMTP_Study_Weak-System_Local-Gen-Off_revNU-loads_NRTHFLD-
Off_Version-28_RAWD and the ASPEN file weak_system_eqv.olr
5. The 2006 Peak Weaker System base case provided via the PSS/E file 2006PK_EMTP_Study_Peak-Weaker-System_Local-Gen-Off_CTIMP2300_NYNE350_Meriden-Off_Version-28_RAWD and the ASPEN file peak weaker system eqv.olr 6. The 2006 Strong System base case provided via the PSS/E file 2006PK_EMTP_Study_Strong-System_Local-Gen-On_CTIMP865_NENY1000_Meriden-Off_New_NORHRB1&2-On_Version-28_RAWD and the ASPEN file strong_system_eqv Each PSS/E file contains tens of thousands of buses and branches. For the EMTP switching study, the system beyond the following boundary locations was reduced to frequency-dependent equivalents as shown in Figure 1-1: 1. Berkshire 345 kV bus 2. Montague 115 kV bus 3. Partridge 115 kV bus 4. Granville Junction 115 kV bus The switching transient studies require that the mathematical model must properly represent the system in the positive-, negative- and zero-sequences. A model was developed using the EMTP/ATP program and the remote system beyond the boundary buses was reduced to equivalents connected to the boundary buses. The model had detailed explicit representation of circuit elements in the Woodland 17G and Pleasant 16B area. Resonance studies were limited to positive-sequence analyses, and the mathematical model was developed by converting the PSS/E data to a format compatible with a GEs harmonic analysis program (FLICUP Program). There was no reduction of remote system beyond the boundary buses. The harmonic model and the EMTP model were compared for validation and verification of both models. The models were also used to develop correct equivalent representation at the boundary buses.
NU System Modeling
2.2 Switching Study (Transient) Model

The NU system model for the time-domain switching studies utilizes the transmission system modeling capabilities provided by the EMTP/ATP program. All 115-kV transmission lines, all 115/23-kV transformers, the Berkshire 345/115-kV auto-transformers, the capacitor banks, all generators together with the generator step-up transformers shown in Figure 1-1 were modeled as basic EMTP/ATP elements. However, it required a different approach for the modeling of the boundary equivalents and the loads shown in Figure 1-1, because the equivalents and the loads are the main source of damping to transient voltage and current oscillations.
2.2.1 Transmission Equipment Modeling

The retained system shown in Figure 1-1 was modeled in detail for time domain transient simulation in EMTP/ATP Program. Transmission lines were modeled as distributed parameter lines. Transformers were modeled with properly connected windings and saturation branches. Generators were modeled as voltage source behind subtransient reactance. Circuit switchers were assumed to prestrike at voltage maxima for air switch closing. 115/23 kV Transformers There are two 25-MVA transformers connected in parallel in Woodland 17G substation. The 115 kV windings of one of these transformers are connected in a wye configuration with the neutral solidly grounded and the 23 kV windings connected delta. The 115 kV windings of the other transformer is connected delta while the 23 kV windings are connected wye with the neutral solidly grounded. There are three 30-MVA transformers connected in parallel in Pleasant 16B substation. The 115 kV windings are connected delta on the 115 kV side and the 23 kV windings are connected wye with the neutral solidly grounded. Typical saturation curves were modeled for these transformers. 23 kV Capacitor Banks There are 23 kV capacitor banks in the area: A 6 MVAR capacitor bank is connected to Woodland 23 kV bus. There are several 23 kV capacitor banks on feeders emanating from the Pleasant 23 kV bus. These capacitor banks are lumped as a 8.2 MVAR capacitor bank connected to Pleasant 23 kV bus via negligible impedance. These capacitor banks are connected in a wyeconfiguration with the neutral un-grounded. 115 kV Capacitor Banks Four identical shunt capacitor banks were modeled, two each in Pleasant 16B Substation and Woodland 17G Substation. Each three-phase bank is rated 14.4 MVAR at 115kV. Appendix A includes a schematic one-line diagram of the capacitor banks (Figure A-1).
2.2.2 Boundary Equivalent Modeling

Accuracy of standard EMTP transmission elements such as lines, transformers, capacitors, reactors and etc. for switching studies has been proven and well documented. It is usually the
NU System Modeling
representation of loads and boundary equivalents that requires more attention. In this study, equivalents at boundaries were determined in the following steps: 1. Evaluate positive-sequence boundary equivalent impedances as a function of frequency using the full harmonic model. 2. Synthesize the frequency-dependent characteristics of each equivalent impedance using the basic EMTP lumped R-L-C elements. 3. Verify the EMTP model including the synthesized equivalents. 2.2.2.1 Evaluation of Positive Sequence Equivalent Impedance Correct modeling of equivalents at boundary buses is important for the EMTP switching transient study. The harmonic model has been used to calculate the frequency dependent equivalent impedances. Figure 2-1 shows the equivalent source and transfer impedances to be calculated at the model boundaries. They are: 1. Z11 equivalent impedance at Berkshire 345 2. Z22 equivalent impedance at Montague 115 3. Z33 equivalent impedance at Partridge 115 4. Z44 equivalent impedance at Granville Junction 115 5. Z12 equivalent impedance between Berkshire 345 and Montague 115 6. Z13 equivalent impedance between Berkshire 345 and Partridge 115 7. Z14 equivalent impedance between Berkshire 345 and Granville Junction 115 8. Z23 equivalent impedance between Montague 115 and Partridge 115 9. Z24 equivalent impedance between Montague 115 and Granville Junction 115 10. Z34 equivalent impedance between Partridge 115 and Granville Junction 115 Appendix B shows the positive sequence impedance calculated at equivalent locations for the range of frequencies up to 1000 Hz. Appendix B includes impedance magnitude plots and impedance angle plots. Impedance angle plots show that there exists substantial resistive part in the equivalent impedance. This resistance is mainly due to loads beyond the boundaries. Table 2-1 tabulates the equivalent impedance at the fundamental frequency (60 Hz). Note that the transfer impedance values (Z12, Z13, Z14, Z23, Z24 and Z34) are much larger than the self impedance values (Z11, Z22, Z33, Z44). Large transfer impedances may be ignored (i.e. disconnected in Figure 2-1). Self impedances must be represented accurately.
NU System Modeling
Z11
(1) Berkshire 345
Z13 Z23 Z34
Z14
(3) Partridge 115
(2) Montague 115

Z12
Z24
Z33
(4) Granvl J. 115
Figure 2-1. Equivalent Impedances at Boundary Buses
Z44
Z22
NU System Modeling
Table 2-1. Equivalent Impedances Calculated at 60 Hz.

Light Weak System Peak Weaker System Peak Strong System Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle (Per (Ohm) (Degree) (Per Unit) (Ohm) (Degree) (Per Unit) (Ohm) (Degree) Unit) 0.02 2.07 85.3 0.01 1.85 85.5 0.01 1.79 85.5 1.59 210.33 78.9 2.82 372.33 79.3 4.18 552.43 76.5 1.82 240.96 85.5 2.92 386.34 85.9 3.88 512.59 84.5 0.54 71.92 82.7 0.99 131.15 82.2 1.40 185.22 80.6 0.15 19.61 75.6 0.11 14.92 77.3 0.08 10.24 80.5 0.45 58.97 80.8 0.47 61.70 80.8 0.60 79.85 78.5 9.12 1206.31 71.9 22.18 2933.86 71.1 35.11 4643.81 67.9 0.25 32.60 82.7 0.22 28.47 82.5 0.18 23.74 83.9 21.35 2824.09 79.1 51.97 6873.02 77.9 98.07 12970.35 73.4 0.07 9.67 80.0 0.06 8.41 79.9 0.06 7.89 80.2
Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14 Z22 Z23 Z24 Z33 Z34 Z44
2.2.2.2 Synthesis of Positive Sequence Equivalent Impedance Synthesizing them with combinations of linear resistance, inductance and capacitance elements can approximate the impedance characteristics shown in Appendix B. Figure 2-2 shows the circuit configuration used for the synthesis of the equivalents Z11, Z22, Z33, Z44 for the three load flow conditions. The configuration consists of EMTPs standard lumped R-L-C elements. The figure also shows a positive-sequence 60Hz voltage source in series with equivalent impedance, which is shorted out at other frequencies. Table 2-2 tabulates the values of Rs, Ls and Cs used for the representation of the equivalents Z11, Z22, Z33, Z44. Appendix B includes traces of equivalent impedance magnitudes and angles calculated with the synthesized models to be compared with the corresponding impedance magnitudes and angles calculated in Section 2.2.2.1 with the harmonic model.
on a 100 MVA base. on a 115 kV base.
NU System Modeling
R0
L0
R1
L1
C1
R2
L2
C2
60 Hz Voltage Source
R3
L3
C3
R4
L4
C4
R5
L5
C5
R6
L6
C6
R9
C9
Figure 2-2 . Circuit Configuration Used for Synthesis of Source Impedance at Boundary
Buses
NU System Modeling
Table 2-2. Values of R, L, C Elements for Syntheses of Equivalent Impdedances Z11, Z22, Z33 and Z44.
Berkshire 345 Montague 115 Partridge 115 Granville Jct. 115 weak pkweak pkstrong weak pkweak pkstrong weak pkweak pkstrong weak pkweak pkstrong 1.92 1.34 1.26 3.57 2.29 1.38 3.09 2.63 1.89 1.42 1.52 1.52 43.70 40.84 40.17 50.12 37.91 25.21 83.70 72.94 63.02 25.01 20.70 20.70 27.68 13.48 12.75 105.21 13.47 0.00 177.89 198.49 264.50 60.05 39.67 46.29 7.90 13.21 15.67 186.68 3.61 6.08 156.77 240.83 309.76 143.03 140.32 138.67 1.0288 0.7730 0.7166 0.1216 0.9263 0.9086 0.5035 0.3287 1.7049 0.2539 1.0029 0.8354 163.10 224.33 225.20 338.70 129.48 139.02 252.11 240.69 238.05 121.50 87.29 112.41 237.88 283.83 338.99 1130.43 148.96 143.83 506.28 402.65 298.18 303.15 117.87 109.80 0.8136 0.7420 0.6252 0.1892 4.2959 4.1773 0.0440 1.4010 0.2206 0.5230 6.2178 6.4183 622.75 4251.70 2284.90 170.23 163.59 298.68 297.14 185.15 396.75 119.24 132.25 145.48 1394.03 0.00 604.50 149.13 243.25 252.27 602.44 328.00 996.28 120.32 438.51 877.01 0.0540 0.1414 0.0949 5.3753 0.3387 0.2848 0.6907 0.0662 0.0345 7.6738 0.6418 0.3009 145.55 240.14 258.15 16.14 198.91 230.57 313.34 330.63 277.73 148.30 647.07 561.95 567.71 96.01 468.61 377.18 960.06 722.66 547.58 183.38 0.0435 0.0498 0.0483 0.1475 0.0872 0.0911 1.1400 0.0562 0.0393 0.3660 176.07 190.80 251.19 403.72 110.39 120.43 399.54 339.90 768.67 827.90 307.57 176.53 124.28 1232.08 5596 0.0599 0.0559 0.2940 0.1239 0.1667 0.1741 342.56 416.45 467.93 635.32 693.57 264.50 0.0556 0.0500 0.1870 7156.39 2010.89 0.6537 0.1699
R0 (ohm) L0 (mH) R1 (ohm) L1 (mH) C1 (uF) R2 (ohm) L2 (mH) C2 (uF) R3 (ohm) L3 (mH) C3 (uF) R4 (ohm) L4 (mH) C4 (uF) R5 (ohm) L5 (mH) C5 (uF) R6 (ohm) L6 (mH) C6 (uF) R9 (ohm) C9 (uF)
2.2.2.3 Verification of Switching Study Model The purpose of this verification is to see whether the switching study model including the equivalents exhibit network characteristics similar to those calculated with the harmonic model over a selected frequency band. It is fair to assume that if the driving point impedance at every retained 115 kV bus (ref. Figure 1-1) calculated by the switching study model is very similar to that obtained by the harmonic model, the switching study model is correct, in fact verifying both harmonic and switching study models at the same time. Figure 2-3 shows the driving point impedance at Pleasant 115 kV bus, one calculated with the full harmonic model using the FLICUP Program (red trace) and the other calculated with the EMTP model (blue trace) including synthesized equivalents. The system was in the light weak load flow condition with all new 115 kV capacitor banks in service. The two traces show a good match. Figure 2-4 shows the driving point impedance magnitudes at Woodland 115 kV bus. The figure also shows a good match between the impedance values obtained with the two different models.
NU System Modeling
The two models produced similar impedance values at every retained 115 kV bus (ref. Figure 11).
Driving Point Impedance at Pleasant 115 kV Bus
600
Impedance (ohm)
400
200
100
200
300
400
Harmonic Resonance Study Model Using FLICUP Switching Transient Study Model Using EMYP/ATP
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure 2-3 . Impedance at Pleasant 115 kV Bus Calculated With Harmonic & Transient
Study Models With All New 115 kV Capacitor Banks In Service. Weak System Condition.
Driving Point Impedance at Woodland 115 kV Bus
400
Impedance (ohm)
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
Harmonic Resonance Study Model Using FLICUP Switching Transient Study Model Using EMYP/ATP
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure 2-4 . Impedance at Woodland 115 kV Bus Calculated With Harmonic & Transient Study Models With All New 115 kV Capacitor Banks In Service. Weak System Condition.
2.2.3 Load Model Effects

In Section 2.2.2, frequency dependent equivalent models were developed so that the switching transient study model may also include the damping effects of remote loads outside the boundaries. Effects of local loads inside the boundaries as shown in Figure 1-1 are also discussed in this section. Following driving point impedance calculations were made to study the effects of the loads: Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with the full harmonic model including all local and remote loads. Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with the full harmonic model including all remote loads but excluding the local loads.
NU System Modeling
Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with a reduced model including all local loads. The reduced model has equivalents at the boundary buses, the impedance at each boundary being the Thevenin equivalent calculated at the fundamental frequency instead of the frequency-dependent equivalents. Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with the reduced model excluding all local loads. Appendix C includes visual comparison between the driving point impedance calculated at retained 115 kV buses using the four different calculation methods. The system was studied for three load flow conditions with all new 115 kV capacitor banks in service and one Berkshire 115/345 auto-transformer in service. Following observations are possible from all the figures presented in the appendix: The reduced model with 60Hz Thevenin equivalents at the boundary buses and without local loads is not providing reasonable damping in the system. The full harmonic model without local loads is similar to the model with frequencydependent equivalents at the boundary buses without local loads as discussed in Section 2.2.2.3. This model provides reasonable damping and lowest resonance frequency, which is expected to produce conservative switching transient results without being too pessimistic. The full harmonic model with local and remote loads is similar to the model with frequency-dependent equivalents with local loads. This model provides correct frequency and damping and was selected for calculating harmonic gain factors. Study of the system for other cases would have provided similar conclusions.
Switching Transient Study
3 Switching Transient Study

3.1 Current Limiting Reactors
Current-limiting reactors were sized based on circuit breaker standards (ANSI/IEEE C37.062000 and C37.012-1979) for general-purpose breakers to limit the outrush current and frequency for closing into a 3-phase-to-ground fault in proximity to the capacitor bank bus. The reactors were sized to limit the current-frequency product (Ipk f) to 2107 A/s as specified by the standard for general-purpose breakers. The minimum reactor size was calculated by:
L 2 1.1 115kV
7 A 6 2 10
s
1644H
Some margin is added to this value so that the actual current-frequency product is slightly below the limit. The recommended reactor size was 1.7 mH per phase per bank (see Figure A-1 in Appendix A for capacitor bank configuration). Outrush Simulation Figure 3-1A shows the outrush current in a line breaker in Pleasant 16B substation simulated with the switching transient model. In this simulation, the breaker is closing into a solid threephase fault located on the line side of the breaker. All 115 kV capacitor banks are in service prior to the breaker closing. The frequency of the current oscillation in the figure is approximately 1800 Hz and the peak current is about 8500 A in A-phase. The current-frequency product from the simulation is therefore 1.53107 A/s.
20
Pleasant 115 kV Capbank Outrush Current
10 Current (kA)
10
20
A-phase B-phase C-phase
5 Time (milli-sec)
10
Figure 3-1A. Outrush Current In Line Breaker In Pleasant Substation Closing Into A Fault
Back-to-back Inrush Simulation The current limiting reactor also limits the inrush current in a circuit switcher when it is used for a back-to-back capacitor bank energization. Figure 3-1B shows the inrush current. The maximum inrush current magnitude was 2.1 kA, and the frequency 2.3 kHz. These are below the back-to-back inrush current ratings of definite purpose circuit breaker specified in ANSI C39.061997 that are16 kA peak and 4.25 kHz.
Pleasant 115 kV Capbank Inrush Current
2 Current (kA)
3 Time (milli-sec)
A-phase
B-phase
C-phase
Figure 3-1B. Inrush Current In Cricuit Switcher for Capacitor Banks In Pleasant Substation
3.2 Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage

Energizing the 115 kV capacitor banks at Woodland and Pleasant substations has been simulated using the switching transient model (ref. Section 2.3). Table 3-1 shows the list of cases studied, which differs from the list of cases studied for harmonic resonance analyses shown in Table 4-1. The main difference between the two is that the number of 115/23 kV step-down transformers in Woodland and Pleasant substations is varied. This is because the impedance between the 115 kV capacitor banks and the 23 kV capacitor banks may have impact on transient voltage magnification at 23 kV capacitor banks. There are 36 cases for each load flow condition. Since three load flow conditions are considered, the total number of cases simulated is 108 (=3x36). The cases were initially set up so that the voltage at the location where the capacitor bank switching takes place (e.g. Pleasant 115 kV bus voltage when the capacitor banks in Pleasant 16B substation is energized) has a magnitude of 1.05 per unit and the A-phase angle of 0, in other words Va = 98.592 cos(377 t) kV with t representing the simulation time in seconds. Circuit switchers are used for the energization. The switching events simulated are: 1. the A-phase contact is closed at the simulation time of 5.556 milli-second, 2. the B-phase contact is closed at t = 6.944 milli-second when the voltage across the switcher contact is at a peak, 3. the C-phase contact is closed at t = 11.111 when the voltage across the switcher contact is at a peak. The voltages at Pleasant 115 kV bus, Pleasant 23 kV bus, Woodland 115 kV bus, and Woodland 23 kV bus are monitored during the simulations. The simulation results associated with energizing the Pleasant 115 kV capacitor banks are summarized in Section 3.2.1. The simulation results associated with energizing the Woodland 115 kV capacitor banks are summarized in Section 3.2.2.
Table 3-1. List of Cases Studied for Energizing Pleasant/Woodland 115 kV Capacitor Banks for Each Load Flow Case
Case Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Number of Berkshire Autotransformers in Service

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Number of Woodland/Pleasant* 115 kV Capacitor Banks in Service

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Number of Woodland 115/23 kV Transformers in Service

1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
Number of Pleasant 115/23 kV Transformers in Service

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
* The number of Woodland 115 kV capacitor banks are varied for the study of Pleasant 115 kV capacitor banks. The number of
Pleasant 115 kV banks are varied for the study of Woodland 115 kV capacitor banks.
3.2.1 Pleasant Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage

Maximum Switching Overvoltage at Pleasant 115 kV Bus The highest switching overvoltage of 1.90 per unit ( kV) occurred at Pleasant 115 kV bus after energization of the first Pleasant 115-kV capacitor bank during the simulation of the case 20 (ref. Table 3-1) in Peak Strong system condition. Figure 3-2 shows the traces of Pleasant 115 kV bus voltages for the case. Also shown in the figure, as centered circles are the locations of the A-, B, C-phase voltage peaks for all the 108 cases simulated. The figure shows that the voltage peaks for A- and B-phases (shown by red circles) occur almost simultaneously shortly after the Bphase contact is closed, and the voltage peaks for C-phase (also shown by red circles) occur shortly after the C-phase contact is closed. Magnification of Switching Overvoltage Magenta circles in Figure 3-2 show the Woodland 115 kV bus voltage peaks. Blue circles show the Pleasant 23 kV voltage peaks. Cyan circles show the Woodland 23 kV bus voltage peaks. The maximum TOVs obtained were: 1.9 per unit at Pleasant 115 kV bus, 1.87 per unit at Pleasant 23 kV bus, 1.83 per unit at Woodland 115 kV bus, and 1.99 per unit at Woodland 23 kV bus. Therefore, the maximum switching overvoltage was lower at Pleasant 23 kV bus and Woodland 115 kV bus. But, the maximum switching overvoltage was higher at Woodland 23 kV bus by 5%.
Maximum TOVs, Energizing Pleasant 115kV Capacitor Banks

2
1 Voltage (pu)
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Voltage Peaks at Pleasant 115 kV Bus Voltage Peaks at Nepl 23 kV Bus Voltage Peaks at Woodland 115 kV Bus Voltage Peaks at Woodland 23 kV Bus Pleasant 115 Bus Voltage, A-phase, Maximum TOV Case Pleasant 115 Bus Voltage, B-phase, Maximum TOV Case Pleasant 115 Bus Voltage, C-phase, Maximum TOV Case
0.025 Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Figure 3-2: Voltages at Pleasant 115 kV bus after switching in Pleasant 115 kV capacitor banks
3.2.2 Woodland Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage

Maximum Switching Overvoltage at Woodland 115 kV Bus The highest switching overvoltage of 1.91 per unit ( kV) occurred at Woodland 115 kV bus after energization of the Woodland 115-kV capacitor banks during the simulation of the case 20 in Peak Strong system condition. Figure 3-3 shows the traces of simulated Woodland 115 kV bus voltages for the case. Also shown in the figure, as centered circles are the locations of the A-, B, C-phase voltage peaks for all the 108 cases simulated. Red circles show the voltage peaks for A- and B-phases. Magnification of Switching Overvoltage Magenta circles in Figure 3-3 show the Pleasant 115 kV bus voltage peaks. Blue circles show the Woodland 23 kV bus voltage peaks. Cyan circles show the Pleasant 23 kV voltage peaks. The maximum switching overvoltages obtained were: 1.91 per unit at Woodland 115 kV bus, 1.97 per unit at Woodland 23 kV bus, 2.24 per unit at Pleasant 115 kV bus, and 1.72 per unit at Pleasant 23 kV bus. Therefore, the maximum switching overvoltage was higher at Woodland 23 kV bus by 3%, at Pleasant 115 kV bus by 17%. And, the maximum switching overvoltage was lower at Pleasant 23 kV bus by 10%. Pleasant 115 kV Bus Voltage The amplification at Pleasant 115 kV bus may be explained by the interaction between Woodland and Pleasant 115 kV capacitor banks separated by the Woodland-Pleasant 115 kV transmission line. Figure 3-4 shows the Woodland and Pleasant 115 kV bus C-phase voltages for a time window from t = 10 milli-second to t = 15 milli-second. The figure shows a short time delay between the Woodland bus voltage (red trace) and the Pleasant bus voltage corresponding to the travel time of the transmission line. The super-imposed voltage noise is greater at the remote end of the transmission line, i.e. away from where the switching operation took place. The main sinusoidal component of the transient is not amplified at Pleasant 115 kV bus, but the voltage is amplified due to additional noise level (fast transients) at the Pleasant end of the line. The noise level is about the same when the Pleasant 115 kV capacitor banks are energized. However, it was found that the main oscillatory component of the switching transient voltage is attenuated at the remote end of the transmission line (i.e. Woodland 115 kV bus) canceling out the additional level of voltage noise.

Maximum TOVs, Energizing Woodland 115kV Capacitor Banks
3
2
1
Voltage (pu) 0 1 2 3
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Voltage Peaks at Woodland 115 kV Bus

Voltage Peaks at Woodland 23 kV Bus
Voltage Peaks at Plesant 115 kV Bus
Voltage Peaks at Nepl 23 kV Bus
Woodland 115 Bus Voltage, A-phase, Maximum TOV Case
Woodland 115 Bus Voltage, B-phase, Maximum TOV Case
Woodland 115 Bus Voltage, C-phase, Maximum TOV Case
0.025 Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Figure 3-3: Voltages at Woodland 115 kV bus after switching in Woodland 115 kV capacitor banks
3 2 Voltage (pu) 1 0 1 2
Woodland 115 kV Bus & Pleasant 115 kV Bus C-phase Voltages
10
11
12 Time (milli-sec)
13
14
15
C-phase Woodland 115 kV Bus Voltage

C-phase Pleasant 115 kV Bus Voltage
Figure 3-4: Fast Transient Voltages at Woodland & Pleasant 115 kV Buses
Woodland 23 kV Bus Voltage Figure 3-5 shows the traces of voltage at Woodland 115 kV Bus and Woodland 23 kV Bus for Case 4 (Table 3-1) in Peak Weaker system condition. This is the case where the maximum voltage at Woodland 23 kV Bus is 1.97 per unit. The maximum voltage at Woodland 115 kV Bus is 1.75 per unit. The voltage magnification is therefore 13% (=1.97/1.75). The figure shows a magnified switching surge but still less than 2 p.u. that is fairly well damped for the 23 kV bus voltages after the 115 kV capacitor energization.
Woodland 115 kV & 23 kV Bus Voltages. Voltage Magnification = 13 %
2
1 Voltage (pu)
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Woodland 115 kV Bus A-phase Voltage Woodland 115 kV Bus B-phase Voltage Woodland 115 kV Bus C-phase Voltage Woodland 23 kV Bus A-phase Voltage
Woodland 23 kV Bus B-phase Voltage
Woodland 23 kV Bus C-phase Voltage
0.025 Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Figure 3-5: Woodland 115 kV& Woodland 23 kV Bus Voltages For The Maximum Woodland 23 kV Voltage Case
3.3 Capacitor Bank Switching Restrike Switching Overvoltage

Woodland Capacitor Bank Switching Restrike Case A breaker restrike case was simulated to calculate the energy duty for 115kV bus arresters. In this case, all 115 kV capacitor banks and only one Berkshire auto-transformer are in service at the beginning of the simulation. The breaker for the Woodland capacitor banks open at t = 4 milli-seconds to de-energize the capacitor banks. Figure 3-6a shows the voltage across the A-, B-, C-phase contacts of the breaker. The B-phase contact opens first at a current zero crossing, followed by A- and C-phase contacts. To simulate a worst-case scenario, the breaker contacts restrike one-by-one at the peak voltage as shown in the figure. Figure 3-6b shows the voltage at Woodland 115 kV bus. The maximum voltage was 183 kV or 1.95 per unit with the arresters at Woodland. Figure 3-6c shows the energy of the Woodland arresters. The maximum arrester energy was 230 kJ. The energy capability of the 96kV EXLIM P arresters installed at Woodland is 1034 kJ( = 13.6 kJ/kV of MCOV * 76 kV MCOV ). The arrester energy for the restrike case is well within the arrester energy capability.
500
Woodland Cap Bank Breaker Voltage
Voltage (kV)
500
1000
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
A-phase B-phase
C-phase
0.025 Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Figure 3-6a: Woodland Breaker Restrike Case - Woodland Breaker Voltages

200
Voltage at Woodland 115 kV Bus
Voltage (kV)
200
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
A-phase B-phase
C-phase
0.025 Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Figure 3-6b: Woodland Breaker Restrike Case - Woodland 115 Bus Voltages
300
Woodland Arrester Energy
Energy (kJ)
200
100
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
A-phase
B-phase
C-phase
0.025 Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Figure 3-6c: Woodland Breaker Restrike Case - Woodland Arrester Energy
3.4 Capacitor Bank Breaker TRV & RRRV

TRV and RRRV duties of the breakers for capacitor banks in Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G substations were evaluated by simulating various fault clearing scenarios performed by the breakers. Figure 3.4-1 shows the detail of the model for the Pleasant-Woodland area. Breakers modeled are:
breaker A representing the breaker for the capacitor banks at Pleasant 16B substation (Breaker 16B-10K-2 in Figure A-3), breaker B representing the breaker for the capacitor banks at Woodland 17G substation (Breaker 17G-20K-2 in Figure A-2), breaker C representing the breaker at the Blanford end of the Pleasant- Blanford 115kV line, breakers D (Breaker 16B-1T-2 in Figure A-3), E (Breaker 16B-2T-2 in Figure A-3) & F (Breaker 16B-3T-2 in Figure A-3) representing the breakers that tie three 115 kV buses in Pleasant 16B substation, breaker G (Breaker 17G-1T-2 in Figure A-2) representing the breaker that ties two 115kV buses in Woodland 17G substation, breaker H to disconnect Woodland from the Doreen source, breakers I, J (Breaker 16B-2X3-2 in Figure A-3) & K (Breaker 16B-1X3-2 in Figure A-3) representing the three breakers on the 23 kV side of the 115/23kV transformers in Pleasant 16B substation, breakers L (Breaker 17G-2X3-2 in Figure A-2) & M (Breaker 17G-1X3-2 in Figure A-2) representing the breakers on the secondary side of the 115/23kV transformers in Woodland 17G substation,
Figure 3.4-1 also shows seven fault locations. Various scenarios of clearing faults at these locations were simulated: 1. Breaker A clears a single-line-to-ground(SLG) or phase-to-phase (P-P) fault that has occurred at fault location 1 or 2. 2. Breaker B clears a single-line-to-ground(SLG) or phase-to-phase (P-P) fault that has occurred at fault location 4 or 5. 3. Breakers E, F and I clears a single-line-to-ground(SLG) at fault location 3. 4. Breakers D, F, G, K and L clears a single-line-to-ground(SLG) at fault location 6 or 7. Table 3.4-1 tabulates 42 fault-and-clear cases simulated for the TRV study. Operating breakers for each case are given in the second column. All other breakers are closed throughout the simulations. The light weak system load flow condition was assumed. All 115/23 kV transformers and 23 kV capacitor banks in the Pleasant-Woodland area were in service. Following series of events were simulated for each case: 1. A fault occurs approximately one cycle after the initial steady state,
2. Breakers open about five cycles after the fault inception. TRV and RRRV are obtained from the voltage buildup across the opening breaker contacts after the current is extinguished. Table 3.4-1 lists the highest values of TRV and RRRV in the last two columns. When multiple breakers must operate to clear a fault at location 3, 6 or 7, the TRV and RRRV values for the last-opening breaker are listed. A time period of about half cycle (8 ms) from the current extinction was considered for the TRV maxima. The RRRV values are obtained by examining the recovery voltage during the first few microseconds after the current extinction. The breaker TRVs and RRRVs provided in the table were within breaker standards such as ANSI C37.06-1997 and C37.06-2000.
3.4.1 Transient Recovery Voltage for 115kV Breakers

TRV for Breaker A Figure 3.4-2 shows the traces of Breaker A voltages and currents for Case 3 where Breaker A clears a SLG fault between the reactor and the capacitor in one of the Pleasant capacitor banks in service. The maximum TRV of 226 kV for the breaker was observed in this case as indicated in Table 3.4.1. Figure 3.4-3 shows the traces of the breaker voltages and currents for Case 9 where the breaker clears a phase-to-phase fault between A- and B-phases. The maximum RRRV of 1.2 kV/sec was observed in this case. Figure 3.4-4 shows the traces of recovery voltage of Breaker A for all eight cases in which Breaker A operates. All traces are aligned to the time of current extinction after breaker contact openings. The figure also shows TRV capability envelopes derived from ANSI C37.061997 circuit breaker criteria for 123kV (maximum rated rms voltage) circuit breaker. TRV for Breaker B Figure 3.4-5 shows the traces of recovery voltage of breaker B together with the TRV capability envelopes for 123kV circuit breaker for all eight cases in which Breaker B operates. TRV for Breaker D Figure 3.4-6 shows the traces of recovery voltage of breaker D and TRV capability envelopes for 123kV circuit breaker for all cases in which Breaker D operates. TRV for Breaker E Figure 3.4-7 shows the traces of recovery voltage of breaker E and TRV capability envelopes for 123kV circuit breaker for all cases in which Breaker E operates. TRV for Breaker F for Clearing Fault at Fault Location 3 Figure 3.4-8 shows the traces of recovery voltage of breaker F for the cases where Breakers E, F and I clear faults at fault location 3.
TRV for Breaker F for Clearing Fault at Fault Locations 6 & 7 Figure 3.4-9 shows the traces of recovery voltage of breaker F for the cases where the breaker clear faults at fault locations 6 and 7. TRV for Breaker G Figure 3.4-10 shows the traces of recovery voltage of breaker G.
3.4.2 Transient Recovery Voltage for 23kV Breakers

TRV for Breaker I Figure 3.4-11 shows the traces of recovery voltage of Breaker I for all cases in which Breaker I operates. The figure also includes TRV capability envelopes derived from ANSI C37.061997 circuit breaker criteria for 25.8kV (maximum rated rms voltage) circuit breaker. TRV for Breaker K Figure 3.4-12 shows the traces of recovery voltage of Breaker K for all cases in which the breaker operates to clear faults at fault locations 6 and 7. TRV for Breaker L Figure 3.4-13 shows the traces of recovery voltage of Breaker L for all cases in which the breaker operates to clear faults at fault locations 6 and 7.
Oswald Junction 115kV Bus H

Line 1161
Woodland 17G Substation

17G-1T-2
fault location 6
Line 1371
Pleasant 16B Substation

16B-1T-2
Blanford 115kV Bus

Line 1421
G
17G-20K-2
D
16B-3T-2 16B-2T-2
fault location 7 B fault location 4
fault location 3
16B-10K-2
17G-1X
17G-2X
fault location 5
16B-2X 16B-1X 16B-3X
fault location 1 fault location 2
17G-1X3-2
17G-2X3-2
16B-1X3-2
16B-2X3-2
Figure 3.4-1. Detailed One-line Diagram Of Pleasant-Woodland Area Model Used For Fault Clearing Case Simulation
Table 3.4-1. List of Cases Studied for Simulations of Fault Clearing by 115kV Capacitor Bank Breakers in Pleasant and Woodland Substations
Case No. 1 2 3 4 5A 5B 5C 6 7 8 9 10A 10B 10C 11 12 13 14 15A 15B 15C 15D 15E 16A 16B 16C 16D 16E 17 18 19 20 21A 21B 21C 21D 21E 22A 22B 22C 22D 22E Last Breaker Breakers To Clear A A A A E, F, I E E, F, I F E, F, I I A A A A E, F, I E E, F, I F E, F, I I B B B B D,F,G,K,L D D,F,G,K,L F D,F,G,K,L G D,F,G,K,L K D,F,G,K,L L D,F,G,K,L D D,F,G,K,L F D,F,G,K,L G D,F,G,K,L K D,F,G,K,L L B B B B D,F,G,K,L D D,F,G,K,L F D,F,G,K,L G D,F,G,K,L K D,F,G,K,L L D,F,G,K,L D D,F,G,K,L F D,F,G,K,L G D,F,G,K,L K D,F,G,K,L L Operating Operation Fault Fault Type SLG P-P SLG P-P SLG SLG SLG SLG P-P SLG P-P SLG SLG SLG SLG P-P SLG P-P SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG P-P SLG P-P SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG Type Location Fault & Clear 1 Fault & Clear 1 Fault & Clear 2 Fault & Clear 2 Fault & Clear 3 Fault & Clear 3 Fault & Clear 3 Fault & Clear 1 Fault & Clear 1 Fault & Clear 2 Fault & Clear 2 Fault & Clear 3 Fault & Clear 3 Fault & Clear 3 Fault & Clear 4 Fault & Clear 4 Fault & Clear 5 Fault & Clear 5 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 4 Fault & Clear 4 Fault & Clear 5 Fault & Clear 5 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 6 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 Fault & Clear 7 System Conditions # Wcaps #Pcaps 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 TRV (kV) 224 186 226 185 138 138 21 225 187 225 186 139 139 22 219 193 221 190 139 226 136 17 27 144 199 120 19 32 219 194 219 190 156 253 146 24 33 156 225 129 19 35 RRRV (kV/s) 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.6 0.9
Case 3. Breaker "A" Voltage.

200
100
Voltage (kV)
0
100
200
300
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Time (sec) A-phase B-phase C-phase
1 .10
Case 3. Breaker "A" Current
5000
Current (A)
0
5000
1 .10 1.5 .10
4
4
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Time (sec) A-phase

B-phase
C-phase
Figure 3.4-2. Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker A Voltages & Currents for Clearing SLG Fault
Case 9. Breaker "A" Voltage.

200
Voltage (kV)
200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
1 .10
Case 9. Breaker "A" Current
Current (A)
5000
5000 1 .10
4
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Figure 3.4-3. Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker A Voltages & Currents for Clearing Phase-
To-Phase Fault
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "A" TRV

300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "A" Contacts (TRV)

TRV Capability of 123kV C. Breaker at 100% Interrupting Rating
Figure 3.4-4. Breaker A TRV Simulated vs. TRV Capability Envelopes of 123kV Circuit
Breaker Using ANSI C37.06-1997 Criteria
Woodland Capacitor Bank Breaker "B" TRV

300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "B" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-5. Breaker B TRV Simulated vs. TRV Capability Envelopes of 123kV Circuit Breaker
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "D" TRV

300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "D" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-6. Breaker D TRV Simulated vs. TRV Capability Envelopes of 123kV Circuit
Breaker
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "E" TRV

300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "E" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-7. Breaker E TRV Simulated vs. TRV Capability Envelopes of 123kV Circuit Breaker for Clearing Faults at Location 3.
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "F" TRV

300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "F" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-8. Breaker F TRV Observed When Clearing Faults at Fault Location 3
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "F" TRV
300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "F" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-9. Breaker F TRV Observed When Clearing Faults at Fault Locations 6 & 7
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "G" TRV

300
200
100
Voltage (kV)
100
200
300
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "G" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-10. Breaker G TRV for Clearing Faults at Fault Locations 6 & 7
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "I" TRV

60
40
20
Voltage (kV)
20
40
60
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "I" Contacts (TRV)

TRV Capability of 25.8kV C Breaker at 100% Interrupting Rating
TRV Capability of 25.8kV C. Breaker at 60% Interrupting Rating
Figure 3.4-11. Breaker I TRV Simulated vs. TRV Capability Envelopes of 25.8kV Circuit Breaker Using ANSI C37.06-1997 Criteria
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "K" TRV

60
40
20
Voltage (kV)
20
40
60
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "K" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-12. Breaker K TRV for Clearing Faults at Fault Locations 6 & 7
Pleasant Capacitor Bank Breaker "L" TRV
60
40
20
Voltage (kV)
20
40
60
Time (ms) Voltage Across Breaker "L" Contacts (TRV)

Figure 3.4-13. Breaker L TRV for Clearing Faults at Fault Locations 6 & 7
3.4.3 Temporary Overvoltage After Clearing Faults at Locations 6 & 7

3.4.3.1 Last Breaker To Open At 115 kV Level Temporary voltage lasting many cycles has been observed within the circuit isolated from the system after breakers clearing faults at locations 6 and 7. Figure 3.4-14 shows the voltage at the Woodland 115 kV bus for Case 21C in Table 3.4-1. In this case, an SLG fault occurs at 20ms and breakers open five cycles later to isolate the fault. Breaker G is the last breaker to open at 120ms. This temporary voltage after fault clearing is due to trapped charges in the Woodland 115kV capacitor banks flowing into unloaded 115/23kV transformers in Pleasant 16B substation and Woodland 17G substation. Figure 3.4-15 shows the currents in Breaker B, displaying current spikes after 120ms due to transformer magnetization. This temporary voltage has impact on the breaker recovery voltage. Figure 3.4-16 shows the Breaker G recovery voltages for Case 21C. Considering only up to the initial half cycle (8 ms) from the breaker current extinctions, the maximum recovery voltage was 146 kV as listed in Table 3.4-1. The figure shows that the actual maximum recovery voltage occurred about 20 ms later: 205 kV occurring 27 ms after the current extinction.
Case 21C. Voltage at Woodland 115kV Bus
200
Voltage (kV)
100
100
200
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (ms) A-phase

B-phase
C-phase
Figure 3.4-14. Voltages at Woodland 115kV Bus for Case 21C.

Case 21C. Breaker "B" Current
400
Current (A)
200
200
400
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (ms) A-phase

B-phase
C-phase
Figure 3.4-15. Breaker B Currents for Case 21C.

Case 21C. Breaker "G" Recovery Voltage

400
Voltage (kV)
200
200
400
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (ms)
A-phase Voltage
B-phase Voltage
C-phase Voltage
Maximum Recovery Voltage in 8 ms
Figure 3.4-16. Breaker G Recovery Voltage for Case 21C. 3.4.3.2 Last Breaker To Open At 23 kV Level Even higher levels of temporary overvoltage could be observed when Breaker K is the last breaker to open. In Case 21E, Breaker G opens to clear an SLG fault at location 6. The 115 kV breaker must clear with a weak connection through a 115/23 kV transformer still present. Figure 3.4-17 shows the voltage at the Woodland 115 kV bus. Note that the temporary overvoltage is about twice of that shown in Figure 3.4-14. Figure 3.4-18 shows the currents in Breaker B. Figure 3.4-19 shows the Breaker G recovery voltages for Case 21E. The maximum recovery voltage is 176 kV considering only the initial 8 ms. The figure shows that the actual maximum recovery voltage occurred much later: 281 kV occurring 82 ms after the current extinction.
Case 21E. Voltage at Woodland 115kV Bus
400
Voltage (kV)
200
200
400
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (ms)
A-phase
B-phase
C-phase
Figure 3.4-17. Voltages at Woodland 115kV Bus for Case 21E.

Case 21E. Breaker "B" Current

500
Current (A)
500
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (ms) A-phase

B-phase
C-phase
Figure 3.4-18. Breaker B Currents for Case 21E
Case 21E. Breaker "G" Recovery Voltage

400
Voltage (kV)
200
200
400
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Time (ms) A-phase Voltage

B-phase Voltage
C-phase Voltage
Figure 3.4-19. Breaker G Recovery Voltage for Case 21E.
3.4.3.3 Strategy To Reduce Risk Of Temporary Overvoltage Notheast Utilities and GE have devised the following strategy to reduce the risk of temporary overvoltage (TOV):
1) For faults on the Woodland Pleasant 115 kV line, the 2X transformer and the capacitor bank circuit breaker (20K) at Woodland 17G substation should be tripped (without lockout) with the line. 2) At Woodland 17G substation, for 2X transformer faults, the capacitor bank circuit breaker (20K) should also be tripped (without lockout). 3) At Pleasant 16B substation, for 3X transformer faults, capacitor bank circuit breaker (10K) should also be tripped (without lockout). 4) The automatic reclosing scheme for faults on the Woodland Pleasant line #1371 should be modified to operate as follows: For faults on the Woodland Pleasant line 1371, the following circuit breakers will open: At Woodland substation, breakers 17G-1T-2, 17G-2X3-2, and capacitor bank breaker 17G-20K-2 will open. At Pleasant substation, breakers 16B-1T-2, 16B-3T-2, and 16B-1X3-2 will open. Proposed reclosing (first at Woodland) as follows to avoid TOV problem: At Woodland substation: T = 11 seconds: Reclose breaker 17G-1T-2 T = 16 seconds: If line is good (fault no longer exists) reclose breaker 17G-2X3-2 Keep capacitor bank breaker 17G-20K-2 at Woodland substation opened. At Pleasant substation: T = 15 seconds: T = 20 seconds: If line is good, then reclose breakers 16B-1T-2 and 16B-3T-2 (note that if line is not good, these breakers will not reclose) If line is good, 16B-1X3-2 will recluse.
Capacitor banks at Pleasant substation are allowed to remain in-service. Notes: (1) Reclosing on lines 1161 and 1421 are not a TOV concern. (2) Faults in transformers 1X and 2X at Pleasant 16B substation are not a TOV concern.
Harmonic Resonance Study
4 Harmonic Resonance Study

The new 115 kV capacitor banks at Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G are expected to alter how the Western Massachusetts system would respond to various disturbances in the harmonic frequency domain. Types of disturbances considered are local non-linear loads injecting harmonic currents into the transmission system and the background harmonics that are present in the transmission system. The combined effects of these disturbances can be observed as voltage distortion at various locations in the NU 115 kV transmission system. A harmonic resonance study was carried out to quantify the impact of the new 115 kV capacitors on the voltage distortion at Pleasant 115 kV bus and Woodland 115 kV bus. This part of the study was performed with harmonic system models developed by converting the three load flow data cases provided by NU (ref. Section 2.1). These full system models were solved by GEs FLICUP program for the calculation of gain factor at different harmonic frequencies. The harmonic gain factor is defined in Section 4.2. The harmonic gain factor was calculated under many different contingencies.
4.1 Contingency Cases

The resonance analysis has been performed for the three load flow conditions and numerous contingency cases. Table 4-1 shows the list of 36 contingency cases considered for each load flow condition. The total number of cases studied is 108 = 3*36.
Table 4-1. Contingency Cases Considered for Each Load Flow Condition for Parallel Resonance Analysis
Contingency Number Number of Woodland 115 Capbanks in Service Number of Pleasant 115 Capbanks in Service Local Area Generators in Service Number of Berkshire 18C Autotransformers in Service 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
4.2 Harmonic Resonance for Non-Linear Load Harmonics & Background Harmonics
Harmonic Gain Factor Figure 4-1 shows the new 115 kV capacitor banks at Pleasant 115 kV bus. Vn is the n-th harmonic voltage at Pleasant 115 kV bus. The harmonic voltage could be caused by In (the n-th harmonic current injected by non-linear loads) or by VSn (the n-th harmonic Thevenin voltage) representing the background noise as a voltage source. The voltage source is behind ZSn (the Thevenin impedance of the transmission network excluding the capacitor banks at n-th harmonic frequency. It is well known that the system impedance, which is normally inductive at lower harmonic frequencies, and the capacitor banks may create parallel resonance. At a resonance frequency, the system including the capacitor banks is seen as a high impedance. If currents are injected at a harmonic frequency near the resonance frequency, the current entering the transmission network (shown as ISn in the figure) is much greater than the injected current magnitude. In a similar way, the voltage Vn due to VSn is also amplified. Therefore, we define a Harmonic Gain Factor as:
IS Harmonic_Gain_Factor I
n
n n
VS
The Harmonic Gain Factor has been calculated at all frequencies below 10th harmonic frequency for all cases defined in Section 3.1.
ZSn
Vn
+ VSn -
ISn C
In
Figure 4-1. A simplified one-line diagram showing the new capacitor banks in service in Pleasant 16B Substation.
Appendix D graphically shows all Harmonic Gain Factor values calculated. Table 4-2 summarizes the Harmonic Gain Factor calculated at Pleasant 115 kV bus. The 5th harmonic gain factor ranges from 1.1 to a maximum 3.0 for the light weak system. The gain factors are up to 1.4 at 3rd harmonic, 3.0 at 5th, and 4.7 at 7th for the bus.
Table 4-3 summarizes the Harmonic Gain Factor calculated at Woodland 115 kV bus. The 5th harmonic gain factor ranges from 1.0 (no gain) to a maximum 2.2 for the light weak system. The gain factors are up to 1.3 at the 3rd, 2.2 at 5th, and 3.5 at 7th harmonic.
Table 4-2. Harmonic Gain Factor at Pleasant 115 Bus

Case # Light Weak System
2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h 2h 3h
Harmonic Gain Factor Peak Weaker System

4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h 2h 3h
Peak Strong System

4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
1.1 1.3 1.5 2.9 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.7 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 2.2 3.0 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.3 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.3 2.2 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 4.7 4.4 4.4 3.9 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.5 2.4 1.9 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 4.7 4.4 4.3 3.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
2h indicates the second harmonic, 3h the third harmonic, , 10h the tenth harmonic.
Table 4-3. Harmonic Gain Factor at Woodland 115 Bus

Case # Light Weak System
2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h 2h 3h
Harmonic Gain Factor Peak Weaker System

4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h 2h 3h
Peak Strong System

4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h 10h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
1.1 1.2 1.4 2.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.6 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.7 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 4.6 4.1 3.9 3.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.1 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2h indicates the second harmonic, 3h the third harmonic, , 10h the tenth harmonic.
Conclusions
5 Conclusions
The conclusions and recommendations of the study are summarized as follows:
Current limiting reactor size of 1.7 mH was recommended for every 14.4 MVAr 115 kV capacitor bank unit in Pleasant 16B Substation and Woodland 16B Substation. The outrush current duty was confirmed by simulation. The 96 kV rated EXLIM P station class surge arresters are adequate at Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G 115 kV capacitor bank buses, and acceptable energy duty has been confirmed. Transient duty associated with breaker closing does not require synchronous closing nor pre-insertion devices. Breaker transient recovery voltages (TRVs) observed in the fault clearing cases are expected to be within breaker standards. However, sustained temporary overvoltages were observed in some simulation results due to the interaction between 115 kV capacitor banks and 115/23 kV transformers after the fault clearing. Implementing the relaying & protection strategy outlined in Section 3.4.3.3 will reduce the risk of temporary overvoltage. The harmonic study found gain factors of up to 1.4 at 3rd harmonic, 3.0 at 5th, and 4.7 at 7th for the Pleasant 115 kV bus. For Woodland 115 kV bus, the study found gain factors of up to 1.3 at the 3rd, 2.2 at 5th, and 3.5 at 7th harmonic. Existing harmonic distortion on the NU system is unknown. From our experience, background 5th harmonic is possible, and it is not unusual to see values around 1%. The presence of the new capacitor banks may increase the bus voltage distortion. NU may elect to monitor the harmonics to check the local levels.
Appendix A. One-Line Diagrams of Capacitor Banks, Woodland 17G Substation, Pleasant 16B Substation
6 Appendix A. One-Line Diagrams of Capacitor Banks, Woodland 17G Substation, Pleasant 16B Substation
Figure A-1. One-Line Diagram of Capacitor Banks

Figure A-2. One-Line Diagram of Woodland 17G Substation

Figure A-3. One-Line Diagram of Pleasant 16B Substation
Appendix B. Impedance at Boundary Buses Z11, Z22, Z33 & Z44
7 Appendix B. Impedance at Boundary Buses Z11, Z22, Z33 & Z44

This appendix presents traces of boundary bus positive-sequence impedance magnitude and angle calculated with the full harmonic model (ref. Section 2.3.2) and those calculated with the EMTP model synthesized with R-L-C elements (ref. Section 2.3.3) in Figure B-1 through Figure B-12. Also shown in the figures is the positive-sequence 60Hz impedance provided by the ASPEN data. The results are presented for three conditions: (1) weak system, (2) peak weaker system, and (3) peak strong system.
7.1 Weak System

Figure B-1 shows the equivalent impedance Z11 at Berkshire 345 kV bus for the 2006 Weak System condition. Note that the impedance is inductive (positive angle) at lower frequencies, but becomes capacitive (negative angle) around 750Hz (12.5th harmonic). The positive-sequence 60Hz impedance provided by the ASPEN data is shown by a blue circle in Figure B-1.
1
Equivalent Impedance Z11 at Berkshire 345. Weak System
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Harmonic Analysis Synthesized with EMTP R-L-C elements ASPEN

100
Equivalent Impedance Z11 at Berkshire 345. Weak System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-1. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Berkshire 345 for Weak System
Figure B-2 shows the equivalent impedance Z22 at Montague 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Weak System condition. The 60 Hz impedance magnitude calculated by the harmonic model is approximately 50% higher than that predicted by the ASPEN data.
10
Equivalent Impedance Z22 at Montague 115. Weak System
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
Equivalent Impedance Z22 at Montague 115. Weak System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-2. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Montague 115 for Weak System
Figure B-3 shows the equivalent impedance Z33 at Partridge 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Weak System condition. There is a good match between the ASPEN data and the harmonic analysis result at 60Hz.

Equivalent Impedance Z33 at Partridge 115. Weak System
10
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
Equivalent Impedance Z33 at Partridge 115. Weak System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-3. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Partridge 115 for Weak System
Figure B-4 shows the equivalent impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Weak System condition. The equivalent impedance obtained by the full harmonic model differs locally at some frequencies from the equivalent impedance produced by the synthesized model. However, the general shape of the equivalent impedance is approximated closely. Since Granville Junctions is the boundary that is electrically closer to Pleasant 16B and Woodland 17G substations than any other boundary bus, a good approximation at this particular location is desirable.

Equivalent Impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115. Weak System
10
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
100
Equivalent Impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115. Weak System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-4. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Granville Junction 115 for Weak System
7.2 Peak Weaker System

Figure B-5 shows the equivalent impedance Z11 at Berkshire 345 kV bus for the 2006 Peak Weaker System condition. Note that the impedance becomes capacitive (negative angle) around 700Hz. There is a good match between the ASPEN data and the harmonic analysis result at 60Hz.

Equivalent Impedance Z11 at Berkshire 345. Peak Weaker System
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-5. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Berkshire 345 for Peak Weaker System
Figure B-6 shows the equivalent impedance Z22 at Montague 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Peak Weaker System condition. Unlike Figure B-2, the ASPEN data point (centered circle) is positioned right on the harmonic analysis data point.

Equivalent Impedance Z22 at Montague 115. Peak Weaker System
10
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
Equivalent Impedance Z22 at Montague 115. Peak Weaker System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-6. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Montague 115 for Peak Weaker System
Figure B-7 shows the equivalent impedance Z33 at Partridge 115 kV bus for the 2006 Peak Weaker System condition. Note that the impedance stays inductive for the frequency range considered.

Equivalent Impedance Z33 at Partridge 115. Peak Weaker System
10
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
100
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-7. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Partridge 115 for Peak Weaker System
Figure B-8 shows the equivalent impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115 kV bus for the 2006 Peak Weaker System condition.

Equivalent Impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115. Peak Weaker System
10
1 Magnitude (pu) 1 .10
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
100
Equivalent Impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115. Peak Weaker System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-8. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Granville Junction 115 for Peak Weaker System
7.3 Peak Strong System

Figure B-9 shows the equivalent impedance Z11 at Berkshire 345 kV bus for the 2006 Strong System condition. Note that the impedance becomes capacitive (negative angle) around 700Hz. There is a good match between the ASPEN data and the harmonic analysis result at 60Hz.

Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
1 .10
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-9. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Berkshire 345 for Strong System
Figure B-10 shows the equivalent impedance Z22 at Montague 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Strong System condition.
10
Equivalent Impedance Z22 at Montague 115. Peak Strong System
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

Equivalent Impedance Z22 at Montague 115. Peak Strong System
100
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-10. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Montague 115 for Strong System
Figure B-11 shows the equivalent impedance Z33 at Partridge 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Strong System condition.
10
Magnitude (pu)
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-11. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Partridge 115 for Strong System
Figure B-12 shows the equivalent impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115 kV bus calculated for the 2006 Strong System condition.
10
Equivalent Impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115. Peak Strong System
0.1
0.01
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000

100
Equivalent Impedance Z44 at Granville Junction 115. Peak Strong System
50 Angle (deg.)
50
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure B-12. Magnitude & Angle of Equivalent Impedance at Granville Junction 115 for
Strong System
Appendix C. Impedance at Retained 115 kV Buses, Comparison Between Four Different Ways To Model Local & Remote Loads
8 Appendix C. Impedance at Retained 115 kV Buses, Comparison Between Four Different Ways To Model Local & Remote Loads
Driving point impedance was calculated at retain 115 kV buses (ref. Figure 1) with all new 115 kV capacitor banks in service and one Berkshire 115/345 auto-transformer in service. Four different ways to model the loads were employed:
Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with the full harmonic model including all local and remote loads. Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with the full harmonic model including all remote loads but excluding the local loads. Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with a reduced model including all local loads. The reduced model has equivalents at the boundary buses, the impedance at each boundary being the Thevenin equivalent calculated at the fundamental frequency instead of the frequency-dependent equivalents. Impedances at retained 115 kV buses are calculated with the reduced model excluding all local loads.
The results are presented as traces of driving point impedance magnitude calculated with four different methods at each location.
8.1 Weak System

1000
Impedance (ohm)
500
100
200
300
400
Full Harmonic Model With Local & Remote Loads Full Harmonic Model Without Local Loads Reduced Model With 60Hz Thevenin Equivalents & Local Loads Reduced Model With 60Hz Thevenin Equivalents & No Local Loads
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-1. Driving Point Impedance at Pleasant 115 Bus for the Weak System
800
Impedance (ohm)
600
400
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-2. Driving Point Impedance at Woodland 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Blanford 115 kV Bus
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-3. Driving Point Impedance at Blandford 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Oswald Junction 115 kV Bus
400
Impedance (ohm)
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-4. Driving Point Impedance at Oswald Junction 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Oswald 115 kV Bus
400
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-5. Driving Point Impedance at Oswald 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Doreen 115 kV Bus
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-6. Driving Point Impedance at Doreen 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Berkshire 115 kV Bus
200
Impedance (ohm)
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-7. Driving Point Impedance at Berkshire 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Plainfield Tap 115 kV Bus
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-8. Driving Point Impedance at Plainfield Tap 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Ashfield 115 kV Bus
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-9. Driving Point Impedance at Ashfield 115 Bus for the Weak System
Driving Point Impedance at Cumberland 115 kV Bus
400
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-10. Driving Point Impedance at Cumberland 115 Bus for the Weak System
8.2 Peak Weaker System

1000
Impedance (ohm)
500
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-11. Driving Point Impedance at Pleasant 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
800
Impedance (ohm)
600
400
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-12. Driving Point Impedance at Woodland 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-13. Driving Point Impedance at Blandford 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
400
Impedance (ohm)
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-14. Driving Point Impedance at Oswald Junction 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker
System
400
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-15. Driving Point Impedance at Oswald 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-16. Driving Point Impedance at Doreen 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
200
Impedance (ohm)
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-17. Driving Point Impedance at Berkshire 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-18. Driving Point Impedance at Plainfield Tap 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-19. Driving Point Impedance at Ashfield 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
400
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-20. Driving Point Impedance at Cumberland 115 Bus for the Peak Weaker System
8.3 Peak Strong System

1000
Impedance (ohm)
500
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-21. Driving Point Impedance at Pleasant 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
800
Impedance (ohm)
600
400
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-22. Driving Point Impedance at Woodland 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-23. Driving Point Impedance at Blandford 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
400
Impedance (ohm)
300
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-24. Driving Point Impedance at Oswald Junction 115 Bus for the Peak Strong
System

300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-25. Driving Point Impedance at Oswald 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-26. Driving Point Impedance at Doreen 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
200
Impedance (ohm)
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-27. Driving Point Impedance at Berkshire 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-28. Driving Point Impedance at Plainfield Tap 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
300
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-29. Driving Point Impedance at Ashfield 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
400
Impedance (ohm)
200
100
200
300
400
500 Frequency (Hz)
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure C-30. Driving Point Impedance at Cumberland 115 Bus for the Peak Strong System
Appendix D. Harmonic Gain Factor Calculated at Woodland & Pleasant 115 kV Buses
9 Appendix D. Harmonic Gain Factor Calculated at Woodland & Pleasant 115 kV Buses
Harmonic gain factor values calculated at Pleasant 115 kV Bus and Woodland 115 kV Bus are plotted for up to 10th harmonic. Each plot includes 36 traces, one for each contingency case.
9.1 Harmonic Gain Factor for Light Weak System

Harmonic Gain Factor at Woodland 115 kV Bus, All Contingencies, Light Weak System
5
Harmonic Gain Factor (pu)
5 Harmonic Number
10
Harmonic Gain Factor at Pleasant 115 kV Bus, All Contingencies, Light Weak System
5
5 Harmonic Number
10
9.2 Harmonic Gain Factor for Peak Weaker System

Harmonic Gain Factor at Woodland 115 kV Bus, All Contingencies, Peak Weaker System
5
5 Harmonic Number
10
Harmonic Gain Factor at Pleasant 115 kV Bus, All Contingencies, Peak Weaker System
5
5 Harmonic Number
10
9.3 Harmonic Gain Factor for Peak Strong System

Harmonic Gain Factor at Woodland 115 kV Bus, All Contingencies, Peak Strong System
5
5 Harmonic Number
10
Harmonic Gain Factor at Pleasant 115 kV Bus, All Contingencies, Peak Strong System
6
5 Harmonic Gain Factor (pu)
5 Harmonic Number
10
>>>> End of Document >>>>

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6 APPENDIX A. ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS OF CAPACITOR BANKS, WOODLAND 17G

8 APPENDIX C. IMPEDANCE AT RETAINED 115 KV BUSES, COMPARISON BETWEEN

9 APPENDIX D. HARMONIC GAIN FACTOR CALCULATED AT WOODLAND &

Doreen 23 Berkshire 345

capacitor bank load

Cumberland 115 Berkshire 115 Plainfield Tap 115 Plainfield 23

Woodland 115 Lenx DP1 23 Woodland 23 Nep-Plst 23 Lenx DP2 23

Granville Jct 115

Figure 1-1. One-line Diagram of Model System

2.2 Switching Study (Transient) Model

2.2.1 Transmission Equipment Modeling

2.2.2 Boundary Equivalent Modeling

(1) Berkshire 345

Z13 Z23 Z34

(3) Partridge 115

(2) Montague 115

(4) Granvl J. 115

Figure 2-1. Equivalent Impedances at Boundary Buses

Table 2-1. Equivalent Impedances Calculated at 60 Hz.

on a 100 MVA base. on a 115 kV base.

500 Frequency (Hz)

Driving Point Impedance at Woodland 115 kV Bus

500 Frequency (Hz)

2.2.3 Load Model Effects

Switching Transient Study

3 Switching Transient Study

Pleasant 115 kV Capbank Outrush Current

A-phase B-phase C-phase

Switching Transient Study

Pleasant 115 kV Capbank Inrush Current

Switching Transient Study

3.2 Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage

Switching Transient Study

Number of Berkshire Autotransformers in Service

Number of Woodland/Pleasant* 115 kV Capacitor Banks in Service

Number of Woodland 115/23 kV Transformers in Service

Number of Pleasant 115/23 kV Transformers in Service

Switching Transient Study

3.2.1 Pleasant Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage

Maximum TOVs, Energizing Pleasant 115kV Capacitor Banks

0.025 Time (sec)

Switching Transient Study

3.2.2 Woodland Capacitor Bank Energization Switching Overvoltage

Switching Transient Study

Voltage Peaks at Woodland 115 kV Bus

0.025 Time (sec)

Woodland 115 kV Bus & Pleasant 115 kV Bus C-phase Voltages

C-phase Woodland 115 kV Bus Voltage

Switching Transient Study

0.025 Time (sec)

Switching Transient Study

3.3 Capacitor Bank Switching Restrike Switching Overvoltage

Woodland Cap Bank Breaker Voltage

0.025 Time (sec)

Figure 3-6a: Woodland Breaker Restrike Case - Woodland Breaker Voltages

Voltage at Woodland 115 kV Bus

0.025 Time (sec)

Switching Transient Study

Woodland Arrester Energy

0.025 Time (sec)

Figure 3-6c: Woodland Breaker Restrike Case - Woodland Arrester Energy

Switching Transient Study

3.4 Capacitor Bank Breaker TRV & RRRV