BASIC of CFB boiler

1. Introduction 2. Principle of CFB boiler 3. Combustion in CFB 4. CFB main components&equipments

4.1 Feed water system 4.2 Superheater system 4.3 Chemical feeding system 4.4 Combustion Air system 4.5 Fuel system 4.6 Flue gas system 4.7 Ash system 4.8 Make up sand and limestone system

Basic component

Steam Steam Outlet Turbine

G
CW in

Condenser

Boiler

CW out

FW tank

Make up water

Cogeneration (Cogen)
Steam Outlet

Steam Low pressure use in process

Turbine

G
CW in

Condenser CW out

Boiler

FW tank

Make up water

Solid fuel combustion boiler Pulverized fuel Combustion boiler Stokers

boiler

Fluidized bed
boiler

Bubbling Bed

Circulating Fluidized Bed

Stokers boiler

Pulverized fuel Combustion boiler

Basic components of CFB

Steam Outlet Water Steam Drum Downcomer Fuel Limestone Water Wall Hot Cyclone Economizer Fluidized Bed Combustion Chamber Air Heater Feed Water Inlet Exhaust Gas Super Heater Dust Collector

Steam

Loop Seal Ash Cooler Bottom Ash To Ash Silo

Fly Ash Induced Draft Fan Secondary Air Fan Primary Air Fan

2. CFB principle
GRATE FIRING (FIXED BED) PULVERIZED FIRING (ENTRAINED BED)
GAS GAS

FLUIDIZED-BED FIRING BFB

GAS

CFB

GAS

FUEL

AIR FUEL

AIR FUEL & SORBENT FUEL & SORBENT

AIR ASH

ASH

AIR ASH

AIR ASH

Velocity Furnace Temp.

2.5-3 m/s 1090-1370 C

4.5-9 m/s 1200-1540 C

1.2-3 m/s 815-930 C

4.5-6.7 m/s 815-930 C

3. Combustion in CFB
Requirement for combustion;
1) the presence of a fuel (a combustible material) 2) enough oxygen to support combustion and 3) enough heat to bring the fuel to its ignition temperature and keep it there.

The three "T"s of combustion, all necessary for good combustion

Time Time to complete the combustion process

Turbulence Turbulence provides more effective mixing of fuel and air, causes even heat distribution and fills the entire combustor volume;

Temperature Temperature of the combustor atmosphere must be kept above ignition temperature. Preheating incoming combustion air increases temperature of the furnace atmosphere. Ignition temperatures and combustion temperatures vary with fuel type and preparation.

4. CFB main component & equipments

4.1 Feed water system 4.2 Superheater system 4.3 Chemical feeding system 4.4 Combustion Air system 4.5 Fuel system 4.6 Flue gas system 4.7 Ash system 4.8 Make up sand & limestone system

4.1 Feed water system (1)

- Provide water to boiler corresponding to boiler load - Water feed at appropriate quantity, pressure and temperature - Feed water quality take cared by water treatment plant - Chemical dosing system control boiler water quality

4.1 Feed water system (2)

SUPERHEATER

NATURAL CIRCULATION (DRUM) EVAPORATOR

HEAT

ECONOMIZER

FEED WATER PUMP

4.2 Superheater system

- Sat. steam generated from furnace and separator flow trough steam drum to crossover duct, back pass casing then SH coils - SH coils arrangement depend on boiler design - SH temperature controlled by desuperheater

4.3 Chemical feeding system

- Purpose is to maintain boiler water/steam quality - Na3PO4 dos just before economizer

- Ammonia and Hydrazine dos at feed water tank

4.4 Combustion air system

- Main combustion air are Primary and Secondary air - Primary air work as bed fluidized air, main combustion air and cooling for wall screw - Secondary air fulfill combustion (control excess air)

Boiler body

4.5 Fuel system

Anthracite

- For CFB, coal is main fuel

Bituminus Sub bituminus Lignite

- Amount of sludge limited by bed temperature

4.6 Fuel gas system

Flue gas + ash are products of combustion Transfer heat to water wall Along flue gas path, refractory lining will protect water wall from erosion and overheat Furnace pressure controlled by ID fan (Induced Draft fan) To maximize efficiency, combustion air heated at airpreheater. Finally, before stack, dust in flue gas was collected at ESP (Electrostatic precipitator)

4.7 Ash handling system (1)

Heavy solid particle accumulated at bed area is Bottom Ash Light particle fly away with flue gas is Fly Ash Bottom ash drained out from boiler via water cooled bottom ash screw Part of fly ash transfer out at back pass hopper, then the very small fly ash will be collected at dust collector (ESP) In some design, fly ash will be reused by fly ash recalculating sys.

4.8 Make up sand and Limestone

Purpose of make up sand feeding is to: 1. Maintain Bed pressure 2. Sand work as heat transfer material Purpose of limestone feeding is to: 1. Capture SO2 Heat + CaCO3 CaO + SO2 + O2 CaO + CO2 CaSO4 + Heat

2. Maintain bed pressure ( same as sand but more gentle) Less erosion

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