,~ ?

POb'
Frv

A H-",
MP>/r

~-

p~~~

P, p').....

-P2

+-Py,

Export Promotion Measures DurinQPost-Reforms Period

Realization the importance of exports to the economy and its role in the economic reforms introduced recently, various steps have been undertaken to expand and diversify country's exports in terms of products and markets in order to achieve 1 percent India's share in the world trade which stood at 2 percent in 1950-51, 0.4 percent in 1992-93 and 0.8 percent in 2003-2004. Main elements of the export strategy include (i) product-market penetration strategy for existing products; (ii) market diversification strategy for existing products; (iii) product diversification for existing markets and (iv) product- market diversification for new products and new markets. Besides, having harnessed, to a range extent, the export potential of developed markets like USA,EU,Japan and Australia, the focus has now been laid on expqrlding exports to the new emerging markets of Latin America, Africa and CIS by designing special programmes like 'Focus Latin American countries", "Focus Africa" and "Focus CIS", as well as comprehensive Medium-Term Export Strategy for the period 2002-2007 and Focus Products and Focus Markets programmes with export performance linked with special incentives, announced in the Foreign Trade Policies during the last three years - 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and 2005-2006. Details of export promotion programmes launched since 1992 to promote and diversify country's exports are given below:
(1) Extreme Focus Sector Strategy (1992) (2) Export Strategy Based on 15x15 Country

- Commodity Matrix (1995)

(3) Focus Latin American Countries (LAC) (1997) (4) Medium-Term Export Strategies for Export Products and Markets 2002-2007 (5) Focus Africa (2002) (6) Focus Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (2003)

(7) Special Focus Initiatives (2004) (8) Special Focus Products (2005)

(9) Focus Products and Focus Markets Scheme in Foreign Trade Policy2006
(10) Bilateral and Regional EconomicCooperation and Trade Agreements.

-II .~

----

, -

Extreme

Focus

Sectors

(1992)

Based on their high export potential, capable of achieving 30 pei cent growth ::.>er annum In volume or valuE: in the medium terms, 35 product groups including sub-groups. we,~ identified as "Extreme Focus Sectors" for concerted export promotion thrust Necessary prepaiatory work '.'Ias done in the Ministry of Commerce on these specific sectors in close association with the industry and trade. Detailed reports were prepared by 26 Trade Groups which had been constituted to analyse the constraints in respect of the specific products assigne-j to them. These Trade Groups examined the various aspects inter alia including the releva'lt policies, procedures, infrastructural facilities, and the bottlenecks experienced in respect cf the 35 product groups namely: (1) Marine Products (2) Agrochemicals (3) Auto Components (4) Bicyde and Parts (5) Cement (6) Complete Vehicles (7) Drugs, Pharmcutes & Fine Chemls (8) Dyesllntmdtes & Coal Tar Chern I (9) Elect Power Genm & Distn System (10) F00twear (11) Fresh Fruits (12) Gold Jewellery (13) Granites (14) Hand Tools (15) I.C. Engine & Parts (16) Industrial Casting & Forgings (17) Tomato Paste Products (18) Tropical Fruit Juice (19) Pulp & Concentrate (20) Preserved Mushroom (21) RMG Cotton Incl. Accessories (22) RMG Silk (23) RMG Manmade Fibres (24) RMG Wool (25) RMG of other Textile Material (26) Rice (27) Computer Software (28) Spices (29) Sugar (30) Molasses (:51)Alcohol (incl. Ethyt AJcohol) (32) Sugar Machinery (33) Manmade Yam, Fabrics, Madeups (34) Tyres (35) HorticufturaVRoricltr Products.
The reports submitted by the 26 Trade Groups were examined by a small seven-member Group which came out with a consolidated report to form the basis for implemental action. The consolidated report of this small group entitled "Strategy for Export Growth in Extreme Focus Product Groups - AIl Agenda for Action' was submitted to the Ministry of Commerce in July 1992. The recommendations emanating from this exercise covered a variety of issues induding, among others, full convertibifrty of rupee on trade account, reduction in interest rate on export credit, directive to commercial banks to increase supply of credit to the export sector, opening up of Inland Container Depots (ICDs) and Container Freight Stations (CFSs) by private sector, extension of testing facilities for packaging material, simplification of procedures relating to bank
guarantees for fulfillment of export obligation.

The report on Strategy for Export Growth'.embodied, besides specific recommendations relating to different product groups fallingwithin the purview of the 35 extreme focus sectors, suggestions
enterprises.

on improvements in institutional framework and infrastructure such as provision of

Many of these recommendations were accepted and formed part of the union

uninterrupted power supply, adequate transport and communication facili6=---s to export

Budget for 1993-94.
Action Plan to Boost Exports

The Government also came out witha five-pointAction Plan to boost exports in 1992-93. This included formation of a national plan for export promotion of 35 identified extreme focus sectors, launching of a National Awareness Programme, one to one meeting with export houses, trading houses and star trading houses including leading industrial houses, initiatfnga wortd-wide effort to energise India's commercial representation abroad, mounting pubrteity in overseas markets, stepping up of export promotion efforts in selected 40-50 foreign countries, and reorienting the role of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (earlier known as office of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports) from a regutatory authority to that of a prornotional agency. Steps were also taken for increased interaction with industIy and trdde and national level organizations with a view to reducing controls and licensing as also for simplifying procedural formalities incidental to exports. Simultaneously, emphasis was laid on improving bilateral trade relations with selected countries of the wOOd. The extreme focus strategy had achieved mixed success. While the growth of these 35 items had been higher than the complete basket of exports, the vol3tilityof growth -had similarty
been high.

I?"

'-.

15x15 Matrix Strategy (Fifteen Thrust Product and 15 thrust Markcts (1995)

The objective of the 15x15 Strategy was to examine market diversificationanc commodity diversification The 15 Commoditiesf15 Countries Matrixexercise was undertaken in 1995 using the data of mid-nineties that indicated the restricted commodity/country basket for India's exports. It was observed that 15 countries and 15 commodities accounted for around 75% - 80% of India's exports and a presentation was made to trade and industry to set up trade facilitors for achieving increased exports in the 15 products and 15 markets. However, the exercise of the trade facilitation did not get enough support and.response. The focus on 15/15 matrix based on past performance data was an useful exercise as it helped to focus on the importance of a few commodities and a few destinations in country's export performance. Two ne<H products appeared for the first time in 1995-96 in the list of India's top 15 export products. However, the importance products and countries continuously changed and it is interesting to see the dynamics of markets and products in country'sexports when the 15/15 matrixwas updated. The 15x15 Matrix for the year 2(}(}()"{)1 had been compared withthat of 1996-97 as shown in Tables 1 & 2. India's First 15 Products Groups and First 15 Countries Matrix of Exportsfor the year 20002001 were: (1) Gems & Jewellery, (2) RMGCotton Incl. Accessories, (3) Cotton Yam, Fabrics, Madeups etc. (4) Drugs, Pharmaceutical and Rne Chemicals (5) Prtroelum Products (6) Manufactures of Meials (7) Machinery and Instruments (8) Marine Products (9) Manmade Yam, Fabrics, Made-up (10) Electronic Goods (11)Transprot Equipments (12) RMGManmade Rbres (13) Plastic and Unoleum Products (14) Inorganic/Organic/Agro Chemicals (15) Primary and semi finished iron and steel. The fifteen countries were: (1) USA, (2) U.K, (3) Japan, (4)Gennany, (5) Hong Kong, (6) UAE, (7) Belgium, (8) Singapore, (9) Italy,(10) Nethertands, (11) Bangladesh, (12) Russia, (13) France, (14) China, and (15) Indonesia.

Effectiveness of the strateqy The 15x15 Matrix taken up for analysis covers about 70% of all products exported by India and 0Ye{" 67% of India's export mar1<ets in value terms in 2000-01.

. .
. .
3

Overall, the analysis of commoditiesshows a trend towards diversification across additional mar1<ets. The share of the total top 15 product groups exported to top 15 mart<etdestiRationsin the total exportof top 15 product groups decreased from 71% in
1996-97 to 66% in 2()()()"{)1,indicating mar1<etdiversification of these product groups.

However some items within the top 15 commodities have changed thus altering the composition of the top 15 commodities basket significantly.

Items likeoil meals, dyes and intermediates, and rice (excf. basmati)which.were in the top 15 product groups in 1996-97were replaced by plastic and linoleum products, petroleumand otherrlQuefied fuelproducts,and RMGmanmade fibresin2000-01.
The top three items of India's exports contained in the Matrix of 1996-1997 continue to remain the same during 2000-2001 namely; gems jewellery, RMG,cotton and cotton yam and fabric arod made-ups. Focus LAC (Latin American Countries) Strateqy

Considering the potentialof the Latin Americanregion,an integratedprogramme -Focus: LAC"was launched in November 1997 bythe CommerceMinistry. This programme aimed at sensitizing the ocganizafions viz. ExportPromotionCouncils, Chambers of Commerce and Industry, (CII).Exirn Bamcand ECGC was also involvedin trade promotionefforts. Various incentives and export promotionmeasures were designed and incorporatedin this programme including double weightage under textilesquota policy,enhanced supportfromMeA for sales tours, participationin fairs/exhibitionsand mar1<et surveys.A scheme for givingawards to best performers in exports to f\e LAC region was also drawnup.- The programme extended upto
March, 2005 in order to consolidate the gains of previous yea~ and significantlyenhance India's trade with the Latiro American region. The main objective has been to increase interaction between the two regflOnsby identifying areas of bilateral trade and investments. I~

Major Tradinq Partners

MexiC0, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Venezuela and Colombia, Trinidad & Tobago and Panama are India's major trading partners C0nstituting 88% of the total trade "Nrth the LAC region. The FOCUS LAC programme aimed to focus at Latin American region, with added emphasis on the 9 major trading partners of the region. Maior items of EXpOrts & Imports The important items of export to this region have been: textiles and ready made garments, engineering goods such bicycles and components thereof, mopeds, diesel engines, automotive C0mponents, hand tools etc. chemical and allied items like fine chemicals, dyes and dye intermediates, tyres and tubes, rubber gloves. Besides, India also exports handicrafts items, sports goods, electronic items, jute, shellac, tea and spices to Latin American countries. India's major imports from the region have been iron and steel and their products, nonferrous metals, crude minerals, chemicals, PVC pulp and paper waste and raw wool. Extreme Focus product Qroups Three products groups Le. textiles, engineering products and chemical products constitute nearly 80% of India's exports to the region. In the textiles sector, readymade garments, made ups, fabrics, yam, carpets, handicrafts, etc are fast moving export items. In the engineering sector, automobiles, auto components, electrical appliances, machinery, computer software, etc. have good scope for exports, bulk drugs, pharmaceuticals, dyes and intermediates, agrochemical, plastic products, naphtha, resins, essentials oils, molasses, tyres for busses, trucks and cycles are important items of exports. The FOCUS: LAC programme therefore aims to focus on the following major products groups for enhancing India's exports to the Latin American region: (i) (ii)
(iii)

Textiles including readymade garments, carpets and handicrafts; Engineering products incfuding computer software;

Chemical products including drugs/pharmaceuticals.

Study of trade analysis

Information (NCTI) has updated the study on 11 Latin Brazil, Chile, BolMa, Colombia, Mexico, Peru. Uruguay, Paraguay. Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago) and analyzed comprehensively trade data of 17 more Latin American Countries. The NCTI has added this information on their website for information of exporters, Councils and trade bodies for planning export strategies for Latin American countries. NCTI has now proposed to upgrade the eartier trade data of 28 countries. NCTT has also canied out trade study on PTA lines of Venezuefa, Uruguay, Brazil and Mercosur American Countries (Argentina,

The National Centre for Trade

countries.

InstitutionalMechanism
Following bilateral institutional arrangements already exists with the countries of the .Latin American region:
(i) (ii) (iii) Indo-Argentine Joint Commission

Indo-Argentine Joint Trade Committee Indo-Mexican Joint Commission

14-

(N) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

Indo-BrazilianCommercialCouncil
Indo-Cuban Joint Commission Indo-Cuban Trade revival Committee Indo-Suriname Joint Commission Indo-Guyana Joint Commission

Commercial Staff in the Indian Missions To give impetus to the country's exports to LAC region, Department of Commerce has created posts of Marketing Assistants in 9 Latin American countries viz.Brazil,Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Panama, Trinidad&Tobago and Uruguay. Proqress durinq 2003-04
(i)

The Text of the Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between India and Mercosur has been signed on 25'" January 2004. CIIorganized Indo-LAC Pharma Meet in Mumbai &Hyderabad inMay2003. Chemexcil participated in FCE Pharma, Brazil, 2003. Plexconcil participated in Fair Escolor and Fair Hospitalar in July 2003. EPC for Handicrafts organized Indian handicrafts and Gifts Fair in New Delhi in Oct. 2003 and February 2004. A Uruguayan Health Delegation visited India in May2003. Engineering Export Promotion Councilorganized IndiaTech 2003 inBrazil.

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

Meetingof Indo-Brazil Joint Commissionwas held on 21st October,:003

Meeting of Indo-Cuban Joint Commission was held in New Delhion 25thNovember, 2003. The Electronic and Computer Software EPC organized India Soft 2004 in February 2004 by inviting buyers form Latin American and other regions. Medium-Tenn of Export Strate~v for Export Products and man::ets (2002-2007)

it

A comprehensive Medium-Tenn Export Strategy was launched in 2002 for the period 2002-2007 taking into account the experiences of past strategies and the current trade trends obtaining in India and abroad.

In the past. the export strategies had basical!y concentrated on existing products and existing markets of India's export sector. What is additionallynecessary, and what has been addressed in the present strategy document. is ide!ttifi.;ation of export opportunities after examining the import basket of major importingeconomies of the world and identifying potential items of exports in which India is competitive vis-a-vis someof the major exporting countries of these productsat present. Theexisting products .and
markets have also been analysed. Focus man::ets have further been identified based

15

on different criteria. Another additionality in the current documentis that someof the key strategic policyissues tha: have a bearing on India's competitive advantage in opportunityareas have been broug!1tIn one place so thai ~v..::y me2sures that are necessary to enhance the competitive edge ot our exporting community gets appropriatefocus Secto~-'.'.':sc stratcgieshavealsobeen examined. Thestrategy document furtherfullylakesintoaccount theinternation2' :::,:elo;: ':<1\S and the complexl:ies arising in tile New World TradeOrderunder the VITO.
~

II. PRODUCT-MARKET OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION

PRODUCTIDENTIFICATION Toidentitypotentialproductsfor exportfocus.Itemsvllthhighpotential Inworlddemand wereanalyzed bylooking2: the import basketof threemajormarkets:EU.Japan.andUSA andalsoIndia'sexportLJasket to thesethree countries.Tl1ese countriesconstitutea goodrepresentative sample01worldtradeastheyaccount for 53%of theworld'strade.A to:21of around220 itemsatthe4-digitlevelwereidentified for special focus.Ofthis,47Itemswereexclusively from thetop 100 importsof thesemajormarkets.114itemswereexclusively from thetop 100exports of Indiato thesemarketsand 59 werein both theTop100Importsof themajormarl<ets andTop100Exports of Indiato themajormarl<ets. In a sense.the first group reflectstheitemsin whichwe canhavea realcomparative advantage if ourfull potentialities aretappedand majormacroandsectoral policyinitiativesaretaken. Thesecond list represents itemswhereour present exportvolumes arealreadyhigh andwherethe presentrevealed comparative advantages needto bepursued eventhoughthe items do not figure in th.emainimport basketof the majortradingpartners. Tt'Je third list Includes Itemswhere ourexport basket andtheimport basket ofourmajortradingpartners converge butmuchscope exists tofurtherourcomparative advantages. Thepotentialitemsidentified. usingtheabovegivenmethodology, canbegrouped intosevenmainsectors: Engineering (includinginstruments andItemsof repairs).Textiles. Gems & Jewellery, Chemicals & allied. Agriculture and allied(including Marineand Plantations), leather & Footwear itemsandotheritems.However, thethreeE's-Electronics, Electricaland Engineering goodsfigureprominently in thelist of theidentified itemswherethereis a greatpotential forIndia,thoughat presentin manyof theseitems Indiahasonlya smallmarl<et presence. Theproductsidentified alsoaccountfor a largevalueofourcurrentexportsandthepotential for growth in theseitems is alsoenormous.Therearemanypotentialitemsin whichwehavea presence. butpotential for growthisveryhigh. There is also potentialfor exportsof the identifieditemsto identified marl<ets otherthanUSA,EUandJapan.Such detailed identificationof productsat the4-digit levelwouldhetpexporters to concentrate onexports of particular itemswithin an overallsector or sub-sector. MARKETIDENTIFICATION Twentyfive marketshavebeenidentifiedbasedon different criteria.However, USA. EUandJapanasexpected. are the mainmarketsbasedon mostof thecriteria. Thefocus 25 marketswhichwereidentifiedbasedon fivemajorcriteriainclude: USA.EU.Japan,HongKong. China. KoreaRep..Australia.Canada. Mexico.Switzerland. Brazil. Turkey. Poland. Taipei Chinese. Singapore, Thailand. Russl2. Israel,Norway.Argentina. Indonesia.SaudiArabia.UAE. S.AfricaandGreece. Formanyof the markets of developing countries,region-specific policieson the lines of Focus LAC canbe followedwhilefor developed countries. FOI linked exportsand specialpreferential tradingarrangements canbeexamined. Thus,basicallyfour strategies relatedto productsandmarl<ets canbefollowed(i) ProductMarketPenetration strateqy for existingproducts.(ii) Market Diversification strategy for existingproducts.(Hi)ProductDiversification strategy for existingmarketsand(iv) Productmarket diversificationin thecaseof newproducts andnewmarl<ets. III. SECTOR-WISE STRATEGIES Fortheidentifiedpol-'f1tial sectors.indicative sector-wise strategies havebeengivenbased onthedetailed stratiJY paper prepared by the Export PromotionCouncils/Commodity Boards anddetailed discussions heldwith exporters. The main
sectors covered are liie following: Engineering (incfudinginstrumentsand items of repairsh--Textiles, Gems& Jewellesy. ChemIcals& Allied. Agriculture. and Allied (including MarineandPlantations).Leather& Footwearitemsand Other items

Thesestrategiesneedtobeoperationalised byGovemmeflt forachieving themaximum results.Some ofthemajorstrategies suggestedfor the differentsectors are as follows:

16

IV. KEYSTRATECIC POLICIES & ISSUESANDSECTOR-WISE STRATEGIES There aresomekeyst~atf(Jic policiesand issueswhiCh WIIrmcactlndia's abilityto effectively adoptthe product market in the new wock!tradeorder.Fifteensuchmampot1cies havebeen examined lor themerchand,s:; sector. In stiateoies addition. a sectionhas been a:'.:fed aboutour DOSslbl'. aDDroac.hes andstrateoies lor servicesexports.

To achieve ove!all exportcompetitiveness. the broadecQOOmac and traderelatedissuesincludetariff issues aHeclinQ ISsuessuchasFOIandexchdr\Qe ratemechanism. procedural Indian exportspricecompetitiveness. macroec.onomlC issuessuch as exportrelated tax rebates. transac.lIon costsand, alsoinlrastructure issuessuchasexportinfrastructure. marketino support etc.Allthese ptay theirpartIn aNectlOO t~ ovefallcompetitiveness 01India'sexports inthe international
arena.Thekey issuesarcdiscussed below: Policyfor price competitiveness: A strateOlc tanffpoltC; for eachindustr{is rCQuircd. which locuseson Maintainino the Real Effective EJchanQ~ ~al~ ()f the Rupr.e at a level appropriatefor ensuring price
'

compehtiveness of exports.

. Tariffpolicywhich achieves lower average Import tanUs~nefittinQ exportsthrough cheaper cost 01inputs by shifting to a 8.di<Jitnomenctature for tariffs. : Balancino 01overall lower tariffs by protecting sensitr/e "~ms which are likely to be affected due to removal of QRs. Trade Defence Mechanism: While an across-the-board lower tariff regime is beneHciaI to country's competitiveness. there must be in place an effectiveand fast-responsive trade defence mechanism to provideprotectionto domestic industry,as and when it facesunfairtrade practices.Besldes shifting to a-digitnomenclature, theanti-dumping and safeguard duty mechanism wouldhaveto continue to beeffective andfurther strengthening of these mechanismsshould bedone when necessary. It hasbeen foundthattodefend acase abroad, the concerned Indian firms donotalways have the abilityandresources to marshat a largevolume of data for presentation before theconcernedGovernment authorities. Whilethe sensitivesectorsareprotectedby manycountries bYnon-tariff measures,there Is theneed to examine the

labeling forgenetically modified food incfuding animal imposition of genuine non-tariff measures likeQualitycertification, genes infood in a WTOcompatible way.Thisstrategy if usedwithcare,willnotonlysafeguard India's sensitivesectors but atsopromoteexports.
WTO compatible policies: In aligningwith WTO a9reei:\ents. Indianeeds to constantly examine as to whether the subsidies are actionable-or not. The ASCM does provideforNon- ActionableSubsidies to be providedfor e~rts. Most of the developed countries are giving these subsidies. The main subsidies under this category are the non-specific subsidies based on objective criteria. There is alsoscopefor supporting the agricultural sector in many ways. Foreign Direct Investment: FOIpolicy frameandprocedural packages will haveto be. as it is donenow. continually evaluated in the contextot theimpactof FOIon promotion of exports.This is criticalespeciallyfor manufactured hi-tech productsfrom India.India'sFOIpolicyneeds to balance export-oriented industries and thoseseeking to o~idte in the domesticmarket. Tax Rebate: Export schemes need to be devised in sucha maooer that helpthe exporters to get backthe taxes borne by them efficiently and Quicldy. Schemes of reimbursementneedto be transparentand comprehensive to woO< effectively. Such a system is possible if a comprehensive VATsystemis introduced at everylevel.Lower customsand excise duties for majorinputs needed for exports can minimisethe need for duty drawback. Transaction Costs: Source and Quantum of transaction costs by headneeds to be classified.While automation and systemic simplification can helpreducetransaction costsin the short term,the long-term solutionliesin modifyingthe indirecttax structure, which Is the biggest contributoroftransactions costs. There is needfor procedural simplifICations likeenforcing LUTfacilitiesInsteadof bank guarantees.etc.In addition,EOI enables enhanced conoectMtyfor ~xporters byprocessing documents electronically and throuon digital signatures that reduce processIng Ume andthus trcmsaction costs.Finally, incrf;'asing accountability of exportprocessing personnel willenhance reductionof transactioncosts.
Export Infrastructure: Up-gradation of overall tlomestic infrastructure Is a gradual process on account of resource scarcity .AS well as the minimum project implementationtime requirements.A pragmatic solution rteSin identifying and pr1oritizinospecific Infrastructure projects within SEls crucial for export enhancement. Also, export Infrastructure should be Includedas part of the EXIM policyas it leads to enhancementof ~xports.

1'6

,~

TradeAgreements: Based 011 different criteria. there is scope for Agreements withGCC countries. ASEAIJ ano E;I~!
European countriestor Agriculturalexports.withUSAandCanada for Marineprooucts, with CIScountries.Russiaant; LatinAmerICan countriesfor Wool 8. Woolenproducts andFT A's with LAC.Africa,CISlInd SEAsiabllseccn rcqiona~ Importance and complement3rilies with India.Given theImportance of FreeTrade Areaof America's (FTAA's), and other RTAs,thereis also the needfor a close understanding withUS.EUandothermajorplayersin the RTAsto safeguarQ againstanyadverseeffectdue to our competitors whoaremembers of theseFTAs. It is alsoimportant for future growth. Trade Agreements with Japanmay beessential to counterbalance theChinese effectandtradeagreement with Chinamay beneeded to tapthe highpotentialfor exportsto China. Careful well-thought outFTAs andPTAs areneeded
".

StateexportparticIpation: Involvement of States toalilrade negotiations along withtheCentre isofparamount importancc. StatesthathousefocusexpOlt IndustriesshouldbeInvolved actively in alldiscussions! negotiations andtradeagreement lormulationsregarding theseproducts.Exportperformance shouldalsobeincluded asoneof thecriteriafor devolution ot fundsto Statcs.A newschemehasbeenputinplace byDepartment ofCommerce forgreater assistance to States 1his scheme canbe widened anddeepened. Developing5S1 export Industry: A well.formulated package offeringsupportto 551sis essential to build on their Intrinsicstrengthsin thedereserved future andhelptheinternationalization process of theSSIsector. Thereis a necdto identifythoseproductcategories currentlyhaving strongSSIpresence andperceived to recordhighdemandgrowth in gtobalmarkets.The second stage willbe to implement thespecific components of theporlCy package for strengthening and upgradinlJ the productionpotentialand export-orientation of theseSSIsectors. Thepolicypackage that has been prepared for strengthening' the SSI sectorneedto bepursued for consolidating theroleof 5S1sectorin exports. SpecialEconomicZones:Manycountries,whichinlJeneral followa restriclive tradepolicy,havefelttheneedfor setting up exportprocessing lonesfexport-oriented units/special economic zones andsimilar variants. Therecentpolicy by India . in thisregardis theintroduction of SEZsbyconverting existing EPZs to SEZs andalsoallowingSEZs intheprivate sectoe Thereis a needfor continuation of this policyandadding neVifeatures in orderto makethe package as attractive as possible.
\

MarketDevelopment Programsand Dissemination of InformaUon: AllMarket Assistance programs need to b~combined undera singteMarketDevelopment Prooram.TheprOlJram shoufdfocuson: Loanguarantees andexportaedit insurance in difficultmarkets andmediuml\ong term projects

. Enhancedfunding for existing export promotion activitiesliketrade fairs, trademissions,reversetrademissions, sellermeets.catalogue shows etc. . Technicatassistance for bids and attaininginternational qualitlstandards andcertification. etc.

buyer-

Concessional funding for technology absorption and marketdevelopment

A beginnin<jhas already beenmadein this regard. Dissemination of information is anintegratpartofstrategic planning forexports. This wouldinclude detailed communication regardingspecificinitiativesunder variousPreferential Trading Agreements signed with strategicmarketsor product specificarrangements. Communication mechanisms suchas IndustryNeVisletters and Internetbasedinformation ~issemination wouldhelpimproveactiveparticipation bytheexporting community inachieving India's export goats. The IndianMissions abroad and EPCslCBsneed to befurther activated. Theadoptionof the different macrostrategiesalong withsector-wise strategies outlined in the eartier Chapter C2n help in concretising the product-market strategies outlinedeartierand help in doubling India's exports in the medium term.

RegionalFocus Regional focuswasfirstInitiated byDepartment of Commerce in1997for theLatinAmericareoion. This reQionalfocus has alreadypaid dividends as an evaluation of the programmerevealsthatshareof Indianexport to LAC havegoneup from 1.43percent in 1996-97to2.21per('-cnt in 2000-01. Thedecade's growthrateofourexpocts during oneofthehighest. Astheregion-specific focushas already paid 1990-2000 showsthatthegrowthrateofAfrica has been dividends. we shouldactivelyconsider such focussed programmes for regionslikeAfrica andfor any other region dependingupon thedevelopments.
S~rvice exports: Thereis a need for a radicalstrategy to I'romoteservic-cs exportsin which Indiahasa rompetitive advantage. tndia needs to promoteexportsofnotonlyservices butalsoexports ofgoods needing these servicesPromotion

lC)

of both softwareand hardwarehas to be donesimultaneously. A mediumterm strategyb~ servicessector will be prepared by theDepartment of Commerce andtheworK hasalready beenil1rtiated. V. MEDIUMTERMEXPORT THRUST ExportprojectionshavebeenmadewhichshowthatIndianeeds a 1j .9%Compound Annu2:GrOYl1h Rate(CAGR)for exportsfor thenextfive yearsI.e, 2002.2007to reach 1%of world exportsof 80..18 bill!onUSdollars.This is a near doublingof exportsin themediumterm.Sector-wise andregion-wise projections havealsoDeen !!\ade. VI. INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FORFOLLOW-UP . Takingstock of thedevelopments in the recentpastand'tonsidering thecurrentglobaleconomicenvironment. a stable policyenvironment lacedwith innovativemeasures hasbeen suggested in theMedium TermExportStrategyfor 20022007.Thiswouldfacilitate a morefavourable trading environment to enable ourexporting community to achievehigher growthratesIn theglobaltradewhich is becoming increasingly competitive.The strategies that havebeenadvocatedfor thenext5 yearsareInasenseaparadigm shift fromtheearlier approaches. Incontrast totheeartierapproach of focussing onexistingproductsandexistingmarketsof India's export sector, thenewapproach outlines an opportunity 2ssessment afterexamining theimportbasket 01majorimporting economies of thewondandidentifying potential itemsof exportsin whichIndiais competitive alongwith furtheropportunities in theitemscurrently exported by lnc:fqAdditionally, someof the key strategicpOlicyissuesthat havea bearing on India'scompetitive advantage in opportunityareashave been broughtIn one placein a focussedmannerso thatpolicymeasures are takento enhance the competitive edge of our exportingcommunity.Sector-wise strategieshavealsobeenexamined for consideration.This strateoy fully takes into accountthe international developments and thecomplexities arisingin thenewworldtradeorder under the WTO. It is necessary to set up an institutionalmechanism to constantly monitortheprogress of the achievement of various objectives broadlyindicated in theMediumTermExport Strategy. Asthe strategy document hasto beadoptedas a road plan prepared mapfor the mediumtermby thoseconcerned in t~ Government. it is essential for themto get the action in a time boundmannerto achievethe goals set outfor themediumterm in consultation with the concernedExport PromotionCouncils,Commodity Boards,Commercial Attaches in IndianEmbassies andotherexportpromotionbodies. In this process,an effective implementation modelhasto beevolved with in-builtcomponents 10provide for a constant. reviewdictatedby thestrategicopportunitiesandchallenges of the dynamicglobaltradingenvironment of particular importance wouldbeafocusontheoniloing WID neQotiations andhowbestthestrategies of~rt sector could rise up to thechallenges of theNewWor1d TradeOrder.Where necessary, strategies outlined in thisdocument may have to be reformulated evenduringmid-courseif suchchanges would ensure betterresutts fortheIndianeconomy in general and for theexport sectorIn particular. To ensurethat an institutionalmechanism is in place. theEconomic Divisionin theDepartment of Commercewill be designated asthenodal olVision andtheEconomic Adviser along with acoregroupofsenior officerswithin theDepartment andrepresentatives of majorexportpromotionbodies asalsosomeexperts in theacademia sh2I ensure that resources arecommittedto achieve goals.andprovidethedynalTlic trackagainst which progress canbemeasured. Thiscore group will be headed bytheCommerce Secretary and shall meet atieast oncein sixmonthormore frequently v~rever oecessary.

2..0

~~I

Analysis

of Potential

Markets

Among the 25 markets identifid as the potential markets, the USA, EU and Japan are the main markets based on the most of the criteria. First, the US market is analyzed. Then based on the examination .of tt".e import basket of USA, the top 100 commodities of USA's imports are identified and analyzed for India's competitiveness and then the potential commodities are short-tisted. Next, based on examination of India's export basket to USA, the top 100 import commodities of USA from India are analyzed for India's price competitiveness and then the potential commodities are short-listed.. Next, the other markets, EU and Japan are analyzed in a similar manner. Finally; for all the three mat1<ets,the identified potential items are collated together and are grouped into product sectors. The items not in top 100 imports but falling under top 900,<,of imports of US, EU and Japan have also been analysed. The tariffsfor the top 100 imports from world and top 100 imports from loosa, by these markets have also been arsalysed. TI-.e relevance to some other major identified mar1<ets of the identifiedlist of items is also attempted.

Items in which India can perfonn better In top 100 Imports of US from India:
(1) Frozen fish, not fillets (2) Crustaceans (3) Othet"seafood (4) Coffee (5) Other fruit,nut (6) Antibiotics (7) Polye~, expoxide, etc. (8) Plate, sheet. etc. and cell (9) New Pneumatic tyres (10) Suitcase, bag, wallet ete. (11) Apparel plus accessories of leather or composition of leather (12) Womenfgirl suit, ensembles (13) Men'sIboy's shirts (14) Women/girts, shirt. blouse (15) Men'sIboy's underpants, pyjamas etc. (16) Tshirt, singlet. etc. (17) Sweater, pullover, vest (18) Overcoat, etc. menlboys (19) Overcoat. etc. womenIgirl (20) Suits, ensembles, etc (21) Women/gir1suits etc (22) Men's'lboy's shirts (23) MenJboy undershirt. etc (24) Women/girl slips, etc (25) Baby garment and accessories (26) Other made-up articles, dress pattern (27) Footwear of rubber/plasticlleather (28) ImitationJewellery (29) Aat rolled products of iron or non-altoysteel exceeding 600 mm (30) Tube/pipe fitting, iron and steel (31) Screw, bolt. but, washer, etc (32) Household articles and parts (33) Other articles of ironIsteel (34) Unwrought Aluminium(35) HO$uehoId articles, etc (36) Hardware. fixtures, caster, etc (38) Liquid pumps, elevators' (38) pjr related pumpslcompressors (39) Parts 8425 to 8430 (40) Computers and components (41) Pipe taps, cock. valve (42) BaWroIlerbearings (43) Bectric moIors, generators (44)ADP Power supp6es eft: (45) Video apparatus (46) 8ectrical Appliances for switch not exceeding 1000v (47) Semiconductor device, Didoes, Transistors (48) Integrated circuits (49) Tractors, not in 8709 (50) Part/accessories 8701~05 (51) X-ray etc. tube.
pan. etc (52) Other furniture, not seal (53) lamps, lighting, fitting (54) Festive, camiva~ ~c

Items in which India can perfonn better Intop 100Importsof EUfromIndia

(1) Diamonds (2) Jewellery w!th precious metals (3) WomenIGic1s sui:s, etc (4) Ii\eo (5) Men'sIboy's shirts (6) Coffee (7) Pepper (8) Screws, nuts and bolts, washers (9) Antibiotics (10) Footwear with sole of rubber/plastic1leather (11) T-shirt. singlet. etc (12) Rat roll hot coil (13) Sweater, PuIioYer, Vest (14) WomenK3ir1sslip, Pyjamas (15) Gas turbines (16) Other bovineleather (17) Un-manufactured tobacco (18) Other seafood (19) Synthetic filament yam (20) Men's1Boysshirts (21) Men/sIBoysundefpauts (22) Suits. eosembles etc (23) Crustaceans (24) lamp, lighting fitting(25) Women/Girls suit ensembles (26) Iron ore. and coocentrates (27) Hardware fixtures (27) 0veR:0ats Men's1Boys (29) Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yam (30) Other plate sheet (31) Track suits, ski suit, etc (32) Flat rolled products of iron, ete exceeding 600 mm (33) Babies garments (34) Partslaccessories (35) Liquid punps (36) Other fabrics. knitfcrocheted (37) Parts engines (38) Spor1s equipment, pools(39) Transmission shafts, gear ban or ro(l~ screws etc (40) AOP Power supplies (41) Organs suffur components (42) Other medk:ameuts (43) Baby garments and accessories (44) Womenlgil1sovercoat, car coat, caps etc (45) Household articles and parts (46) Electrical appliances for switch not exceeding 1000v (47) Women1Gir1slips etc (48) lamp lighting fittinog . Items in which India can perfonn better In top 100 imports of Japan from India:

(1) Women/girls suits etc. (2) Men'sIboy's shifts (3) Womoo'giOblouse, shirts (4) Woven fabrics (5) Unen (6) Corrbed yam (7) Shawl, scarf, muffler etc (8) Pipe, taps, valve cocks (9) Primacyeel batteries (10) Organo-sulphur compounds (11) Suitcase, bags (12) Antibiotics(13) Synthetic organic ooIouring material (14) X-Ray(tubes)/pans (15) Fern> alloys (16) Tea (17) JewclIerywithprecious metafs(18) CUt flowers.

21

-- ~--

EXPORT OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES:

"0. 2. .tL. '>

',-"

'.share~ .,'-'0
;~;!-CI,-':~~ /~c.;'.c;, :~

'.'

I. PLANTATIONS
1. Tea 2. Coffee II. AGRl&ALLIED PRDTS 1. Cereal a) Rice b) Wheat c) Others 2. 3. Pulses

2723.26 1637.35 1085.92 24844.48 6956.68 4167.98 2391.15 397.55 328.60 1096.47 801.41
295.06

2792.14 1784.18" 1007.96 27111.41 8866.38 6641.67 1448.03 776.68 553.81 1246.75 937.71
309.04

1875.29 1243.13 632.16 16766.63 5153.55 3323.84 1183.18 646.53 367.31 773.54 572.44
201.10

1938.42 1089.60 848.82 18282.20 5584.68 4706.48 542.28 335.92 '682.72 791.47 635.85 I

3.37 -12.35 34.27 9.04 8.37 41.60

0.75 0.42

I
I

0.33 7.08 2.16 1.82 0.21

I
I

-54.17
-48.04 85.87 2.32 11.08

0.13 0.26 0.31 0.25 0.06 0.46 0.85 0.59 0.16 0.09 0.72 0.23 0.24 0.04 0.04 0.86

Tobacco
a) Unmanufactured
b) Manufactured

155.62

I
I

-22.62
-3.27 -3.90 0.26

4. 5.

Spices Nuts & Seeds a) Cashew incl. CNSL

b) Sesame & Niger seed

11544.18 3003.45 1704.84

1794.11

1240.92 2275.87 1529.34

11200.32 2187.08 1533.35

3573.05 2347.73

I
I

754.30

723.33

444.38 302.16 1613.92

420.65 233.08 1866.74

.

-5.34 -22.86
. '2.91

c) Groundnut 6. Oil Meals .

544.30 3348.41

501.99 3100.75

7. GuergumMeal
8. 9. Castor Oil Shellac

507.90
656.06 179.74 1235.97 3485.06
1737.95 seeds

655.96
1028.26 162.77 149.13 3234.65
1625.05 62.93 1546.67

372.11
648.57 92.83 115.87 2138.17
1080.61

583.91
629.60 109.90 97.26

56.92
-2.89 18.39 -16.06

10. Sugar & Mollasses 11. Processed Foods

a) Fresh Fruits & Vegetable b) FruitsNegetable

2233.~
1044.50

-3.34 16.04 12.35

0.40 0.02 0.44 0.58 021 0.05 0.06

53.61 1693.50 1714.41 415.15 250.47 121.92

35.57 1021.99

41.27 1148.21

c) Processed and misc. Processed items 12. Meat & Preparations 13. Poultry & Dairy Product 14. Floriculture products

1734.37

1192.97 362.28 137.99 60.72

1492.45 540.41 136.26. 145.21

25.10 49.17 -1.25 79-.89

670.54 205.25 135.62

L'

15. Spirit & Beverages

- 2.."2..-

..

..,."..."""_

. "'-."""

-.

o-

m'MARINE PRODUCTS M'ORES & MINERALS

6105.63 10884.62 5173.26 105.66 2879.95 2433.75 291.99 9939.43 3524.60 6414.83 48586.07 455.48 45768.06 26861.56 8054.08 9199.97 1652.46 48324.44 22391.89 646.32 12757.45 8988.12 11385.72 1487.28 9898.44 14546.83 388.78 715.88 2084.89 11150.28 06.99

-- . 5695.21 18841.77 11814.84 62.7 4 3402.72 3330.60 230.86 10285.86 3707.02 6578.84 61580.58 440.80 56960.62 30092.07 13243.21 11357.54 2267.79 65543.24 29136.76 727.95 15694.86 12713.94 16315.55 1725.10 14590.44 20090.94 819.13 810.80 3414.55 14734.22 312.23

- 3894.-73 10882.69 6547.70 41.36 2169.66 2027.84 96.12 6875.65 2308.10 4567.55 38327.85 289.40 35174.81 18932.03 8158.91 6733.01 1350.86 40229.52 17836.88 3931.00 13857.87 8670.85 46.09 2653.95 2380.33 106.66 6811.70 2561.29 4250.41 44587.50 325.53 37983.72 21229.30 7435.99 7553.40 1765.03 47199.21 23672.87
I

0.93 27.34 32.43 11.43 22.32 17.38 10.97 -0.93 10.97 -6.94 16.33 12.48 7.99 12.13 -8.86 12.18 30.66 17.32 32.12 16.93 24.20 43.87 -1u.18 23.14 -14.28 17.22 -5.32 -8.67 50.50 13.18 -28.34

1.52 5.36 3.36' 0.02 1.03 0.92, 0.04 2.64 0.99 1.64 17.26 0.13 14.70 8.22 2.88 2.92 0.68 18.27 9.16 0.21 4.55 4.40 3.45 0.52 '2.94 5.65 0.19 0.13 1.21 4.06 0.06

Iron ore Minerals

. 21t"M ica

, 3Processed

4. Other
5. Coal

ores & Minerals

V. LEATHER & MFRS.

1. Footwear
2. Leather & mfrs. VI.GEMS & JEWELLERY VlI.SPORTS GOODS. VlII.CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS 1. Basic chemls.,Pharma & cosmetics 2. Plastics & Linoleum 3. Rubber, glass & other products 4. Residual chemls. & allied products IX.ENGINEERING GOODS MACHINERY Machine tools Machinery & Instruments Transport equipments .IRON & STEEL Iron & Steel bar rod etc Primary & semi- fnshd iron & steel OTHER ENGINEERING ITEMS Ferro Alloys Aluminium other than prods. Non-ferrous metals Manufacture of metals

470.53
9468.65 7897.70 9936.82 1087.83 8848.98 12455.83 531.54 358.69 2075.02 9263.38 227.19

550.19 11760.12 11362.56 8925.19 1339.50 7585.69 14601.15 503.24 327.60 3122.89 10484.61 162.80

Residual Engineering Items

23-

"

':.

X. ELECTRONIC GOODS 1. Electronics 2. CompurSoftware in physical form XI.PROJECT GOODS XII.TEXTILES 1. Readymade garments

8293.86 7941.86 352.01 386.58 56082.21 28634.40 15599.87

I

8105.93 7885.93 220.01 220:92 53996.24 27077.4 7 14389.26

5271.42 5132.54 138.88 125.33 35977.29 17666.90 9890.38

5445.52 5220.30 225.22 343.09 36994.86 20118.09 9360.15

3.30 1.71.1 62.17

173.75

I
I

2.11 2.02 0.09 0.13,

I
I

2.83
13.87 -5.36

14.32
7.79 3.62 1.95 0.43 0.09 0.13
0.31

J I I I

2 Cotton,yarn,fabrics. made-ups, etc. 3. Manmade textiles made-ups, etc. 4. Natural silk.textiles 5. Wool & woollen mfrs. 6. Coir & coir mfrs. 7. Jute mfrs.
XIII. HANDICRAFTS

8368.83 1739.96 267.81 357.37

8738.05 1823.06 298.52 456.35

1213.53

5956.26 1173.63 203.11 296.52

790.49

5026.18 1118.70 220.24 345.37

806.13

-15.62 -4.68 8.44 16.4 7

1.98

I
I

1113.98

2296.13 2691.23 2571.02 0.00 120.22 942.37 16397.44 8645.46

1543.27 2679.43 2556.87 0.00 122.56 364.49 30518.10 9388.87

1171.15 1777.60 1719.57 0.00 58.03 226.08 19965.20 5843.06

1199.06 1988.06 1933.92 0.00 54.14 821.64 29267.09 7407.56 258384.05

2.38 11.84 12.47' 0.00 -6,71 263.43 46.59 26.78 15.00

0.46 0.77 0.75 0.00 0.02 0.32 11.33 2.87 100.00

XIV.CARPETS 1. Hand-made' excl. Silk 2. Mill-made excl. Silk 3. Silk Carpets X!V. COTTON RAW iocl. waste XVI. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS XVII.UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS GRAND TOTAL

I I I

293366.75

356068.88 224673.72

SOURCE :- DGCI&S

2-4--

EXPORTS BY REGIONS AND COUNTRIES

C6'ffinro .~~~~~
I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. WEST EUROPE (a) EU Countries Belgium Denmark France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Nether1ands
-

"..

~~;'I,

",o:,

..~.':<";" r;fI i9';:'f1~h~L

-

t"
E
,
,~-

..:;~

'0

-;.,-=,"~#. ~

~xf..5 r - -. .,,;9fP31
84736.77 77488.74

""""'--~ OO~.~

72382.93 8297.56 1111.54 5885.84 11692.61 919.20 693.56 7946.88 65.21 5923.65 780.67 41107.02 13892.31 488.82 1010.36 511321.129.59' 541.99 82.36 27.50 75.05 404.46 77.44 422.15 616.70 166.31 6012.80 347.79 2588.63

66370.13

~.. "
. 7-_
~.

- ." -

-'"r:.;? . ~Of)"~ '.

~.~ ,

To...1..c. Lf~ ;'__<-=""-" <Sh

:;rJ-Tr;
3>~-

"

re'''.-.,

~~"'-

-- or. :~:-;-'"

""'"

--~

>=:.'

53375.72 6966.12

62451.29 7367.21 959.39 5158.45

17.00

24.17 .22.11 2.85 0.37 2.m 3.28 0.52 0.21 2.25 0.01 2.43 02~ 1.50 5.<M 0.13 0.3D 0.20 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.01
--

2. I

48652.77

57139.96

17.44 5.76

10972.69:' 1291.27 7229.99 11880.32 1302.44 853.58 9708.93 48.58 6820.85 928.58 5904.96 15926.84 502.67 1025.43 611.96 122.74 140.60 132.60 42.11 70.53 374.05 101.41 466.09 750.02 279.49 7248.03 449.13 3091.59

I
J

788.73 4545.44 7559.69 813.04 568.72 5833.72 30.78 4232.19 649.86 3628.09 10070.13 340.66 650.66 394.78 77.87 46.66 96.50 26.67 41.11 211.08 68.69 349.39 47928 182.91 4722.95 284.86

21.64 13.49 12.21 65.25 -2.91

10. Portugal 11. Spain 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. II 17. I 18. . 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. (b) 1. 2. 3. II. 1. 2. United Kingdom Austria Sweden Finland Cyprus Malta Lithuania Estonia Latvia Czech Republic Slovak Republic Hungary Poland Slovenia Rest of West Europe

8482.77 1343.56 552.16 5806.46 26.17 6267.55 611.88 3872.78 13010.94 341.40 782.01 528.48 83.68 500.63 80.45 30.97 69.68 256.53 56.70 222.95 519.68 207.44 5311.33 351.86

-0.47
-14.97 48.09 -5.84 6.74 29.20 0.22 20.19 33.87 7.46 972.96 -16.63 16.14" 69.52 21.53 -17.44 -36.19 8.43 13.41 12.46 23.52

0.03 0.10 0.02 0.09 02D 0.06 2.06

Norway
Turkey Switzer1and EAST EUROPE Romania Buigaria

2067.21
555.13

2344.85
795.06

1989.71 158624
498.41

2366.84 1215.03 392.66

214.48

219.61
115.89

476.33
107.76 40.53 4662.55 2684.33 1978.22 357.37 907.67

275.34
76.07

3. Serbia & Montenegro III. CJ.S.& BALTIC STATES 1)Russia )) Rest of CIS Countries Kazakhstan !. Ukraine

77.33 4742.97
3279.80 1463.17 343.76 506.69

31.81
3118.81 1735.72 1383.09
244.89

54.34 19.59
3126.72 1841.14 1285.58
229.32

18.95 -23.40 -21.22 -22.10 -28.56 -38.41

0.25 6.07 -7.05

O.g 0.92
0.47

0.15
0.05

0.02 0.01
1.21 0.71 0.50

-6.36
-2.92

.0.09
025 ~

652.86

633.82

- 25-

~ .
r:

.
.
2. Nepal 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Sri Lanka Australia China PR Hongkong Indonesia Japan 10. Malaysia 11. Singapore 12. Thailand 13. Pakistan 2. 3. Israel V. AFRICA 1. .2. 3. Egypt Nigeria 2. U.SA 2. Argentina 3. Mexico 1. 2. Panama Peuno

'

IV.ASIA AND OCEANIA

. .. '..", JI" 136112.79 93899.67 7998.98 3075.79 .6061.91 . 2684.91 13579.06 14988.52 5179.68 7854.45

r-re

R.

168822.80 115321.69 7126.94 3273.06 6082.60 3086.93 20606.84 16405.99 5799.27 8885.62 4325.84

.r.@ .. -. -104251.83 120663.09 71030.41 4375.62 2347.34 4053.02 2023.53 11272.39 10215.38 3426.98 5583.06 2752.05 84900.14 4048.60 2329.66 5543.16 2172.78 15229.49 12401.52 3396.28 6032.70 3896.27

...'

.,. ' 15.74 19.53 -7.47 -0.75 36.77 7-38 35.iO 21.4'] -0.90 8.05 41.58 '

46.70 32.86 1.57 0.90 2.15 0,84 5.89 4.80 1.31 2.33 1.51

(a) EscaP 1. Bangladesh

Korea Republic of

- .-

3514.65

4102.38
9763.93 3821.72 1318.52 42213.12 5161.77 23552.85 3326.80 16947.32 1688.65 2598.51 2478.39 61705.00 56305.54 3507.00 52798.54 5182.70 1266.52 401.29 1215.07 216.75 14.71 121.46 79.38 293366.75

4476.77
17053.79 3846.44 2271.03 53501.11 6154.53 31893.01 4447.98 24093.07 1901.93 2753.39 4307.14 72707.08 63282.74 3667.13 59604.33 9357.25 2947.98 803.17 1583.04 67.09 2.09 58.14 1.42 356068.88

3144.63
10142.24 2364.66 1431.46 33221.42 3987.60 18966.27 2966.29 14235.04 1163.09 1618.35 2955.66 48303.85 42203.87 2391.07 39811.40 6061.36 1954.88 321.36 1123.14 38.62 1.89 32.16 1.36 224673.72

2775.63
15615.05 2751.78 1505.21 35762.96 4630.49 20562.10 3278.38 18176.25 1545.43 231129 4244.11 54503M 46819.44 2476.85 44340.30 7613.92 3003.79 53024 1038.07 70.09 19.87 48.99 0.31 258384.05

-11.73
53.96 16.37 5.15 7.65 16.12 8.41 10.52 27.69 .,32.87 .42.82 43.59 12.83 10.94 3.59 11.38 25.61 53.66 65.00 -7.58 81.48 949.35 52.34 . -;77.31 15.00

1.07
6.04 1.06 0.58 13.84 1.79 7.96 1.27 7.03 0.60 0.89 1.64 21.09 18.12 0.96 17.16 2.95 1.16 0.21 0.40 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00. 100.00

(b) Others 1. Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

South Africa

VI. AMERICA (a) North America 1. Car.ada

(b) Latin American Countries 1. Braz:jl

(c) Rest of America Canal Zone Rjco

3.. Turks & Cab:>s Is. GRANDTOTAL

SOURCE :- DGCI&S

':b6 ~