Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Shikha Nema
IS-95
Different modulation techniques for uplink and down link Variable Bit Rate Power control Rake reciever
Processing Gain
Early Implementations use R=9600 b/s for a Processing gain of 128 ch/b G = Processing Gain Later Implementations W = Switching Rate Ch/s use R=14400 b/s for a R = Source Information Rate b/s processing gain of 85.3 ch/b
W G R
PN Sequence
Signal is spread using a pseudorandom noise sequence Low cross correlation
ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-
TX
USER INPUT 10011 01101001100101100110
USER OUTPUT
Cell
Cell
10011
10011001100110011001
10011001100110011001
CODE
User Input Spreading Sequence TX Data 1 1001 0110 0 1001 1001 0 1001 1001
CODE
1 1001 0110 1 1001 0110
Decoding using incorrect Orthogonal Function 0110 0101 0011 1001 0101 1100 1001 0101 1100 0110 0110
Rx Data
Incorrect Function
Spreading Codes
IS95 systems use two types of code sequences: Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes). Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. Long codes (242 =4400 Billion) Short codes (215 =32768)
Walsh Codes:In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by Unique Walsh code. These are
(a) (b) (c) 64 codes of 64 Bit Length. Forwarded traffic channel Codes. All codes are orthogonal to each other.
(d) These codes provide Isolation between multiple signals transmitted by base stations
The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows: (a)Repeat the function right (b)Repeat the function below (c) Invert function (diagonally)
Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
By using this technique we create a set of 64 such codes of 64 bit length which is known as Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to each other.
The individual subscriber now can communication using one of these codes. start
These codes are traffic channel codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of the information in the entire bandwidth.
Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the multiple signals transmitted by the base station.
PN offset (Masking)
- Masking will cause the generator to produce the same sequence but offset in time. - Masking provides the shift in time for PN codes. - Different masks corresponds to different time shifts. - ESN are used as masks for users on the traffic channels.
LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials. (b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls) scrambled. (c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls. (d) This code is unique for every subscriber. (e) It is known as user address mask or user identification. (f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same codes are used. (g) Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps)
SHORT CODES
(a) This PN sequence is based on 215 characteristics polynomial. (b) (c) Differentiates cells and sectors. Identifies cells and sectors.
(d)
(e) (f)
Pilot Channel
Sync Channel Paging Channels Traffic Channels Reverse Link Channels Access Channels Traffic Channels
The pilot is used by the subs unit to obtain initial system synchronization and to distinguish cell sites. Every sector of every cell site has a unique pilot channel. Transmitted constantly. Allows the mobile to acquire the system. Provides mobile with signal strength comparison. Approximately 20% of the radiated power is in the pilot.(4-6 db higher)
.
Pilot channel
Carries unmodulated DSS signal Period of 26.667ms 75 pilot channel ever 2 seconds Has unique PN Offset(215 ) for each cell or sector
On this chl base station can page the subs unit and it can send call set-up and traffic chl assignment information.
BS identifier
Access CHLS.
(a) Provides communication from Mobile to base station when mobile is not using traffic Chl. The access chl is used for call origination & for response to pages, orders & registration requests. It is paired with corresponding paging chl.
IS95 Modulation
Information A/D Vocoder
Information Bits
FEC Code symbols
Chips Spreader
PSK
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1
R=1/2
19.2 ksps Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Wt
Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps
R=3/4
19.2 ksps
1.2288 Mcps
decimator
800bps
24:1 O PN
I channel modulation
Q channel Modulation
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1
Orthogonal
R=1/3
Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver 28.8 ksps
Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps
R=1/2
1.2288 Mcps
O PN
Power control CDMA will not work without an effective power control, because of the near-far problem, fading & varying path loss. The system requires fast closed loop power control for Raleigh fading.
Requires wide dynamic range open loop power control to handle variations in path losses in different locations.
Open loop power control: An original estimate is made by the mobile. Mobile adjusts its trans power according to changes in its received power from the base station.
=== 0 ===
Hand offs
Softer handoff Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)
Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS) Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)
CDMA Capacity
W/R 1 1 N= -------*-----*--------*n *g Eb/Io d 1+f Where N= calls per sector W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz) R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps) Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB) d= Voice activity factor (0.4) f= other interference/ same interference (0.6) n= loading factor (0.8) g= reduction for variable power (0.85) N= 27 users per sector for R=9.6Kbps 18 users per sector for R=14.4Kbps
Rake receiver
CDMA mobiles use rake receivers. The rake receiver essentially a set of four or more receivers (or fingers). One of the receivers constantly searches for different multipaths and helps to direct the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath signals. Allows combined reception of up to three different paths. Provides searcher receiver to identify changes in path characteristics/new cells. Provides both path diversity and frequency diversity.
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher Correlator
c o m b i n e r
Rake receiver
ANTENNA
T0
T1
T2
T3
DELAY TAPS
W0
W1
W2
W3
TAP WEIGHTS
Summing Circuit
OUTPUT