APUNTES DE GRAMATICA INGLESA

El artculo determinante o definido El artculo determinante o definido se traduce en ingls por The. Es invariable y corresponde a las formas espaolas el, la, los, las. Ejemplos: The boy (el nio) The boys (los nios) The girl (la nia) The girls (las nias) The book (el libro) The books (los libros) El artculo definido puede ir precedido de las preposiciones of, to. En ingls no hay contraccin de preposicin y artculo: del y al se traducen por of the ( del) to the (a el). Ejemplos: Of the village. (del pueblo) Of the house. (de la casa) To the garden (al jardn) To the door (a la puerta) Usos del artculo the: Cuando sabemos de quin o de qu estamos hablando. Cuando hablamos de algo que lo hemos mencionado en una frase anterior. Con los adjetivos en grado superlativo. Con los sustantivos cuando indican un tipo o clase en general. Con los nombres propios de ocanos, mares, montaas, naciones en plural... Con los adjetivos abstractos. Ejemplos: Can I have the drink? (puedo tomar la bebida?) cuando sabemos de que bebida hablamos. Mr and Mrs Jones have a daughter and two sons. The daughter is a doctor. (El sr. y la sra. Jones tienen una hija y dos hijos. La hija es doctora) She is the best. (ella es la mejor) The ants are workers. (las hormigas son trabajadoras) The Alps. (los alpes) The fantastic (lo fantstico) Casos en los que no usamos el artculo the: Cuando hablamos de algo en general. Delante de trminos geogrficos o topnimos. Delante de nombres de personas aunque estos estn precedidos de ttulos. Delante de meses, estaciones y das festivos. Delante de las comidas generales como almuerzo, cena.. Cuando hablamos de partes del cuerpo usando el verbo to have (tener) Delante de next (prximo, siguiente) y last (ltimo, pasado)

Ejemplos: Houses are expensive. (las casas son caras) Life isn't easy. (la vida no es fcil) Fifth Avenue. (la quinta avenida) Spain. (Espaa) King Charles (el rey Carlos) We see you in September. (te veremos en septiembre) El artculo indeterminado a / an A o an, corresponde los siguientes artculos en espaol: un, una. A se usa con nombres que comienzan por consonante. ejemplos: a book = un libro a pen = un bolgrafo a chair = una silla An se usa con nombres que comienzan por vocal. Ejemplos: an animal = un animal an answer = una contestacin an example = un ejemplo Usamos a antes de una palabra comenzada por la letra u cuando esta es pronunciada como el sonido figurado "yu". Ejemplo: a university Usamos an antes de una palabra comenzada por una h que no pronunciamos. Ejemplo: an hour Usos del artculo Usamos a / an delante de los nombres singulares. Ejemplo: Have you got a bicycle? (tienes una bicicleta?) I've got an umbrella. (Yo tengo un paragas) Usamos a / an cuando hablamos del oficio de alguin. Ejemplo: Maria is a journalist. (Maria es una periodista) Tom Cruise is an actor (Tom Cruise es un actor) No usamos a / an delante de nombres plurales. Ejemplo: Have you got two bicycles? (tienes dos bicicletas?)

Las preposiciones De tiempo y lugar ON Significado: sobre, encima de, de, al Usos: delante de: das,das concretos, das + meses, fechas, partes del da Ejemplos: My apartment is on the first floor. (mi apartamento est en la primera planta) en ingls americano sera on the second floor You don't work on Sunday. (tu no trabajas en domingo) On 10th june. (el 10 de junio) They go to church on Christmas day. (ellos van a la iglesia en el da de Navidad) IN Significado: en, dentro, dentro de, hacia adentro. Usos: delante de: meses, aos, estaciones, partes del da. Ejemplos: I live in Brighton. (vivo en Brighton) My birthday is in June (mi cumpleaos es en junio) I was born in 1970. (nac en 1970) We often go swimming in the summer. (nosotros solemos ir a nadar en verano) We usually watch TV in the evening (nosotros solemos ver la televisin al anochecer) AT Significado: en, a, por, delante, cerca de Usos: delante de: horas, das festivos, weekend (fin de semana) a excepcin del ingls americano que sera on weekend, night (noche), home (cuando el significando es estar en casa). Ejemplos: I live at 42 Porltand Street. ( vivo en el 42 de Portland Street ) He is at home (l esta en casa ) I usually get up at 7 o'clock. (normalmente me levanto a las 7 en punto) I always visit my parents at Chirstmas (siempre visito a mis padres en Navidades) I usually play tennis at weekends. (acostumbro a jugar al tenis en los fines de semana) nota: at the end significa al final ejemplo: At the end of my holiday. (al final de mis vacaciones) a diferencia de in the end que se traduce como "al fin y al cabo". De lugar y movimiento Opposite Significado: contrario, en frente de Ejemplo: The hotel is opposite the station. (el hotel est en frente de la estacin) On the corner Significado: en la esquina

Ejemplo: The bank is on the corner. (el banco est en la esquina) Between Significado: entre Ejemplo: The shop is between the baker's and the station. (la tienda est entre la panaderia y la estacin) In front of Significado: enfrente de, delante de Ejemplo: There is a bus stop in front of the flower shop. (hay una parada de bus en frente de la floristera) Near Significado: cerca de Ejemplo: The school is near the bank. (la escuela est cerca del banco) Behind Significado: detrs de Ejemplo: The church is behind the school. (la iglesia est detrs de la escuela) Next to Significado: a continuacin de, al lado de Ejemplo: It's next to the chemist's. (est junto a la farmcia.) Into Significado: dentro de, en Ejemplo: The woman is diving into the water (la mujer esta zambullndose dentro del agua) Out of Significado: fuera de Ejemplo: My mother is out of the room. (mi madre est fuera de la habitacin) Off Significado: distante de, alejado de Ejemplo: My house is off the city. (mi casa esta alejada de la ciudad) De sujeto Ejemplo Traduccin I yo You t, usted He l She ella It l, ella (este pronombre amenudo se omite) We nosotros You vosotros, ustedes They ellos, ellas ejemplo I am ill. You are hungry. He is handsome. She is pretty. It's cold today. We are tired. You are angry. They are at the cinema traduccin Yo estoy enfermo. T ests hambriento. l es guapo. Ella es guapa. Hoy hace fro. Nosotros estamos cansados. Vosotros estis enfadados. Ellos estn en el cine.

De adjetivo Ejemplo My Your His Her Its Our Your Their De objeto Ejemplo Me You Him Her It Us You Them Posesivos Ejemplo Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs Reflexivos Ejemplo Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Traduccin ejemplo yo mismo, me I saw it for myself. t mismo, te, se Don't burn yourself ! l mismo, se He hurt himself. ella misma, se She did it herself. l mismo, se The cat scratched itself. nosotros mismos, nos We are enjoying ourselves. vosotros mismos, ustedes mismos, se Did you paint the house yourselves? traduccin Yo mismo lo vi. No te quemes! Se hizo dao. Lo hizo ella misma. El gato se ara. Estamos disfrutando nosotros mismos. Pintsteis la casa vosotros mismos? Traduccin mo/s, ma/s tuyo/s, tuya/s ejemplo This coat is mine. My name is Tony. What's yours? This is his computer. traduccin Este abrigo es mo. Mi nombre es Tony. Cul es el tuyo? Esta es su computadora . Su bolso es azul. Sus ojos son azules. Las maletas son nuestras. La desventaja es vuestra. Esto es suyo. Traduccin ejemplo me, m I want it for me. te, tu, t, usted I 'm helping you. l, le, lo Can you see him? ella, le, la She is pretty. I like her. lo, la, ello, le Give it a kick. nosotros, nos He is helping us. vosotros, les, ustedes, os I saw you. ellos, les, los, las, I 'm waiting for them. traduccin Lo quiero para m. Te estoy ayudando a t. Le puedes ver? Ella es bonita. Me gusta ella. Dale una patada. l nos est ayudando Les vi. Los estoy esperando. Traduccin ejemplo mi, mis This is my bluse tu, tus This is your tie su, sus (masculino) This is his wardrobe su, sus (femenino) This is her dress su, sus This is its collar nuestro/s nuestros/as These are our suitcases vuestro/a, vuestros/as These are your seats. su, sus (de ellos) Here are their socks. traduccin Esta es mi blusa. Esta es tu corbata. Este es su vestuario Este es su vestido. Este es su collar. Estas son nuestras maletas. Estos son vuestros asientos. Aqu estn sus calcetines.

suyo/s, suya/s (de l) suyo/s, suya/s Hers bag is blue. (de ella) suyo/s, suya/s Its eyes are blue. nuestro/s, nuestra/s The suitcases are ours. vuestro/a, vuestros/as,The handicap is yours. suyo/a, suyos/as This is theirs. (de ellos )

Themselves Each other

ellos mismos, se el uno del otro, se

They are laughing at themselves.Ellos se estn riendo. They hate each other. Ellos se odian.

Singular y plural de los sutantivos Reglas gramaticales A la mayoria de nombres se les agrega una s final para formar el plural. Ejemplos: camera / cameras pen / pens cup / cups car / cars Para formar el plural a los nombres acabados en -ch, -sh, -s, o -x, se les aade -es. Ejemplos: glass / glasses watch / watches brush / brushes bus / buses box / boxes Para formar el plural a los nombres acabos en -y se elimina la letra y y se aade la terminacin -ies. Ejemplos: city / cities party / parties Para los acabados en -f o -fe se elimina la -f o -fe y se aade -ves. Ejemplos: wife / wives Muchos sustantivos se pluralizan de un modo irregular, existen dos casos: Caso 1 Cuando el singular y plural no cambian. Ejemplos: fish (pez o pescado) singular fish (peces o pescados) plural sheep (oveja) singular sheep (ovejas) plural Caso 2 Cuando el plural vara de modo irregular. Por lo tanto, no existe regla la cual se pueda seguir y hay que aprenderse las formas irregulares de cada uno.

SINGULAR Man woman child person tooth foot mouse

SIGNIFICADO hombre mujer nio persona diente pie ratn

PLURAL men women children people teeth feet mice

SIGNIFICADO hombres mujeres nios personas dientes pies ratones

Question words What...? Where...? When...? Who...? Whose...? How...? Why...? Which...? Qu...? Dnde...? Cundo...? Quin...? De quin...? Cmo...? Por qu...? Cul...?

Ejemplos: What kind of music do you like? ( Que tipo de msica te gusta?) What is the weather like? (Que tiempo hace?) What's he like? (Cmo es l?) What does he like? (Qu le gusta a l?) What does he look like? (Cmo es l de aspecto?) Which do you prefer jazz or pop? (Que msica prefieres jazz o pop?) Who's that man? ( Quin es ese hombre ?) Who's got my bag? ( Quin tiene mi bolso ?) Whose bag is this? ( De quin es este bolso?) Where is Santa Monica? (Dnde est Santa Mnica?) When is your birthday ? (Cuando es tu cumpleaos?) Why are you in a hurry? (Por qu est corriendo?) How is your mother? (Como est tu madre?) How do you spell your name? (Como se deletrea tu nombre?) How old are you? (Cuntos aos tienes?) How tall are you? (Como eres de alto?) How much money do you have got? (Cunto dinero tienes?) How many tickets do you want? (Cuntas entradas quieres?) How often do you go swimming? (Cada cuanto vas a nadar?) How long have you lived in this town? (Cunto tiempo hace que vives en esta ciudad?) Objeto y sujeto Who y what pueden actuar cmo objeto o cmo sujeto en una oracin interrogativa. Si actan como sujeto no utilizarn auxiliar (do,will,be...) para preguntar. En cambio si actan como objeto debern preguntar con el auxiliar. Sintaxis de la pregunta cuando who y what actan como objeto Question word + Auxilar + Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo Who did you ring? (a quin llamaste?)

Sintaxis de la pregunta cuando who y what actan como sujeto Question word +verbo + objeto Who rang you? (quin te llam?) Ejemplo1: Fred saw Julia sujeto verbo objeto Who saw Julia? Fred --> pregunta de sujeto (Quin vi a Julia?) Who did Fred see? Julia --> pregunta de objeto (A quin vi Fred?) Ejemplo2: Oracin principal Dany asked the instructor. (Dani pregunt al instructor) 1) Preguntamos por el sujeto Who asked the instructor? Dany (quin pregunt al instructor?) 2) Preguntamos por el objeto Who did Dany ask? the instructor (a quin pregunt Dani?) Ejemplo3: He saw a woman being murdered 1) Who saw a woman? him 2) Who did he see? a woman being murdered Ejemplo4: I went to the party with Emely 1) Who went with me? Emely 2) Who did Emely go with? me Adems, generalmente ponemos las preposiciones al final de las frases interrogativas. Ejemplo: What are you talking about? correcto About what are you talking? incorrecto Esquema de la sintaxis de la pregunta en ingls En esta tabla vemos el orden que siempre tienen que llevar los elementos en una oracin interrogativa: Question Word + Aux + Sbj + Vb + Object + Manner verb + Place Adv. + Time Adv.? Pronombre interrogativo + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo + objeto + modo del verbo + adverbio lugar + adverbio tiempo Do you travel abroad very often? How many tourist visit the city every year? What do they say? How long ago did you leave your last work? Did you go to the cinema this weekend? Who hates you ? Who do you hate? Why will she visit him soon? Did you take many photos when you went abroad? Have you got any luggage? How much money do you have?

Las Question Tags En ingls es frecuente que terminemos las frases con una frase corta, de signo contrario, la cual tiene la intencin de pedir la opinin o buscar la aprobacin del interlocutor, son las llamadas question tags. Equivalen a: verdad?, no es verdad?, no?, no es as? en serio? Ejemplo: Your brother is older than you, isn't he? (Tu hermano es mayor que t, verdad?) You can help me, can't you? (Puedes ayudarme, verdad?) Para formar esta pregunta corta utilizaremos el auxiliar de la frase principal y su sujeto pero de signo contrario. Si no tuviera auxiliar entonces utilizaramos el auxiliar to do. Ejemplo: He doesn't like Susan, does he? He likes Susan, doesn't he? He is getting married, isn't he? He isn't getting married, is he? You worked yesterday, didn't you? El interlocutor puede contestar retomando las question tags. - He likes Susan. (Le gusta Susan) - Doesn't he? (de verdad?) Lots of / A lot of, much / many, few y little Lots of / A lot of Lots of + nombre singular o plural Significado: mucho, montones de Ejemplo: He's got lots of friends. ( Tiene muchos amigos) A lot of + nombre singular o plural Significado: mucho, muchos, bastante, un montn de Ejemplo: I've got a lot of work ( Tengo mucho trabajo) Many / Much El many y el much se utilizan sobretodo en frases negativas e interrogativas. Las dos palabras expresan idea de gran cantidad. Many + nombre plural contable Significado: muchos, muchas, gran nmero de, bastantes

Ejemplo: There aren't many buses ( No hay muchos autobuses) Much + nombre singular no contable Significado: mucho, gran cantidad, muy, demasiado Ejemplo: I haven't got much time ( No tengo mucho tiempo) El many y el much tambin se combinan con too y so. Too se utilizar para expresar cantidad excesiva. So se utlizar tambin para expresar cantidad excesiva pero sobretodo en exclamaciones. Too many + nombre plural contable Ejemplo: There are too many people. (Hay demasiada gente) Too much + nombre singular incontable Ejemplo: There is too much trafic. (Hay demasiado trafico) So many + nombre plural contable Ejemplo: There are so many things to buy!(Hay tantas cosas para comprar!) So much + nombre singular incontable Ejemplo: I've got so much work to do! (Tengo tanto trabajo que hacer!) Little / few expresan un nmero reducido A little / A few expresan la idea de una cantidad media Little / a little Significado: poco, un poco de. Little / a little + nombre singular no contable Ejemplo: I have little time. (Tengo poco tiempo) Ejemplo: Can I have a little water? ( Me das un poco de agua?) Few / a few Significado: poco, unos pocos, unos cuantos. Few / a few + nombre plural contable Ejemplo: Few people speak English in Spain. (Poca gente habla ingls en Espaa.)

Ejemplo: I had a few biscuits.( Com unas cuantas galletas) El gerundio Usos del gerundio ( terminacin -ing): Cuando la accin acta como el complemento del verbo to like (gustar) ) He likes driving - Le gusta conducir Cuando la accin acta como sujeto. Driving is getting dangerous. - Conducir es peligroso Despus de verbos como like (gustar), hate (odiar), prefer (preferir), para hablar de gustos. I hate waiting! - Odio esperar! Despus de los verbos como start, keep on (continuar), stop, para expresar el principio y el fin de una accin. They started working early. -Empezaron a trabajar pronto. Despus del verbo need (necesitar). This door needs painting. - Esta puerta hay que pintarla. Despus del verbo mind. Do you mind waiting a minute? - Te importa esperar un minuto. Despus de la expresin "look forward to" I'm looking forward to seeing you. - Tengo muchas ganas de verte. Despus de la expresin "be worth". This book is worth reading. - Vale la pena leer este libro. Despus de las expresiones "what about", "how about", para sugerir cualquier cosa. What about eating out? - qu tal si comemos fuera?. Despus de muchas preposiciones He's not too bad at cooking. - No cocina del todo mal. I'm not very good at cooking. - No soy muy bueno cocinando. Despus de "be used to". He's not used to wearing a hat - l no suele llevar sombrero. Despus de la expresin "can't help" I can't help laughing when I see him! - No puedo evitar rerme cuando le veo. Los Adverbios Un adverbio es la palabra que normalmente acompaa al verbo para modificar su significado. Un adverbio tambin puede modificar a los adjetivos o a otros adverbios. Ejemplo: They write. (ellos escriben) They write quickly. (ellos escriben deprisa).

En este ejemplo quickly es un adverbio de modo que modifica al verbo to write para expresar que escriben deprisa. Tipos de adverbios de tiempo: last week, soon, now... Estos responden a la pregunta de: cundo? de lugar: at home, abroad, everywhere... Estos responden a la pregunta de: dnde? de grado: less, much, more... Estos responden a la pregunta de: cunto? de modo: aloud, fast, hard, low... Estos responden a la pregunta de: cmo? de frecuencia: sometimes, usually... Estos responden a la pregunta de: con qu frecuencia? cuntas veces? de afirmacin o razn: certainly, likely, neither, moreover...Estos dicen algo sobre la situacin descrita en la oracin.

El orden de los adverbios en una oracin Hay cuatro posiciones en una oracin donde puede ir un adverbio: Al principio de la oracin. Ejemplo: Every day she goes swimming. En el medio (al lado del verbo y despus del objeto si lo hay). Ejemplo: We never said it. Al final. Ejemplo:The boy opened the door carefully. Entre el auxiliar y participio. Ejemplo: She has always been very clever. Los adverbios de lugar y de tiempo normalmente van al final de la oracin. Ejemplo: We went to the cinema this weekend. Los adeverbios de frecuencia normalmente van en el medio de la oracin. Ejemplo: I've always thought you loved me. Los adverbios: normally, usually, often, sometimes, every day, once a week ... adems pueden ir al principio o al final de la oracin. Los adverbios de modo normalmente van al final de la oracin, aunque los adverbios con terminacin -ly pueden ir tambin en el medio. Ejemplos: He drives perfectly. He perfectly could see her. Los adverbios de afirmacin o razn pueden ir a principio, en medio o a final de la oracin. A excepcin de also que suele ir en medio de la oracin y too / as well que van al final. Ejemplos: Maybe we will meet on holidays. I also cried in this film. I cried in this film, too / as well. Formar adverbios con la terminacin -ly Muchos adverbios son formados a partir de adjetivos aadindoles la terminacin -ly que equivale a la terminacin en castellano de -mente:

Ejemplo: honest --> honestly (honrado - honradamente) Aunque para ciertos adjetivos existen unas reglas a seguir: 1. La regla general es aadir la terminacin -ly al adjetivo. slow - slowly 2. Los adjetivos terminados en consonante -y, cambian la terminacin -y por la de -ily easy - easily 3. Adjetivos terminados en ic: se cambia la terminacin -ic por -ically automatic - automatically 4. Adjetivos terminados en -le, se cambia la terminacin -le por -ly. terrible - terribly Los comparativos y los superlativos Reglas para formar las comparaciones y los superlativos: Para adjetivos cortos o de una slaba: Comparacin: Para formar comparaciones se le aade al adjetivo la terminacin -er. por ejemplo al adjetivo fast (rpido) acabara con -er: faster (ms rpido) Ejemplo: A train is faster than a bicycle.(Un tren es ms rpido que una bicicleta.) A sea is larger than a lake. (El mar es ms grande que un lago) Superlativo: Para formar el superlativo el adjetivo acabar con -est. Siempre ir precedido del artculo The. Entonces el adjetivo old (viejo) acabara con -est: the oldest (el ms viejo/mayor) Ejemplo: My father is the oldest. (Mi padre es el ms mayor) An ocean is the largest. (El oceano es el ms grande.) Para adjetivos acabados en "y" de dos slabas: Comparacin: Para formar comparaciones se le aade al adjetivo la terminacin -er. La y final se sustituir por la i latina. Por ejemplo al adjetivo easy (fcil) acabara con -ier: easier (ms fcil) Ejemplo: This work is easier than yours. (Este trabajo es ms facil que el tuyo) Superlativo: Para formar el superlativo el adjetivo acabar con -iest. Siempre ir precedido por el artculo The. Por ejemplo el adjetivo ugly (feo) acabara con -iest: the ugliest (el ms feo) Ejemplo: This man is the ugliest. (Este hombre es el ms feo )

Para adjetivos largos de dos, tres y cuatro slabas: Comparacin: Para formar comparaciones, el adjetivo ir precedido de la palabra more. por ejemplo al adjetivo modern (moderno) sera more modern (ms moderno) Ejemplo: This house is more modern. (Esta casa es ms moderna) Superlativo: Para formar el superlativo, el adjetivo ir precedido por : The + more El adjetivo beautiful (hermoso) sera: The most beautiful (el ms hermoso). Ejemplo: This woman is the most beautiful. (esta mujer es la ms hermosa). Los adjetivos irregulares: Son unos adjetivos que tienen sintaxis particular para comparaciones y superlativos: Adjetivo good (bueno) bad (malo) far (lejos) comparacin better (mejor) worse (peor) further-farther (ms lejos) superlativo The best (el mejor) The worst (el peor) The furthet-farthest (el ms lejos)

Otros ejemplos: I'm stronger. (Soy ms fuerte) I'm stronger than you. (Soy ms fuerte que t) This car is more comfortable than yours. (Este coche es ms confortable que el tuyo She's got the same dress than yours. (Tiene el mismo vestido que t) You are as fast as him. ( Eres tan rpido como l) You're not as good as him! (No eres tan bueno como l) He's the richest man in the town. (El es el hombre ms rico de la ciudad) She's the most beautiful actress I know. (Ella es la actriz ms hermosa que conozco) Pasado simple / Past simple Sintaxis: sujeto + verbo en pasado Se utiliza para hablar de una accin concreta que comenz y acab en el pasado. Lo podemos usar con las expresiones last year, yesterday, last night,... Ejemplo:Tomy stayed at home last night. (Tom estuvo en casa la pasada noche.) Tambin podemos expresar una duracin hablando del pasado: for all day, for years, for thirty minutes... Ejemplo:Tomy talked with me for two hours. (Tom habl conmigo durante dos horas.)

TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES Infinitive Verbo en infinitivo to be to beat to become to begin to bet to bite to bleed to blow to break to breed to bring to burn to burst to buy to catch to choose to come to cost to cut to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to freeze to get to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep Past tense Pasado was / were beat became began bet bit bled blew broke bred brought burnt / burned burst bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept Past participle Participio been beaten become begun bet bitten bled blown broken bred brought burn / burned burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got (also US gotten) given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept Meaning Significado ser, estar golpear, batir convertirse, llegar a ser empezar apostar morder sangrar, desangrarse soplar romper criar, reproducirse traer quemar reventar, explotar comprar coger elegir venir costar cortar cavar hacer dibujar soar beber conducir comer caer alimentar sentir luchar encontrar volar prohibir olvidar perdonar congelar obtener dar ir crecer colgar tener, haber oir esconder pegar, golpear sujetar, mantener herir conservar, guardar

to kneel to know to lay to lead to learn l to leave to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to plead to put to read to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to sell to send to set to shake to shine to shoot to show to shut to sing to sit to sleep to smell to sow to speak to spell to spend to stand to steal to stick to swear to sweep to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw

knelt / kneeled knew laid led earnt / learned left let lay lit lost made meant met paid pled / pleaded put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sat slept smelt / smelled sowed spoke spelt / spelled spent stood stole stuck swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw

knelt / kneeled known laid led learnt / learned left let lain lit lost made meant met paid pled / pleaded put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set shaken shone shot shown shut sung sat slept smelt / smelled sown spoken spelt / spelled spent stood stolen stuck sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown

arrodillarse saber poner, situar, colocar dirigir, liderar aprender salir, dejar dejar tumbarse, yacer encender perder hacer significar encontrarse pagar suplicar, abogar poner leer montar sonar levantarse, ascender correr decir ver vender enviar establecer, poner temblar, sacudir brillar, dar brillo disparar, tirar ensear cerrar cantar sentarse dormir oler, olfatear sembrar, plantar hablar deletrear gastar estar de pie robar encolar, pegar jurar barrer nadar columpiar coger ensear desgarrar, derramar lgrimas decir pensar lanzar, echar

to understand to undo to wake to wear to win to wind to wring to write

understood undid woke wore won wound wrung wrote

understood undone woken worn won wound wrung written

entender, comprender deshacer despertar llevar puesto, calzar ganar bobinar, airear, ventilar estrujar, retrocer escribir

Conjugacin verbo be (ser o estar) Infinitivo: to be Presente: am / is / are Pasado: was / were Participio: been Modo indicativo Presente (present): yo soy, t eres, l es ... Sintaxis: sujeto + presente I am It is You are We are He is You are She is They are Pretrito imperfecto /pasado simple (past simple): yo era, t eras, l era... Sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I was It was You were We were He was You were She was They were Pretrito perfecto compuesto (present perfect): yo he sido, t has sido, l ha sido... Sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo I have been It has been You have been We have been He has been You have been She has been They have been Pluscuamperfecto (past perfect): yo haba / hube sido, t habas /hubiste sido, l haba /hubo sido... Sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo I had been It had been You had been We had been He had been You had been She had been They had been

Futuro (future): yo ser, t sers, l ser... Sintaxis: sujeto + will + verbo en infinitivo I will be It will be You will be We will be He will be You will be She will be They will be Futuro perfecto (future perfect): yo habr sido, t habras sido, l habr sido... Sintaxis: sujeto + will have + participio del verbo I will have been It will have been You will have been We will have been He will have been You will have been She will have been They will have been Condicional (conditional): yo sera, t seras, l sera... Sintaxis: sujeto + would/should + modo infinitivo del verbo I would be It would be You would be We would be He would be You would be She would be They would be Condicional perfecto (past conditional): yo habra o hubiera sido, t habras o hubieras sido... Sintaxis: sujeto + would + have + participio del verbo I would have been It would have been You would have been We would have been He would have been You would have been She would have been They would have been Modo Subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo: Yo sea, t seas, l sea... Sintaxis: sujeto + infinitivo I be It be You be We be He be You be She be They be Pretrito imperfecto: yo fuera, t fueras, l fuera... Sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I were It were You were We were He were You were She were They were

Pluscuamperfecto: yo hubiera sido, t hubieras sido, l hubiera sido... Sintaxis: sujeto +had + participio del verbo I had been It had been You had been We had been He had been You had been She had been They had been Conjugacin verbo have (tener o haber) Infinitivo: to have Presente: have / has Pasado: had Participio: had Modo indicativo Presente (Present simple): yo tengo, t tienes, l tiene ... Sintaxis: sujeto + presente I have It has You have We have He has You have She has They have Pretrito imperfecto / pasado simple (past simple): yo tena, l tena, t tenas... Sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I had It had You had We had He had You had She had They had Pretrito perfecto compuesto (present perfect): yo he tenido, t has tenido, l ha tenido... Sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo I have had It has had You have had We have had He has had You have had She has had They have had Pluscuamperfecto (past perfect): yo haba / hube tenido, t habas / hubiste tenido, l haba / hubo tenido... Sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo I had had It had had You had had We had had He had had You had had She had had They had had

Futuro (future): yo tendr, t tendrs, l tendr... Sintaxis: sujeto + will + verbo en infinitivo I will have It will have You will have We will have He will have You will have She will have They will have Futuro perfecto (future perfect): yo habr tenido, t habras tenido, l habr tenido... Sintaxis: sujeto + will have + participio del verbo I will have had It will have had You will have had We will have had He will have had You will have had She will have had They will have had Condicional (conditional): yo tendra, t tendras, l tendra... Sintaxis: sujeto + would/should + modo infinitivo del verbo I would have It would have You would have We would have He would have You would have She would have They would have Condicional perfecto (past conditional): yo habra o hubiera tenido, t habras o hubieras tenido... Sintaxis: sujeto + would + have + participio del verbo I would have had It would have had You would have had We would have had He would have had You would have had She would have had They would have had Modo Subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo: Yo tenga, t tengas, l tenga... Sintaxis: sujeto + infinitivo I have It have You have We have He have You have She have They have Pretrito imperfecto: yo tuviera, t tuvieras, l tuviera... Sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I had It had You had We had He had You had She had They had

Pluscuamperfecto: yo hubiera tenido, t hubieras tenido, l hubiera tenido... Sintaxis: sujeto +had + participio del verbo I had had It had had You had had We had had He had had You had had She had had They had had Conjugacin verbo do (hacer) Infinitivo: to do Presente: do / does Pasado: did Participio: done Modo indicativo Presente (present simple): yo hago, t haces, l hace.. Sintaxis: sujeto + presente I do It does You do We do He does You do She does They do Pretrito imperfecto /pasado simple (past simple): yo haca, t hacas, l haca... Sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I did It did You did We did He did You did She did They did Pretrito perfecto compuesto (present perfect): yo he hecho, t has hecho, l ha hecho... Sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo I have done It has done You have done We have done He has done You have done She has done They have done Pluscuamperfecto (past perfect): yo haba / hube hecho, t habas /hubiste hecho, l haba /hubo hecho... Sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo I had done It had done You had done We had done He had done You had done She had done They had done

Futuro (future): yo har, t hars, l har... Sintaxis: sujeto + will + verbo en infinitivo I will do It will do You will do We will do He will do You will do She will do They will do Futuro perfecto (future perfect): yo habr hecho, t habras hecho, l habr hecho... Sintaxis: sujeto + will have + participio del verbo I will have done It will have done You will have done We will have done He will have done You will have done She will have done They will have done Condicional (conditional): yo hara, t haras, l hara... Sintaxis: sujeto + would/should + modo infinitivo del verbo I would do It would do You would do We would do He would do You would do She would do They would do Condicional perfecto (past conditional): yo habra o hubiera hecho, t habras o hubieras hecho... Sintaxis: sujeto + would + have + participio del verbo I would have done It would have done You would have done We would have done He would have done You would have done She would have done They would have done Modo Subjuntivo Presente subjuntivo: Yo haga, t hagas, l haga... Sintaxis: sujeto + infinitivo I do It do You do We do He do You do She do They do Pretrito imperfecto: yo hiciera, t hicieras, l hiciera... Sintaxis: sujeto + pasado del verbo I did It did You did We did He did You did She did They did

Pluscuamperfecto: yo hubiera hecho, t hubieras hecho, l hubiera hecho... Sintaxis: sujeto +had + participio del verbo I had done It had done You had done We had done He had done You had done She had done They had done Los verbos modales Can Indica habilidades o posibilidad. Ejemplos I can speak english ( s hablar ingls) The doctor can see you at 3.00 ( el doctor le puede visitar a las tres ) Can you speak german? (sabes hablar alemn? ) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + can + verbo Negativa: sujeto + can not / can't + verbo Pregunta: can + sujeto + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + can / No, sujeto + can't Could Es el pasado de can. Tambin se utiliza para preguntar por algo, pero ms educadamente que con can. Ejemplos Could you speak Japonese before you went to Japan? (sabas hablar japons antes de que fuers a Japn?) Tony could swim when he was six. (toni sabia nadar cuando tena seis aos ) Could you help me? (podra ayudarme?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + could + verbo Negativa: sujeto + could not / couldn't + verbo Pregunta: could + sujeto + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + could / No, sujeto + couldn't May Lo utilizamos para decir que algo es posible o muy probable. Lo usamos con el presente o futuro. Tambin se utiliza para preguntar por algo pero ms educadamente que con el could. Ejemplos I may stay at home or I may go to a disco.(Puede que me quede en casa o vaya a la discoteca) May I use your dictionary? (Podra usar su diccionario?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + may + verbo Negativa: sujeto + may + not Pregunta: may + sujeto + verbo?

Might Es el pasado de may. Tambin se usa para expresar una eventualidad pero con ms probabilidad. Ejemplos Be careful. You might burn yourself. (Ves con cuidado. Te puedes quemar.) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + might + verbo Negativa: sujeto + might not / mightn't Must Se utiliza cuando pensamos o realizamos algo que es necesario o muy probable. La forma negativa equivale a una prohibicin. Para hablar en pasado o futuro debemos usar el modal have to. Ejemplos I must really tired. I must go home now. (Estoy realmente cansado. Me tengo que ir a casa ahora) You must keep your room tidy.(Debes conservar tu habitacin ordenada.) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + must + verbo Negativa: sujeto + must not / musn't + verbo Pregunta: must + sujeto + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + must / No, sujeto + mustn't Have to Lo utilizamos para expresar que algo es necesario. Para formular la pregunta y la negacin debemos utilizar el auxiliar do. El pasado es had to. Ejemplos You have to drive on the right in the USA.(Tienes que conducir por la derecha en EEUU.) I don't have to wear a uniform at school. (Yo no tengo que llevar uniforme en la escuela.) Did you have to work yesterday? (tuviste que trabajar ayer?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + have to + verbo Negativa: sujeto + don't have to / do have to + verbo Pregunta: Do + sujeto + have to + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + do does // No, sujeto + don't doesn't Should Se utiliza para dar consejo o una opinin. Ejemplos You should have a holiday. (Deberas de tener unas vacaciones.) You shouldn't work so hard (No deberas trabajar tanto.) What do you think I should do? (que crees que debera hacer?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + should + verbo Negativa: sujeto + should not / shouldn't + verbo Pregunta: should + sujeto + verbo?

Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + should / No, sujeto + shouldn't Ought to Significa deber, esperar que ocurra algo... Ejemplos I think I ought to tell him. (Creo que debo contrselo.) She ought to pass the exam. (Seguramente aprobar el examen.) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + ought + verbo Negativa: sujeto + ought not / oughtn't + verbo Pregunta: ought + sujeto + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + ought / No, sujeto + oughtn't Would / would like Would se utiliza en general para las frases condicionales. Tambin lo usamos para predicciones, ofrecimientos y para preguntar por algo educadamente. Ejemplos I would like to go London (Me gustara ir a Londres) Peter was working very hard. He would be tired tomorrow. (Peter estuvo trabajando duro. Estar cansado maana..) Would you like coffe? (Le gustara tomar caf?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + would + verbo Afirmativa corta: sujeto+ 'd + verbo Negativa: sujeto + would not / wouldn't+ verbo Pregunta: would + sujeto + verbo? Respuesta corta: Yes, sujeto + would / No, sujeto + wouldn't Pretrito perfecto / Present perfect Sintaxis: sujeto + have/has + participio del verbo Lo usamos para hablar de algo que empez en el pasado y continua en el presente. Ejemplo : I have been here for two hours. (He estado aqu durante dos horas). For aqu significa durante, se podra usar con: a long time (hace tiempo), a moment (un momento), ever (de siempre), a century (un siglo)... Ejemplo : Mrs Fish has been a teacher since 1955 (La seora Fish ha sido profesora desde 1955). Since significa desde, se podra usar con: last night (la pasada noche), yesterday (ayer), the second world war (la segunda Guerra mundial) Ejemplo : How long have you studied english? (Durante cuanto tiempo has estudiado ingls?)

Tambin se usa para hablar sobre experiencias en la vida hasta ahora Ejemplo: Have you ever flown in a balloon? (Has volado alguna vez en globo?) Ejemplo: Some people have never seen snow. (Alguna gente nunca ha visto la nieve). Se usa para hablar sobre una accin pasada, cuando vemos los resultados en el presente Ejemplo: He has had a haircut ( his hair is shorter now) Se ha cortado el pelo ( su pelo es ms corto ahora) Usamos just, already y yet con el present perfect: Ejemplo: Diana has just gone out (a short time before now) Diana se ha acabado de ir ( hace poco rato ) Ejemplo: I ' ve already seen that film (before now) Ya he visto esta pelicula. Ejemplo: Have you finished your homework yet? (Has terminado ya tus deberes?) Used to / Acostumbraba a... Sola... Otra forma de hablar sobre el pasado, cuando quieres hablar de algo que solias hacer hace tiempo pero que ya no lo haces. Expresa lo que era verdadero en un tiempo pasado y ya no lo es. Ejemplo: I used to live in London. Sola vivir en Londres. ( Ahora no vivo en Londres ). Phrasal verbs Regla gramatical Existen cuatro tipos de phrasal verbs: 1) verbo + adverbio (no objeto) El verbo no podr ir separado por otras palabras. Ejemplo: get on= llevarse bien con alguin, tener una buena realcin. My parents don't get on. (Mis padres no se llevan bien) 2) verbo + adverbio + objeto/verbo + objeto + adverbio El verbo y el adverbio pueden ir separados, pero si el objeto fuera un pronombre (me, her) entonces el adverbio deber ir despus del objeto. Ejemplo: give away= distribuir gratuitamente - They give away the magazines. (Ellos reparten gratis las revistas.) - They give the magazines away. Entonces en este caso no podra darse lo siguiente: They give away it.

3) verbo + preposicin + objeto El verbo y la preposicin no pueden ir separados. Ejemplo: carry on = continuar haciendo algo Don't stop! Carry on with your homework. (No pares! sigue haciendo tus deberes.) 4) verbo + adverbio + preposicin + objeto El verbo, el adverbio y la preposicin no pueden ir separados. Ejemplo: get down to = empezar a hacer alguna cosa seriosamente. I must get down to find a job. (Debo empezar seriosamente a buscar un trabajo.) Lista Phrasal Verbs Phrasal Verb / vb compuesto add (something) up break down blow up blow (something/ somebody) up break into (something) bring (somebody) up carry on (doing/ with something) carry on (with somebody) check out of Significados en espaol sumar algo parar de trabajar, averiarse explotar (bomba), desatarse (tormenta, crisis) volar a algo o a alguin entrar en algo (forzando la entrada) para robar criar y educar a un nio continuar haciendo algo Ejemplo The waiter add the bill up in no time. The car broke down when we were arriving. A storm blew up just after I left. The car was blown up by two terrorists. Burglars broke into my apartment while I was on holidays. I was brought up by my grandmother. Carry on! You are doing it very well. She is carrying on with her boss. They checked out on monday. She sent him a funny card to cheer him up The factory was closed down last month. Good teachers are hard to come by in this city. I came down with the flu last week. I fell out with my best friend.

estar liado con alguin (coloquial) pagar la factura y marcharse (hotel) cheer (somebody) up animar a alguin, animarse close (something) cerrar o terminar down una actividad come by (something) lograr, obtener, conseguir come down with fall out with (somebody) find (something) out get (something) across get away with get by get on (with somebody) get on (with somebody) get out get over

enfermarse pelearse o discutir con alguin averiguar o enterarse de algo You'll never find out what happened. comunicar una idea I'm going to get across our idea to my boss. salir impune She got away with stealing the money. defenderse en algo, She can get by in english. sobrevivir (financieramente) llevarse bien con alguin He doesn't get on with his parents. continuar haciendo algo (trabajo) salir de, bajarse de un vehculo recuperarse de una mala experiencia o enfermedad You have to get on with your work. You must get out of my room. She is getting over the flu.

give (something) away give (something) back give in (somebody)

regalar devolver

I'll give all my dolls away to your daughter. Please, give my pencil back. You'll never guess the answer! Do you give in? After University she went on studying. I grew up in France but now I live in Italy. Could you hold on, please? She kept on asking me the same questions. Because of falling orders we need to lay off some people. When I was fired, I felt I had let my wife down We are looking forward our holiday. Look out! Don't burn yourself! You can look up the word in the dictionary. My brohter has always looked up to you. I don't believe Mary's story. I'm sure she made it up Our parents had an argument last night but they made up today. When I was younger my brother picked on me all the time. You have to put a little by every week. I'm very angry because you put me down in front of everyone. I've put off the visit with the doctor. Could you put me through to Mr.Smith, please? I hope I can rely on you to be discreet Slow down! We go too fast. You have to speak up, I can't understand you. He takes after her mother with her bad temper If you are tired of driving I can take over for a while The plane is taking off at this moment. He's taken up tennis in his free time. It's very late! My father will tell me off. The manager should throw these people out because are drunk.

estar deacuerdo con alguin, ceder, rendirse go on (doing sth/ continuar, seguir with sth) (haciendo algo o con algo) grow up crecer, llegar a hacerse adulto hold on esperar keep on (doing continuar haciendo algo something) (a veces repetidamente) lay (somebody) off despedir a alguin (por falta de trabajo o temporal) let (somebody) down defraudar o decepcionar a alguin look forward to tener ganas de, esperar con ilusin look out prestar atencin, tener cuidado look (something) up buscar informacin, consultar look up to admirar a alguin (somebody) make (something) up inventar algo make up (with empezar a ser amigos otra somebody) vez, reconciliarse pick on (somebody) criticar duramente o fastidiar put (money) by ahorrar dinero put (somebody) denigrar, ensuciar la down honra de alguin put (something) off posponer,retrasar algo put (somebody) transmitir, conectar por through telfono rely on (somebody/ contar con, confiar en something) slow down reducir la velocidad speak up hablar alto, subir la voz take after parecerse o tener el mismo (somebody) carcter de alguin take over (from sustituir, tomar el relevo, sb/sth) hacerse con el control take off despegar take (something) up ocupar, empezar una aficin tell (somebody) off regaar a alguin throw (somebody) echar a alguin (por out mal comportamiento)

Pretrito perfecto progresivo / Present perfect continuos Sintaxis: sujeto + have / has + been (participio del verbo to be) + verbo en infinitivo + terminacin ing Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una accin que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todava en el presente o que acaba de terminar. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un perodo de tiempo, por ejemplo: for two weeks, for two hours, for five minutes, since yesterday... Ejemplo 1 : I'm very angry. I have been waiting for two hours! (Estoy muy enfadada. He estado esperando durante dos horas!.) En este caso la accin empez en el pasado y acaba de terminar pero los efectos o consecuencias de la accin duran en estos momentos, que sera estar enfadados. Ejemplo 2: I have been working in this issue since the morning. -now I'm still working on it- (He estado trabajando en este asunto desde la maana -ahora todava estoy trabajando en l-) En este caso he estado realizando una accin en el pasado, que todava continuo realizando. Ejemplo 3: I'm tired because I have been walking all the day. (Estoy cansado porque he estado caminando todo el da.) En este caso nos habla de una accin que empez en el pasado y que acaba de terminar y por la cual estamos cansados ahora. Ejemplo 4: It has been raining all the day. (Ha estado lloviendo todo el da) En este caso la accin empez en el pasado y continua en el presente. Ejemplo 5: I think she has been crying. (Creo que ha estado llorando) Cuando no indicamos la duracin de la accin damos a entender con el p.p.p que ha sido recientemente. Ejemplo 6: They've been living here since I was young. (Ellos han estado viviendo aqu desde que yo era pequeo) They've been working here since I was eighteen. (Ellos han estado trabajando aqu desde que tena 18 aos) En estos dos ejemplos nos encontramos con los verbos Live y Work donde no encontramos diferencia al hablar en pretrito perfecto o pretrito perfecto progresivo. Pluscuamperfecto (Past perfect) Sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo (past participle) Sintaxis: sujeto + had + participio del verbo (ejemplo con verbo to make) Afirmativa: I had made, you had made, she had made... Negativa: I had not made, You had not made, She had not made...

Interrogativa: Had I made? Interrogativa negativa: Had not you made? Formas cortas: I'd, you'd, he'd... made. I hadn't made. Usamos el past perfect para referirnos a una accin o evento en el pasado que sucedi antes de otra accin tambin en el pasado. Ejemplo: We couldn't eat in the restaurant because we hadn't reserved a table. (No pudimos comer en el restaurante porque no habamos reservado mesa.) En este ejemplo nos referimos primero a una accin en el pasado: We couldn't eat in the restaurant Seguidamente utilizamos el past perfect para referirnos a una accin que sucedi antes que la anterior. No importa cual de las dos acciones se menciona primero, el past perfect deja claro que fu la accin anterior. Ejemplos: - When I arrived my mother had already started cooking.(Cuando yo llegu mi madre ya haba empezado a cocinar) - My mother had already started cooking when I arrived. (Mi madre ya haba empezado a cocinar cuando yo llegu.) Past perfect + just Cuando nos queremos referir a un tiempo corto anterior al de una accin o evento en un momento del pasado utlizamos 'just'. Ejemplo: The train had just left when we arrived at the station. (el tren haba acabado de salir cuando nostros llegamos a la estacin) After Podemos usar after para indicar una o ms secuencias de acciones: Ejemplo: After she had made the coffee my father came. (Despus de que ella haba hecho el caf mi padre vino.) Pluscuamperfecto continuo (Past perfect continuos) Sintaxis: sujeto + had been + verbo + ing (ejemplo con verbo to make) Afirmativa: I had been making, you had been making, she had been making... Negativa: I had not making, You had not making, She had not making... Interrogativa: Had I been making? Had you been making? Had she been making?... Interrogativa negativa: Had not you been making? Formas cortas: I'd, you'd, he'd... been making. I hadn't been making.

Al igual que el past perfect, usamos el past perfect continuos para referirnos a una accin o evento en el pasado que sucedi antes de otra accin tambin en el pasado pero con una idea de continuidad. Ejemplo: We had been waiting for hours when the train finally arrived. (Estuvimos esperando durante horas cuando el tren finalmente lleg.) I had been smoking all evening. ( Yo haba estado fumando toda la noche.) Reported Speech Reportamos una frase (reported speech) cuando queremos decir o hacer mencin sobre algo que alguin dijo anteriormente. Direct speech Reported speech "I always drink coffee". She said. She said that she always drank coffee. "Yo siempre bebo caf." Ella dijo. Ella dijo que ella siempre beba caf. Cuando reportamos frases usamos verbos como explain, promise, say, tell, suggest... Aunque los ms utilizados son say y tell. No es necesario cambiar el tiempo del verbo si el verbo a reportar est en presente. En el ejemplo anterior podramos reportar la frase de la siguiente manera: She said that she always drink coffee. Cuando reportamos frases podemos usar that aunque muchas veces se puede omitir esta palabra. Al reportar una frase el tiempo verbal cambia. Normalmente, el verbo reportado es un tiempo verbal atrs que en la frase original. Tabla de cambios que sufre el verbo al ser reportado: Direct speech present simple I am happy I sleep present continuos I am feeling happy I am sleeping past simple I was happy I slept present perfect I have been happy I have slept present perfect continuos I have been feeling happy I have been sleeping future I will be happy I will sleep future perfect Reported speech past simple He said he was happy He said he slept past continuos He said he was feeling happy He said he was sleeping past perfect He said he had been happy He said he had slept past perfect He said he had been happy He said he had slept past perfect continuos He said he had been feeling happy He said he had been sleeping simple conditional He said he would be happy He said he would sleep simple conditional perfect

I will have been happy I will have sleep

He said he would have been happy He said he would have sleep

Reported Speech: Verbos modales Direct speech CAN COULD MAY MIGHT WILL WOULD MUST HAD TO Reported speech I can sleep He said he could sleep I may sleep He said he might sleep I will sleep He said he would sleep I must sleep He said he had to sleep

Cambios que pueden sufrir algunas partculas de lugar y tiempo: now at that moment, then tonight that night today that day last night the night before this morning that morning this week that week next week the following week next year the year after here there Reported Speech: questions Cuando reportamos oraciones interrogativas usamos el mismo orden gramatical: el sujeto va despus del verbo y no es necesario usar el auxiliar "do" o "did". Direct speech Reported speech " Where do Mary and Tom live? " She asked me where Mary and Tom lived. "Dnde viven Mary y Tom?" Ella me pregunt dnde vivan Mary y Tom. Pasado continuo / Past continuous Sintaxis: sujeto + was / were + verbo + ing // nota: was/were es la forma en pasado del verbo to be (ser/estar) Lo utilizamos para hablar de una accin concreta que comenz y acab en el pasado dando la idea de una duracin continuada. Ejemplo: I was driving along East street when I saw a fire (Iba conduciendo por la Calle Este cuando vi el fuego). Ejemplo: I was running when I met her. (Iba corriendo cuando me encontr con ella).

There be

Utilizamos there + be paran hablar sobre la existencia de algo. El sujeto real se sita despus del verbo. Ejemplo: There is a pencil. (Hay un lpiz.) There + be se puede expresar en todos los tiempos verbales. Fjate que algunos tiempos tienen diferente conjugacin para el singular y el plural. Ejemplo: present --> there is (singular) there are (plural) Tabla de los tiempos verbales con there + be: Tiempos verbales 1. present 2. past 3. present perfect 4. past perfect 5. future 6. future perfect 7. Going to 8. Going to II Singular Plural There is There are There was There were There has been There have been There had been There had been There will be There will be There will have been There will have been There is going to be There are going to be There was going to be There were going to be 9. conditional I There would be there would be 10. conditional II There would have been There would have been 11. Modal Can There can be There can be 12. Modal Could There could be There could be 13. Modal May There may be There may be 14. Modal Might There might be There might be 15. Modal Should There should be There should be 16. Modal Must There must There must 17. Modal Have to There has to be There have to be 18. Modal Had to There had to be There had to be 19. Modal Could II There could have been There could have been 20. Modal Might II There might have been There might have been 21. Modal Should II There should have been There should have been 22. Modal Must II There must have been There must have been 23. Modal Have II There has to have been There have to have been 24. Modal Had II There had to have been There had to have been Significado hay haba, hubo ha habido haba o hubo habido habr habr habido va a haber iba a haber habra habra habido puede haber podra / pudo haber puede haber podra haber debera haber debe haber tiene que haber tuvo / tena que haber Podra / pudo haber habido Podra haber habido Debera haber habido Debe haber habido Tiene que haber habido Tena/tuvo que haber habido

Ejemplos con todos los tiempos verbales: Tiempos verbales Ejemplo con there 1. present There is a party. (Hay una fiesta) 2. past There was a party (Haba una fiesta) 3. present perfect There has been a party. (Ha habido una fiesta)

4. past perfect 5. future 6. future perfect 7. Going to 8. Going to II 9. conditional I 10. conditional II 11. Modal Can 12. Modal Could 13. Modal May 14. Modal Might 15. Modal Should 16. Modal Must 17. Modal Have to 18. Modal Had to 19. Modal Could II 20. Modal Might II 21. Modal Should II 22. Modal Must II 23. Modal Have II 24. Modal Had II

There had been a party. (Haba habido una fiesta) There will be a party. (Habr una fiesta) There will have been a party. (Habr habido una fiesta) There is going to be a party. (Va a haber una fiesta) There was going to be a party. (Iba a haber una fiesta) There would be a party. (Habra una fiesta) There would have been a party. (Habra habido una fiesta) There can be a party. (Puede haber una fiesta) There could be a party. (Podra haber una fiesta) There may be a party. (Puede haber una fiesta) There might be a party. (Podra haber una fiesta) There should be a party. (Debera haber una fieista) There must be a party. (Debe haber una fiesta) There has to be a party. (Tiene que haber una fiesta) There had to be a party. (Tena que haber una fiesta) There could have been a party. (Pudo haber habido una fiesta) There might have been a party. (Podra haber habido una fiesta) There should have been a party. (Debera haber habido una fiesta) There must have been a party. (Debe haber habido una fiesta) There has to have been a party. (Tiene que haber habido una fiesta) There had to have been a party. (Tena que haber habido una fiesta)

Expresar cantidades: Contables e incontables Es necesario entender correctamente la diferencia entre incontable y contable para poder expresar correctamente las cantidades. Podemos separar los nombres en dos grupos: los incontables y los contables. Los contables son aquellos nombres de cosas, gente, etc que nosotros podemos contar. Por ejemplo nosotros podemos decir: one pencil, two pencils, three pencils... Entonces decimos que pencil es contable. chair, book, cat, pen, box, letter ... Incontable es todo aquello que nosotros no podemos contar. Por ejemplo nosotros no podemos decir: one rice, two rices, three rices... Entonces decimos que rice es incontable. salt, momey, wood, tea, wine, sugar, oxygen, advice, bread, furniture, hair, information, money, news, spaghetti, weather, rice Adems muchos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables a la vez dependiendo de la funcin que desempeen: Por ejemplo: There are two lambs. (Hay dos corderos) We like lamb. (Nos gusta la carne de cordero) Podemos contar cantidades de cosas incontables usando por ejemplo: glass, bottle, litre, etc... Ejemplos:

a glass of water trree cartons of milk a loaf of bread En esta tabla puedes ver las principales difirencias entre contables e incontables: contables tienen plural: egg- eggs delante de singular contable podemos usar a o an : an apple incontables no tienen plural: rice no puede ser rices no podemos usar a o an : no podemos decir a milk. Deben ir precedidos, si quieren individualizarse, de alguna palabra con valor partitivo como a carton of milk. podemos usar nmeros delante de un no podemos usar nmeros delante de un incontable: contable: two eggs no podemos decir two rices many se usa para nombres plurales much se usa para nombres singulares no contables contables How many students were there? How much milk is in the fridge? There are too many people. There is too much information. Usamos few o a few para expresar una Usamos little o a little para expresar una idea de cantidad reducida o media: few idea de cantidad reducida o media: biscuits o a few biscuits (pocas galletas little milk o a little milk (poca leche o unas cuantas galletas) o un poco de leche) Presente progresivo o contininuo y going to como futuro. Presente continuo (Present continuos) como futuro Sintaxis: sujeto + TO BE + verbo + ING Lo usamos para hablar de algo que ya esta decidido que haremos en el futuro. Ejemplo : I'm meeting a friend this evening. (he quedado con un amigo esta noche) What are you doing next weekend? (que vas a hacer este fin de semana?) Going to Sintaxis: sujeto + TO BE + TO + verbo Lo usamos para hablar de algo que acabamos de decidir que vamos a hacer en el futuro. Ejemplo : I' m going to write some letters this evening. (voy a escribir unas cartas esta noche) Lo usamos cuando vemos una accin futura a causa de una situacin del presente Ejemplo: Look. That man is going to fall into the river! (mira! este hombre va a caer al ro) Tambin se usa para hablar de planes o ambiciones para el futuro Ejemplo: I'm going to have a year off. (voy a tomarme un ao sabtico) He is going to work in a restaurant in Paris. (El va a trabajar en un restaurante en Pars) Will

Sintaxis: sujeto + will+ verbo en infinitivo sin el to (ejemplo: to go) Afirmativa: I will go, you will go, she will go... Negativa: I will not go, you will not go, she will not go... Interrogativa: Will I go? Interrogativa negativa: Will not you go? Formas cortas: I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (afirmativa) I won't, you won't, she won't... (negativa) Usamos el futuro con will en los siguientes casos: Decisiones recientes Cuando hemos decidido que vamos a hacer algo mientras estamos hablando. Ejemplos: I'm cold, are you?... I'll close the window, then. (Tengo fro, y tu?... Cerrar la ventana.) I have to lose weight! I'll stop eating chocolate. (Tengo que adelgazar! Dejar de comer chocolate.) Predicciones Tambin lo usamos para hablar sobre algo que conocemos o creemos que pasar en un futuro Ejemplos: I think Brazil will win the football match. (Pienso que Brasil ganar el partido) I'll have saved 500 dollars by the end of this year. (A final de este ao habr ahorrado 500 dolares.) I think it will be cooler tomorrow. (Pienso que har ms fro maana. ) Promesas, ofrecimientos, amenazas o solicitudes Ejemplos: I promise you I won't steal again. (te prometo que no volver a robar) Will you come to dinner? (vendr a cenar?) Be about to Sintaxis: sujeto + to be + about to Usamos be about to para describir una accin o un evento inminente. Ejemplo : This job is about to drive me mad. (este trabajo me va a volver loco) Las frases condicionales Primer condicional / First Conditional Indica que la condicin es muy probable que se cumpla. Sintaxis: afirmativa: IF + presente simple,... + futuro simple interrogativa: Futuro simple + if + presente simple ?

Ejemplos: If I work hard, I will pass my exams. (si trabajo duro, aprobar mis exmenes) If we don't hurry up, we will be late. (si no nos damos prisa, haremos tarde) What will you do if you don't go to university? (que hars si no vas a la universidad?) Segundo condicional / Second Conditional Usado en casos hipotticos, que son situaciones imaginarias o poco posibles. Sintaxis: Afirmativa: IF + pasado simple ,..+ condicional simple (would/could) Ejemplo: If I studied, I would/could pass. (si estudiara, aprobara el examen) If I won the lottery, I would be rich. (si ganara la lotera, sera rico) Tercer condicional / Third Conditional Indica una condicin en el pasado que no se cumpli como se esperaba. Sintaxis: Afirmativa: IF + pasado perfecto , ..........condicional perfecto (would have). Ejemplo: If you hadn't made that mistake, you'd have passed your test. (si tu no hubieras cometido ese error, habrias aprobado el test). Otros casos Existen otras maneras de construir frases condicionales: Sintaxis 1: IF + presente simple , ... presente simple. Ejemplo: If you heat water, it boils. (si calientas agua, hierve) Sintaxis 2: IF + presente simple , ... imperativo. Ejemplo: If you don't come, tell it to me. (si no vienes, dmelo) Sintaxis 3: IF + pasado perfecto , ... condicional simple. Ejemplo: If you had planned things at the start, we wouldn't be in this mess now. (si tu hubieras planeado las cosas al principio, ahora nosotros no estaramos en este enredo). Anotaciones. If y whether no se pueden utilizar indistintamente.

Whether introduce condiciones contrapuestas o que se excluyen mutuamente. Ejemplo: Ill tell him, whether you want or not. (se lo contar a l, quieras o no). If ... not significa lo mismo que Unless. Ejemplo: I can't see if I don't wear glasses. (no puedo ver si no llevo gafas) I can't see unless I wear glasses. (no puedo ver si no llevo gafas) tambin se traduce: a menos que... In case tambin indica probabilidad, significa en caso, en caso que, por si, si. Ejemplo: I'd better reserve a seat today in case the train is full tomorrow. (Sera mejor que reservara un asiento hoy por si el tren est lleno maana) Las frases pasivas Las frases pasivas se forman con el verbo to be + el verbo en participio. Pueden ser en cualquier tiempo verbal del presente, pasado o futuro. En una frase pasiva el objeto pasa a ser el sujeto. Ejemplos: Frase activa: The porter carries the bags. (el portero lleva los bolsos) Frase pasiva: The bags are carried by the porter. (los bolsos son llevados por el portero) En esta frase activa, the porter es el sujeto y the bags es el objeto de la frase. En la pasiva vemos que el objeto ha pasado a ser el sujeto de la frase. En este esquema vemos como se forma una frase pasiva segn el tiempo verbal que tenga la frase activa. Usamos como ejemplo: to write a letter (escribir una carta) //tiempos: to write / wrote / written Tiempo verbal Frase activa Frase pasiva present I wirte a letter The letter is written present continuos I'm writing a letter The letter is being written past I worte a letter The letter was written past continuos I was writing a letter The letter was being written present perfect I've written a letter The letter has been written past perfect I had written a letter The letter had been written future I will wirte a letter The letter will be written future II I'm going to write a letter The letter is going to be written modales I have to write a letter The letter have to be written modales I should write a letter The letter should be written modales I must write a letter The letter must be written Usos de la frase pasiva

Usamos la frase pasiva cuando queremos dar importancia a "lo que pas" ms que a quin hizo la accin. Ejemplo: Her bag was stolen. (su bolso fu robado) nota: aqu no sabemos quin hizo la accin. Tambin se usa la pasiva para mantener un mismo sujeto en varias frases: Ejemplo: I had a bad experience. I was interrogated for two hours by the police..... (tuve una mala experiencia, fui interrogado durante dos horas por la polica...) En este ejemplo la persona habla de sus experiencias y se mantiene ella misma como sujeto. Tambin usamos la pasiva para describir procesos cientficos. Ejemplo: First the metal is heated to a temperature of 500, then is poured into a large container... (primero el metal es calentado a una temperatura de 500, entonces es echado en...)