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Petr Vanysek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25C), and at a pressure
of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes
those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In
Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction
potentials which have E negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential
and range from 0.0000 V to 4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures
have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional
revisions.
Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.
REFERENCES
1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 121, 1989.
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing
Reaction
Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac
Ag+ + e 1 Ag
Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+
Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)
AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br
AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3
Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42
AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl
AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN
Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32
Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42
AgF + e 1 Ag + F
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4
AgI + e 1 Ag + I
AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3
Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42
AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2
Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH
Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH
Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+
Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+
Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O
2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH
AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN
Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2
Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S
AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN
Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42
Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42
Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42
Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al
Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH
E/V
2.20
0.7996
1.980
0.643
0.07133
0.546
0.4647
0.22233
0.017
0.47
0.4470
0.779
0.1478
0.15224
0.354
0.4573
0.564
0.342
0.739
1.9
1.8
1.802
0.607
0.41
0.691
0.0366
0.08951
0.3629
0.654
0.4660
1.662
2.31
Reaction
Al(OH)4 + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
H2AlO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
AlF63 + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F
Am4+ + e 1 Am3+
Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am
Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am
Am3+ + e 1 Am2+
As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O
AsO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH
H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O
AsO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2 + 4 OH
At2 + 2 e 1 2 At
Au+ + e 1 Au
Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+
Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au
Au2+ + e 1 Au+
AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O
AuBr2 + e 1 Au + 2 Br
AuBr4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br
AuCl4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl
Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O
H2BO3 + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4 + 8 OH
H2BO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH
H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O
B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4 + 3 H2O
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg)
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH
Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be
Be2O32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH
E/V
2.328
2.33
2.069
2.60
1.9
2.048
2.3
0.608
0.234
0.248
0.68
0.560
0.71
0.3
1.692
1.401
1.498
1.8
1.32
0.959
0.854
1.002
1.45
1.24
1.79
0.8698
0.481
2.912
1.570
2.99
1.847
2.63
E/V
0.6992
0.5
0.308
0.2
0.8
0.16
0.46
1.593
0.320
0.1583
1.67
1.6
2.8
1.0873
1.066
1.331
1.574
1.596
0.761
1.482
1.423
0.61
0.373
0.330
0.77
0.199
3.80
2.868
3.02
0.2800
0.2801
0.3337
0.2412
0.2360
0.4030
0.3521
0.809
0.246
0.658
0.783
2.336
1.4373
1.72
1.715
3.3
1.6
1.94
2.12
1.35827
1.611
1.482
0.81
1.277
1.645
1.628
Reaction
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl + 2 H2O
ClO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO + 2 OH
ClO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl + 4 OH
ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2
ClO3 + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O
ClO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl + 3 H2O
ClO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2 + 2 OH
ClO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl + 6 OH
ClO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl + 4 H2O
ClO4 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3 + 2 OH
Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+
Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm
Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co
Co3+ + e 1 Co2+
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+
Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH
Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH
Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr
Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+
Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr
Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH
HCrO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O
CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O
Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV)
CrO42 + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH
Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH
Cs+ + e 1 Cs
Cu+ + e 1 Cu
Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg)
Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+
Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O
Cu2+ + 2 CN + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]
CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I
Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH
2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH + H2O
2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2
Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy
Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy
Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+
Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er
Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er
Er3+ + e 1 Er2+
Es3+ + e 1 Es2+
Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es
Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es
Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu
Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu
E/V
1.570
0.66
0.76
0.954
1.152
1.214
1.47
1.451
0.33
0.62
1.189
1.39
1.389
0.36
3.0
2.04
0.28
1.92
0.108
0.73
0.17
0.913
0.407
0.744
1.232
1.2
1.350
1.48
1.34
0.13
1.48
3.026
0.521
0.153
0.3419
0.345
2.4
2.0
1.103
0.00
0.360
0.222
0.080
0.013
2.2
2.295
2.6
2.0
2.331
3.0
1.3
1.91
2.23
2.812
1.991
E/V
0.36
3.053
2.866
2.153
0.447
0.037
0.771
2.09
2.08
2.07
0.16
0.358
2.20
0.78
1.03
0.56
1.147
1.06
0.400
1.1
1.89
2.30
2.9
0.549
0.2
0.498
1.219
2.279
0.24
0.124
0.00
0.118
0.182
0.00000
2.23
1.495
0.8277
1.776
1.55
1.724
1.505
2.50
0.851
0.920
0.7973
0.51163
0.13923
0.26808
0.6359
0.0405
0.123
0.0977
1.034
0.6125
2.1
Reaction
Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho
Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+
I2 + 2 e 1 2 I
I3 + 2 e 1 3 I
H3IO62 + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 OH
H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 H2O
2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O
HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I + H2O
IO + H2O + 2 e 1 I + 2 OH
2 IO3 + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O
IO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I + 3 H2O
IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH
IO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO + 6 OH
In+ + e 1 In
In2+ + e 1 In+
In3+ + e 1 In2+
In3+ + 2 e 1 In+
In3+ + 3 e 1 In
In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH
In(OH)4 + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH
In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH
Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir
[IrCl6]2 + e 1 [IrCl6]3
[IrCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH
K+ + e 1 K
La3+ + 3 e 1 La
La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH
Li+ + e 1 Li
Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr
Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu
Md3+ + e 1 Md2+
Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md
Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md
Mg+ + e 1 Mg
Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg
Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH
Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn
Mn3+ + 3e 1 Mn2+
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O
MnO4 + e 1 MnO42
MnO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O
MnO4 + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O
MnO4 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
MnO42 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH
Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH
Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O
Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo
MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O
H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH
3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3
N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+
E/V
2.33
2.8
0.5355
0.536
0.7
1.601
1.439
0.987
0.485
1.195
1.085
0.15
0.26
0.14
0.40
0.49
0.443
0.3382
0.99
1.007
1.034
1.156
0.8665
0.77
0.098
2.931
2.379
2.90
3.0401
1.96
2.28
0.1
1.65
2.40
2.70
2.372
2.690
1.185
1.5415
1.224
0.558
1.679
1.507
0.595
0.60
1.56
0.15
1.485
0.200
0.152
0.082
0.075
0.092
3.09
1.275
E/V
1.766
2.65
0.867
1.065
1.035
1.42
1.591
0.76
0.983
0.86
1.297
0.46
0.18
0.15
0.934
0.957
0.803
0.01
0.85
2.71
1.099
0.646
0.690
0.733
0.644
2.323
2.1
2.7
0.257
0.72
1.678
0.490
1.4
1.20
2.50
1.856
0.147
0.962
0.695
1.229
0.076
0.146
0.401
2.076
1.24
2.421
2.02
0.878
0.838
1.02
0.81
0.80
0.111
0.063
0.87
Reaction
H2P2 + e 1 P + 2 OH
H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O
H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O
H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2 + 3 OH
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O
PO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32 + 3 OH
Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa
Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa
Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg)
PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br
PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl
PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F
PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42
PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I
PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH
PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O
HPbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH
PbO2 + SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42
Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd
[PdCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl
[PdCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2 + 2 Cl
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH
Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm
Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm
Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+
Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+
Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po
Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+
Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr
Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr
Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+
Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt
[PtCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl
[PtCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2 + 2 Cl
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH
PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O
PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O
PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O
PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O
PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O
Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu
Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+
Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+
PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4
PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O
Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra
Rb+ + e 1 Rb
Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re
E/V
1.82
0.508
0.499
0.454
1.65
1.71
0.276
1.05
1.34
1.49
1.9
0.1262
0.1205
0.284
0.2675
0.3444
0.465
0.365
0.580
1.455
0.537
0.247
1.6913
0.3588
0.3505
0.951
0.591
1.288
0.07
2.2
2.30
2.6
0.9
0.76
3.2
2.0
2.353
3.1
1.18
0.755
0.68
0.14
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.01
1.00
2.031
1.006
1.099
1.325
1.062
2.8
2.98
0.300
E/V
0.510
0.2513
0.768
0.584
0.368
0.600
0.600
0.758
0.431
0.83
0.455
0.2487
1.120
0.59
1.00
1.40
1.038
1.24
0.23
0.10
0.210
0.86
0.47627
0.142
0.478
0.42836
0.564
2.010
2.123
0.08
0.056
0.449
1.12
0.571
0.172
0.22
0.93
0.510
0.152
0.671
0.649
0.581
0.212
0.66
0.59
2.077
0.924
0.399
0.74
0.082
0.366
1.151
0.05
1.24
0.8
Reaction
SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O
SiO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH
Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+
Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm
Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm
Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn
Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O
SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O
SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH
HSnO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH
Sn(OH)62 + 2 e 1 HSnO2 + 3 OH + H2O
Sr+ + e 1 Sr
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg)
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH
Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O
Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta
Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc
TcO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O
Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+
TcO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O
Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+
Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb
Te + 2 e 1 Te2
Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te
Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te
TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O
TeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH
TeO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O
H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O
Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th
ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O
Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH
Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti
Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+
TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O
Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti
TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O
Tl+ + e 1 Tl
Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg)
Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+
Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl
TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br
TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl
TlI + e 1 Tl + I
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH
TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH
Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH
Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42
Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+
Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm
Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm
E/V
0.857
1.697
1.55
2.304
2.68
0.1375
0.151
0.142
0.094
0.117
0.194
0.945
0.909
0.93
4.10
2.899
1.793
2.88
0.750
0.6
0.400
0.782
0.3
0.472
3.1
2.28
1.143
0.793
0.568
0.593
0.57
0.472
1.02
1.899
1.789
2.48
1.630
0.9
0.502
1.37
0.055
0.336
0.3338
1.252
0.741
0.658
0.5568
0.752
0.02
0.34
0.05
0.4360
2.2
2.319
2.4
E/V
1.798
0.607
0.612
0.062
0.327
1.444
1.175
0.255
0.337
0.991
0.957
0.242
1.00
0.254
0.14
0.1
0.031
0.119
0.090
0.036
Reaction
2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O
H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O
XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O
XeF + e 1 Xe + F
Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y
Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+
Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb
Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg)
ZnO22 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
ZnSO4 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42 + 7 H2O
(Saturated ZnSO4)
ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O
Zn(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O
ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH
Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr
E/V
0.029
2.42
2.10
3.4
2.372
1.05
2.19
2.76
0.7618
0.7628
1.215
0.7993
0.497
1.199
1.249
1.260
1.553
2.36
1.45
TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Reaction
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2
CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I
Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+
NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH
SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O
UO22+ + e = UO2+
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH
AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O
S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32
H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O
AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH
HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH
2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+
W3+ + 3 e 1 W
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH
Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge
Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH
[V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+
S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)
E/V
0.00000
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.036
0.062
0.07
0.07133
0.075
0.08
0.082
0.8951
0.092
0.0977
0.098
0.10
0.10
0.1
0.108
0.123
0.124
0.13923
0.14
0.14
0.142
Reaction
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O
Np4+ + e 1 Np3+
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4
IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH
Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH
2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH
Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O
Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O
BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O
Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH
SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O
Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O
AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)
Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
E/V
0.142
0.147
0.1478
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.1583
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.172
0.2
0.210
0.212
0.22233
0.23
0.234
0.2360
0.24
0.24
0.2412
0.247
0.248
0.2487
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Inf. dil.
0.0001
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
405.1
426.1
424.5
422.6
421.2
415.7
411.9
398.9
391.1
360.7
332.2
305.8
281.4
258.9
237.6
427.7
425.9
424.3
422.9
417.6
413.7
400.4
391.9
361.9
334.5
307.6
281.7
257.8
236.8
426.4
424.6
423.0
421.7
416.4
412.8
400.8
394.0
369.8
343.9
316.4
288.9
262.5
237.9
c/mol L1
128.1
96.1
50.1
39.1
26.3
24.3
20C
10C
0C
c/mol L1
HF
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10C
HCl
HBr
HI
218.3
200.0
183.1
167.4
152.9
139.7
127.7
116.9
107.0
98.2
90.3
83.1
76.6
70.7
217.5
199.4
182.4
166.5
151.8
138.2
125.7
114.2
103.8
94.4
85.8
215.4
195.1
176.8
160.4
145.5
131.7
118.6
105.7
20C
30C
40C
50C
336.4
312.2
287.5
262.9
239.8
219.3
201.6
185.6
170.6
156.6
143.6
131.5
120.4
110.2
100.9
92.4
84.7
77.8
71.5
65.8
60.7
56.1
51.9
48.0
44.4
386.8
359.0
331.1
303.3
277.0
253.3
232.9
214.2
196.6
180.2
165.0
151.0
138.2
126.4
115.7
106.1
97.3
89.4
82.3
75.9
70.1
64.9
60.1
55.6
51.4
436.9
402.9
371.6
342.4
315.2
289.3
263.9
242.2
222.5
204.1
187.1
171.3
156.9
143.3
131.6
120.6
110.7
101.7
93.6
86.3
79.6
73.6
68.0
62.8
57.9
482.4
445.3
410.8
378.2
347.6
319.0
292.1
268.2
246.7
226.5
207.7
190.3
174.3
159.7
146.2
134.0
123.0
112.9
103.9
95.7
88.4
81.7
75.6
70.0
64.8
HCl
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
85.5
79.3
73.7
68.5
63.6
58.9
54.4
50.2
46.3
42.7
39.4
36.4
33.6
31.2
28.9
26.8
24.9
23.1
21.4
131.7
120.8
111.3
102.7
94.9
87.8
81.1
74.9
69.1
63.7
58.6
54.0
49.8
45.9
42.3
39.1
36.1
33.4
31.0
28.7
26.7
228.7
211.7
196.2
182.0
168.5
154.6
139.6
129.2
119.5
110.3
101.7
93.7
86.2
79.3
73.0
67.1
61.7
56.8
52.3
48.2
44.5
41.1
38.0
35.3
32.7
283.0
261.6
241.5
222.7
205.1
188.5
172.2
158.1
145.4
133.5
122.5
112.3
103.0
94.4
86.5
79.4
72.9
67.1
61.8
57.0
52.7
48.8
45.3
42.0
39.0
5-90
L1
20C
10C
0C
10C
20C
30C
40C
50C
347.0
329.0
298.9
271.8
244.8
222.2
203.2
186.8
171.2
155.7
142.1
129.6
118.0
107.1
398.9
380.4
340.6
314.1
281.7
255.0
234.4
214.2
195.1
178.2
162.8
148.0
134.1
121.4
453.6
418.6
381.8
350.5
316.0
287.8
263.7
239.7
218.8
199.6
181.4
165.4
150.5
136.3
496.8
465.2
421.4
387.4
349.1
318.6
291.9
266.9
242.6
221.3
201.8
183.4
166.3
150.8
HBr
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
84.0
78.0
72.3
67.0
61.8
56.8
51.9
150.8
136.8
125.7
116.1
107.5
99.0
91.4
84.2
77.2
70.7
64.6
240.9
229.6
209.5
188.6
171.7
157.2
144.1
132.3
123.0
112.6
103.1
94.3
86.0
78.4
295.9
276.0
254.9
231.3
208.3
189.5
174.6
160.2
146.4
134.0
122.7
112.0
102.0
92.6
5-91
REFERENCES
1. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., and Pratt, K.W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991.
2. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., Feng, D., Holland, L.A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994.
3. Pratt, K.W., Koch, W.F., Wu, Y.C., and Berezansky, P.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1783, 2001.
0.01 m KCl
0.1 m KCl
1.0 m KCl
0
5
10
15
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
772.92
890.96
1 013.95
1 141.45
1 219.93
1 273.03
1 408.23
1 546.63
1 687.79
1 831.27
1 976.62
2 123.43
7 116.85
8 183.70
9 291.72
10 437.1
11 140.6
11 615.9
12 824.6
14 059.2
15 316.0
16 591.0
17 880.6
19 180.9
63 488
72 030
80 844
89 900
99 170
108 620
118 240
127 970
137 810
147 720
157 670
5-91
Compound
Infinite
dilution
Concentration (mol/L)
0.0005
0.001
0.005
AgNO3
1/2BaCl2
1/2CaCl2
1/2Ca(OH)2
1/2CuSO4
HCl
KBr
KCl
KClO4
1/3K3Fe(CN)6
1/4K4Fe(CN)6
KHCO3
KI
KIO4
KNO3
KMnO4
KOH
KReO4
1/3LaCl3
LiCl
LiClO4
1/2MgCl2
NH4Cl
NaCl
NaClO4
NaI
NaOOCCH3
NaOH
Na picrate
1/2Na2SO4
1/2SrCl2
1/2ZnSO4
133.29
139.91
135.77
258
133.6
425.95
151.9
149.79
139.97
174.5
184
117.94
150.31
127.86
144.89
134.8
271.5
128.20
145.9
114.97
105.93
129.34
149.6
126.39
117.42
126.88
91.0
247.7
80.45
129.8
135.73
132.7
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
121.35
119.03
115.59
214
72.16
407.04
140.41
138.27
127.86
122.76
107.17
139.38
114.08
132.34
114.49
115.3
104.60
96.13
109.99
138.25
115.70
106.91
116.64
81.20
106.73
115.48
74.20
115.18
111.42
108.42
59.02
398.89
135.61
133.30
121.56
107.65
134.90
106.67
126.25
219
106.40
106.2
100.06
92.15
103.03
133.22
111.01
102.35
112.73
76.88
66.3
97.70
108.20
61.17
109.09
105.14
102.41
50.55
391.13
131.32
128.90
115.14
97.82
131.05
98.2
120.34
113
213
97.40
99.1
95.81
88.52
97.05
128.69
106.69
98.38
108.73
72.76
61.8
89.94
102.14
52.61
131.29
135.89
131.86
121.6
422.53
149.8
147.74
138.69
166.4
116.04
148.2
125.74
142.70
132.7
126.03
139.6
113.09
104.13
125.55
147.5
124.44
115.58
125.30
89.2
245.5
78.7
125.68
131.84
121.3
130.45
134.27
130.30
115.20
421.15
148.9
146.88
137.80
163.1
167.16
115.28
143.32
124.88
141.77
131.9
234
125.12
137.0
112.34
103.39
124.15
146.7
123.68
114.82
124.19
88.5
244.6
78.6
124.09
130.27
114.47
127.14
127.96
124.19
233
94.02
415.59
146.02
143.48
134.09
150.7
146.02
112.18
144.30
121.18
138.41
230
121.31
127.5
109.35
100.52
118.25
134.4
120.59
111.70
121.19
85.68
240.7
75.7
117.09
124.18
95.44
5-92
124.70
123.88
120.30
226
83.08
411.80
143.36
141.20
131.39
134.76
110.03
142.11
118.45
132.75
126.5
228
118.49
121.8
107.27
98.56
114.49
141.21
118.45
109.54
119.18
83.72
237.9
73.7
112.38
120.23
84.87
D = RT / F 2 ( / z )
where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp;
for typical ions, and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25C.
The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D values of the constituent ions by the relation
Dsalt =
(z+ + z )D+ D
z + D+ + z D
For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity , which is
the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as
= + +
where + and are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is
= ++ +
where + and refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2226.
Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959.
Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952.
Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.
Ion
10-4 m2 S mol-1
D
10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Cations
Ag+
1/3Al3+
1/2Ba2+
1/2Be2+
1/2Ca2+
1/2Cd2+
1/3Ce3+
1/2Co2+
1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+
1/3[Co(en)3]3+
1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+
1/3Cr3+
Cs+
1/2Cu2+
D+
1/3Dy3+
1/3Er3+
1/3Eu3+
1/2Fe2+
1/3Fe3+
1/3Gd3+
H+
1/2Hg2+
1/2Hg2+
61.9
61
63.6
45
59.47
54
69.8
55
101.9
74.7
69
67
77.2
53.6
249.9
65.6
65.9
67.8
54
68
67.3
349.65
68.6
63.6
1.648
0.541
0.847
0.599
0.792
0.719
0.620
0.732
0.904
0.663
0.306
0.595
2.056
0.714
6.655
0.582
0.585
0.602
0.719
0.604
0.597
9.311
0.913
0.847
Ion
1/3Ho3+
K+
1/3La3+
Li+
1/2Mg2+
1/2Mn2+
NH4+
N2H5+
Na+
1/3Nd3+
1/2Ni2+
1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+
1/2Pb2+
1/3Pr3+
1/2Ra2+
Rb+
1/3Sc3+
1/3Sm3+
1/2Sr2+
Tl+
1/3Tm3+
1/2UO22+
1/3Y3+
1/3Yb3+
1/2Zn2+
10-4 m2 S mol-1
66.3
73.48
69.7
38.66
53.0
53.5
73.5
59
50.08
69.4
49.6
52
71
69.5
66.8
77.8
64.7
68.5
59.4
74.7
65.4
32
62
65.6
52.8
D
10-5 cm2 s-1
0.589
1.957
0.619
1.029
0.706
0.712
1.957
1.571
1.334
0.616
0.661
0.346
0.945
0.617
0.889
2.072
0.574
0.608
0.791
1.989
0.581
0.426
0.550
0.582
0.703
10-4 m2 S mol-1
D
10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Anions
Au(CN)2Au(CN)4B(C6H5)4BrBr3BrO3CNCNO1/2CO32ClClO2ClO3ClO41/3[Co(CN)6]31/2CrO42F1/4[Fe(CN)6]41/3[Fe(CN)6]3H2AsO4HCO3HF21/2HPO42H2PO4H2PO2HSHSO3HSO4H2SbO4IIO3IO4MnO41/2MoO42N(CN)2NO2NO3NH2SO3N3OCNODOHPF61/2PO3F21/3PO431/4P2O741/3P3O931/5P3O105ReO4SCN1/2SO321/2SO421/2S2O321/2S2O421/2S2O621/2S2O82Sb(OH)6SeCN-
50
36
21
78.1
43
55.7
78
64.6
69.3
76.31
52
64.6
67.3
98.9
85
55.4
110.4
100.9
34
44.5
75
57
36
46
65
58
52
31
76.8
40.5
54.5
61.3
74.5
54.5
71.8
71.42
48.3
69
64.6
119
198
56.9
63.3
92.8
96
83.6
109
54.9
66
72
80.0
85.0
66.5
93
86
31.9
64.7
1.331
0.959
0.559
2.080
1.145
1.483
2.077
1.720
0.923
2.032
1.385
1.720
1.792
0.878
1.132
1.475
0.735
0.896
0.905
1.185
1.997
0.759
0.959
1.225
1.731
1.545
1.385
0.825
2.045
1.078
1.451
1.632
1.984
1.451
1.912
1.902
1.286
1.837
1.720
3.169
5.273
1.515
0.843
0.824
0.639
0.742
0.581
1.462
1.758
0.959
1.065
1.132
0.885
1.238
1.145
0.849
1.723
10-4 m2 S mol-1
Ion
1/2SeO421/2WO42-
75.7
69
D
10-5 cm2 s-1
1.008
0.919
Organic Cations
Benzyltrimethylammonium+
Isobutylammonium+
Butyltrimethylammonium+
Decylpyridinium+
Decyltrimethylammonium+
Diethylammonium+
Dimethylammonium+
Dipropylammonium+
Dodecylammonium+
Dodecyltrimethylammonium+
Ethanolammonium+
Ethylammonium+
Ethyltrimethylammonium+
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+
Hexyltrimethylammonium+
Histidyl+
Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+
Methylammonium+
Octadecylpyridinium+
Octadecyltributylammonium+
Octadecyltriethylammonium+
Octadecyltrimethylammonium+
Octadecyltripropylammonium+
Octyltrimethylammonium+
Pentylammonium+
Piperidinium+
Propylammonium+
Pyrilammonium+
Tetrabutylammonium+
Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+
Tetraethylammonium+
Tetramethylammonium+
Tetraisopentylammonium+
Tetrapentylammmonium+
Tetrapropylammonium+
Triethylammonium+
Triethylsulfonium+
Trimethylammonium+
Trimethylhexylammonium+
Trimethylsulfonium+
Tripropylammonium+
34.6
38
33.6
29.5
24.4
42.0
51.8
30.1
23.8
22.6
42.2
47.2
40.5
20.9
29.6
23.0
39.4
58.7
20
16.6
17.9
19.9
17.2
26.5
37
37.2
40.8
24.3
19.5
21.5
32.6
44.9
17.9
17.5
23.4
34.3
36.1
47.23
34.6
51.4
26.1
0.921
1.012
0.895
0.786
0.650
1.118
1.379
0.802
0.634
0.602
1.124
1.257
1.078
0.557
0.788
0.612
1.049
1.563
0.533
0.442
0.477
0.530
0.458
0.706
0.985
0.991
1.086
0.647
0.519
0.573
0.868
1.196
0.477
0.466
0.623
0.913
0.961
1.258
0.921
1.369
0.695
Organic Anions
Acetatep-Anisate1/2Azelate2BenzoateBromoacetateBromobenzoateButyrateChloroacetatem-Chlorobenzoateo-Chlorobenzoate-
40.9
29.0
40.6
32.4
39.2
30
32.6
39.8
31
30.2
1.089
0.772
0.541
0.863
1.044
0.799
0.868
1.060
0.825
0.804
10-4 m2 S mol-1
70.2
33.2
43.4
28.7
53.4
26
38.3
26.3
30
49.4
28.3
24
49.3
39.6
44.4
33
54.6
61.8
52.6
40.2
32.7
D
10-5 cm2 s-1
0.623
0.884
1.156
0.764
0.711
0.692
1.020
0.350
0.799
0.658
0.754
0.639
1.313
1.055
1.182
0.879
1.454
0.823
0.700
1.070
0.871
Ion
IodoacetateLactate1/2Malate21/2Maleate21/2Malonate2MethylsulfateNaphthylacetate1/2Oxalate2OctylsulfatePhenylacetate1/2o-Phthalate21/2m-Phthalate2PicratePivalatePropionatePropylsulfateSalicylate1/2Suberate21/2Succinate2p-Sulfonate
1/2Tartarate2Trichloroacetate-
10-4 m2 S mol-1
D
10-5 cm2 s-1
40.6
38.8
58.8
61.9
63.5
48.8
28.4
74.11
29
30.6
52.3
54.7
30.37
31.9
35.8
37.1
36
36
58.8
29.3
59.6
35
1.081
1.033
0.783
0.824
0.845
1.299
0.756
0.987
0.772
0.815
0.696
0.728
0.809
0.849
0.953
0.988
0.959
0.479
0.783
0.780
0.794
0.932